Paces of species range shifts (R script) - William K. Petry; Judith D. Soule; Ana Chicas-Mosier; David W. Inouye; Kailen A. Mooney; Amy M. Iler; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
Meta-analysis of montane plant species range shifts in response to climate change.

DataScriptsResults - Andrew J. Bibian; Hans Jacquemyn; Brad M. Ochocki; Emily L. Schultz; Bret D. Elderd; Michelle E. Sneck; Aldo Compagnoni; Haldre S. Rogers; Tom E. X. Miller; David William Inouye; Amy M. Iler (other, 2016)
This file contains the data and R scripts to: 1. fit vital rate models, 2. build population projection models, and 3. run stochastic simulations. The 'Results' directory also reports the results of vital rate models and simulations. Readme and metadata files are provided within the main, and 'Data' folders, respectively.

GAP/LANDFIRE National Terrestrial Ecosystems 2011 - Anne Davidson; Alexa McKerrow (other, 2016)
The U.S. Geological Survey Gap Analysis Program (GAP) National Terrestrial Ecosystems - Ver 3.0 is a 2011 update of the National Gap Analysis Program Land Cover Data - Version 2.2 for the conterminous U.S. The GAP National Terrestrial Ecosystems - Version 3.0 represents a highly thematically detailed land cover map of the U.S. The map legend includes types described by NatureServe's Ecological Systems Classification (Comer et al. 2002) as well as land use classes described in the National Land Cover Dataset 2011 (Homer et al. 2015). These data cover the entire continental U.S. and are a continuous data layer. These raster data have a 30 m x 30 m cell resolution. GAP used the best information available to create the land cover data; however GAP seeks to improve and update these data as new information becomes available.

Appendix A. List of the graminoid species in the experimental warming meadow, Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Gunnison County, Colorado, USA. - Kenneth D. Whitney; John Harte; John Harte; Kenneth D. Whitney; Mary V. Price; Mary V. Price; Stephanie N. Kivlin; Stephanie N. Kivlin; Nickolas M. Waser; Jennifer A. Rudgers; Nickolas M. Waser; Jennifer A. Rudgers (other, 2016)
List of the graminoid species in the experimental warming meadow, Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Gunnison County, Colorado, USA.

Species range shifts in response to climate change - Judith D. Soule; William K. Petry; Ana Chicas-Mosier; David W. Inouye; Amy M. Iler; Kailen A. Mooney; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
Data for meta-analysis of montane plant species range shifts in response to climate change.

Mating function (R script) - Judith D. Soule; William K. Petry; David W. Inouye; Ana Chicas-Mosier; Amy M. Iler; Kailen A. Mooney; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
Estimation of the mating function – how local operational sex ratio affects female reproductive success – of Valeriana edulis. This script includes a simulation of pollen limitation across a range of operational sex ratios.

Supplement 1. Temperature and light data recorded at trap-nest sites, 2007–2010. (other, 2016)
File List temp_data.txt light_data.txt Description Both files are tab-delimited text files. Temperatures (in degrees Celsius) were recorded in 2007–2008 using LogTag data-loggers, and in 2008–2010 using HOBO data-loggers. Light intensities (in lux) were recorded in 2008–2010 only, using HOBO data-loggers. Column definitions: 1 = Date (as month/day/year) 2 = Time 3–17 (temp) or 3–14 (light) = Readings for each site Readings were taken exactly hourly, but the recorded time is approximate (i.e., readings were taken within 30 minutes of the recorded times). Readings are missing for Brush Creek II from 9 June to 29 July 2009. Temperature data for this site in this time period were estimated based on regression on Cement Creek values. Temperature data from Kebler Clearing from 29 January to 17 May 2008 were estimated by regression on Splain’s Gulch values. Some sites were used only in one or two of three years; data are available only for those years. No data were recorded for Mt. Crested Butte and South Gothic after 15 August 2009. Summed values for the data columns of the temp file are: 28392, 43952, 55221, 15973, 80330, 39066, 30501, 60154, 17183, 18883, 49978, 47573, 71088, 98163, 55691 Summed values for the data columns of the light file are: 92165014, 42158964, 89745126, 24987620, 94314584, 25272394, 75036913, 117798095, 68286899, 99209764, 34132375

