Concepts

The concept that organisms face competing demands for limited resources during development that create trade-offs between different fitness components

The finite time and energy budget forcing organisms to trade off between competing activities like foraging and vigilance

The spatial arrangement and connectivity of subpopulations across a landscape that influences local population dynamics

Natural selection that favors behaviors that benefit relatives, even at a cost to the individual performing the behavior

Correlations between multiple repeatable, individually distinct behaviors that form consistent behavioral patterns across situations

Fitness benefits that include both direct fitness (individual's own reproductive success) and indirect fitness (fitness gained by helping relatives reproduce), weighted by coefficient of relatedness

Signals that meet criteria of stimulus-class specificity and contextual independence, where alarm calls are said to be functionally referential when there is tight association between predator type an...

Morton's theory that physical behaviors and acoustic signals are associated, with aggressive behaviors linked to noisy, low-frequency sounds and submissive behaviors to higher-frequency pure tones

The concept that predator-prey interactions extend beyond direct predation and can influence prey behavior and habitat use through perceived predation risk

Situations where time spent on one activity reduces time available for other activities

The concept that signal production and structure depend on an individual's health status and condition

The idea that individuals of different age-sex categories contribute differently to social structure and cohesion

Individuals participate in seemingly altruistic behaviors because they have reciprocal relationships and take turns

Theoretical framework examining trade-offs between advantages and disadvantages of group living