Concepts

The bidirectional exchange of water between groundwater aquifers and surface water bodies including streams, with groundwater contributing baseflow to streams and streams providing recharge to groundw...

The degree to which water movement is facilitated or impeded through connected flow paths in subsurface sediments

Mineral formation from ascending hydrothermal solutions

Removal of nitrate from porewater through denitrification and other biogeochemical processes

Oxidative dissolution of pyrite mineral producing sulfuric acid and iron oxides under oxic conditions

Microbial process where methane is oxidized under anoxic conditions, often coupled to reduction of alternative electron acceptors

The oxidation of ammonia to nitrate via nitrite, linking nitrogenous organic matter remineralization to nitrogen loss processes in the microbial N-cycle

Chemical and physical breakdown of sedimentary shale rocks through interactions with water, atmospheric gases, and biological processes

The division of water flow between different hydrological pathways including surface flow, shallow subsurface flow, and deep groundwater flow

Spatial organization of aerobic and anaerobic zones based on dissolved oxygen availability that controls biogeochemical reactions

Microbial reduction of sulfate coupled to organic matter oxidation in anoxic environments resulting in formation of low solubility sulfide minerals

Process where cations in solution exchange with cations adsorbed on mineral surfaces

Formation of coordination complexes between Fe(II) ions and natural organic matter ligands

The downward movement of water from surface water to groundwater, occurring through infiltration and percolation processes and declining under warming due to increased evapotranspiration

Rate laws governing the chemical breakdown of primary minerals as functions of temperature, pH, and saturation state

The transfer of CO2 from water to atmosphere through gas exchange at the air-water interface

Distribution of carbon between different reservoirs including atmosphere, subsurface, and exported dissolved phases during weathering processes