Data from: High genetic variation and moderate to high values for genetic parameters of Picea abies resistance to Pissodes strobi - Marie-Josée Mottet; Josianne DeBlois; Martin Perron (other, 2016)
Genetic parameters of Picea abies resistance to the white pine weevil (Pissodes strobi Peck) were estimated from 193 full-sib and 166 half-sib families in six 10-year-old progeny trials. The estimated family and individual heritability values for the cumulative weevil attack rate between ages 6 and 10 (CWA6–10) were high and moderate for both full-sib families (0.61 and 0.28, respectively) and half-sib families (0.85 and 0.40, respectively), indicating strong genetic control for this trait in Norway spruce. The fact that specific combining ability (SCA) variance represents 35 % of the general combining ability (GCA) variance suggests that non-additive (dominant) effects are weak. The strong type B correlations found for CWA6–10 (rˆB=0.96 for full-sib families and rˆB=0.81 for half-sib families) indicate that family ranks were stable across sites. For three of the five sites with high attack levels, genetic correlations were not significant between CWA6–10 and tree height at age 5. Moderate positive genetic correlations were detected between CWA6–10 and tree diameter at age 10 (rˆA from 0.29 to 0.60), but specific families showing both high resistance and good diameter growth can be found. These results suggest that the genetic improvement of Norway spruce for resistance to white pine weevil can be achieved successfully without adversely affecting growth.

Appendix A. The environmental settings of the 59 plots on the Uncompahgre Plateau in western Colorado. (other, 2016)
The environmental settings of the 59 plots on the Uncompahgre Plateau in western Colorado.

Appendix A. The environmental settings of the 59 plots on the Uncompahgre Plateau in western Colorado. (other, 2016)
The environmental settings of the 59 plots on the Uncompahgre Plateau in western Colorado.

Appendix A. The environmental settings of the 59 plots on the Uncompahgre Plateau in western Colorado. (other, 2016)
The environmental settings of the 59 plots on the Uncompahgre Plateau in western Colorado.

sapygid_pollen_experiment - Dakota M. Spear; Jessica R. K. Forrest (other, 2016)
Many specialist herbivores eat foods that are apparently "low-quality". The compensatory benefits of a poor diet may include protection from natural enemies. Several bee lineages specialize on pollen of the plant family Asteraceae, which is known to be a poor-quality food. Here we tested the hypothesis that specialization on Asteraceae pollen protects bees from parasitism. We compared rates of brood parasitism by Sapyga wasps on Asteraceae-specialist, Fabeae-specialist, and other species of Osmia bees in the field over several years and sites, and found that Asteraceae-specialist species were parasitized significantly less frequently than other species. We then tested the effect of Asteraceae pollen on parasites by raising Sapyga larvae on three pollen mixtures: Asteraceae, Fabeae, and generalist (a mix of primarily non-Asteraceae pollens). Survival of parasite larvae was significantly reduced on Asteraceae provisions. Our results suggest that specialization on low-quality pollen may evolve because it helps protect bees from natural enemies.

sapygid_parasitism_2008-2015 - Dakota M. Spear; Jessica R. K. Forrest (other, 2016)
Incidence of parasitism by sapygid wasps on species of Osmia using different types of pollen, based on trapnests established at multiple field sites between 2008 and 2015. Please consult the ReadMe file for details.

