Concepts

The finite time and energy budget forcing organisms to trade off between competing activities like foraging and vigilance

Human activities that impose novel challenges on a wide range of species, which can negatively influence individuals, populations, and communities as well as ecosystems

Measure of an animal's physical state, often assessed through body mass relative to size

Cortisol and glucocorticoids that help regulate energy balance in animals and could determine dispersal behavior under stressful conditions

Acoustic phenomena including subharmonics, biphonation, deterministic chaos, and warbles that occur when vocal production apparatus loses control

The allocation of time among different activities that determines overall energy expenditure patterns

Variation in behavioral expression within individuals across time or contexts

Ratio of neutrophil to lymphocyte white blood cell counts used as a measure of immune response activity

Ability of organisms to compensate for poor early-life conditions through increased feeding or altered resource allocation later in life

Hypothesis that highly aroused animals produce nonlinear vocalizations because they lose control of their larynx over vocal fold production apparatus

Nature-based tourism activities that can provide conservation benefits but may also impact wildlife behavior through human presence

Ecological research projects that follow individuals or systems over extended periods, often spanning decades

Morton's theory that physical behaviors and acoustic signals are associated, with aggressive behaviors linked to noisy, low-frequency sounds and submissive behaviors to higher-frequency pure tones

Behavioral and physiological mechanisms whereby group-living animals share body heat to reduce thermoregulatory costs

Hypothesis that nonlinear phenomena are more variable or more abrupt and therefore more unpredictable, making animals less likely to habituate to them and causing prolonged responses

The distance between the anus and the genital papilla, used as a non-invasive measure of prenatal exposure to sex steroid hormones

Internal biological timing system that maintains rhythmicity in a wide range of behavioral, physiological, and metabolic processes

Physiological and behavioral adaptations to minimize energy expenditure

Physiological responses of the immune system to pathogens, trauma, stress and inflammation

Maximum running speed of an individual measured during chase trials

An individual's development from egg to adult

The proportion of variance in a trait that is explained by individual identity, indicating consistency of individual differences over time and across situations

Situations where time spent on one activity reduces time available for other activities

A measure of how well acoustic signals maintain their structure when transmitted through different environments

Specialization of left and right brain hemispheres to carry out specific activities, with right hemisphere processing threats and left hemisphere processing conspecifics

The ability to devise a novel solution to a novel or existing problem, measured as successful opening of puzzle box

The combining of information from multiple sensory modalities that influences decision-making

Theoretical framework examining trade-offs between advantages and disadvantages of group living