Data from: Asteraceae pollen provisions protect Osmia mason bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) from brood parasitism - Dakota M. Spear; Sarah Silverman; Jessica R. K. Forrest (other, 2016)
Many specialist herbivores eat foods that are apparently low quality. The compensatory benefits of a poor diet may include protection from natural enemies. Several bee lineages specialize on pollen of the plant family Asteraceae, which is known to be a poor-quality food. Here we tested the hypothesis that specialization on Asteraceae pollen protects bees from parasitism. We compared rates of brood parasitism by Sapyga wasps on Asteraceae-specialist, Fabeae-specialist, and other species of Osmia bees in the field over several years and sites and found that Asteraceae-specialist species were parasitized significantly less frequently than other species. We then tested the effect of Asteraceae pollen on parasites by raising Sapyga larvae on three pollen mixtures: Asteraceae, Fabeae, and generalist (a mix of primarily non-Asteraceae pollens). Survival of parasite larvae was significantly reduced on Asteraceae provisions. Our results suggest that specialization on low-quality pollen may evolve because it helps protect bees from natural enemies.

Data from: Effects of soil resources on expression of a sexual conflict over timing of stigma receptivity in a mixed-mating plant - Sofia Hydbom; Asa Lankinen (other, 2016)
While environmental factors strongly influence plant growth and reproduction, less is known about environmental effects on sexual selection and sexual conflict. In this study on mixed-mating Collinsia heterophylla we investigated whether soil resource environment affected traits associated with sexual conflict. In C. heterophylla a sexual conflict over timing of stigma receptivity occurs. Early stigma receptivity benefits pollen parents by securing paternity while late stigma receptivity benefits female fitness in terms of increased seed production. We performed hand-pollinations combining recipients and donors grown either in high or low resource environments and asked whether these treatments influenced sexual conflict traits – recipient- and donor-based influence on timing of stigma receptivity – and conflict costs related to reduced early seed production. We also asked whether resource environment affected nine traits related to general fitness and mating system. Sexual conflict-associated traits – timing of stigma receptivity and seed production – were generally unaffected by resource environment. While no universal effect of resources was detected, we did observe donor-specific responses to environment, suggesting that environment can nonetheless contribute to variation in timing of stigma receptivity. Recipients grown under low resources showed pronounced differences among donors for number of seeds per capsule, indicating that recipients favour some donors over others under resource-low conditions. Moreover, high resources increased number of flowers but reduced pollen germination rate, while other traits were unaffected, indicating variation in the response to resource environment for fitness- and mating system-traits. Our results suggest that even though soil resource environment had a low impact on the sexual conflict traits and related costs in C. heterophylla, it generated variability in pollen donor-influence on this trait and in recipient sorting among donors. Thus, it is possible that both sexual conflict and sexual selection is affected by environmental factors not only in animals but also in plants.

Map data and Unmanned Aircraft System imagery from the May 25, 2014 West Salt Creek rock avalanche in western Colorado (other, 2016)
On May 25, 2014, a rain-on-snow induced rock avalanche occurred in the West Salt Creek Valley on the northern flank of Grand Mesa in western Colorado. The avalanche traveled 4.6 km down the confined valley, killing 3 people. The avalanche was rare for the contiguous U.S. because of its large size (54.5 Mm3) and long travel distance. To understand the avalanche failure sequence, mechanisms, and mobility, we mapped landslide structures, geology, and ponds at 1:1000-scale. We used high-resolution, Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) imagery from July 2014 as a base for our field mapping. Here we present the map data and UAS imagery. The data accompany an interpretive paper published in the journal Geosphere. The full citation for this interpretive journal paper is: Coe, J.A., Baum, R.L., Allstadt, K.E., Kochevar, B.F., Schmitt, R.G., Morgan, M.L., White, J.L., Stratton, B.T., Hayashi, T.A., and Kean, J.W., 2016, Rock avalanche dynamics revealed by large-scale field mapping and seismic signals at a highly mobile avalanche in the West Salt Creek Valley, western Colorado: Geosphere, v. 12, no. 2, p. 607-631, doi:10.1130/GES01265.1.

Data from: Crown asymmetry in high latitude forests: disentangling the directional effects of tree competition and solar radiation - Ichiro Shimatani; Tuomas Aakala; Toshihiro Abe; Timo Kuuluvainen; Yasuhiro Kubota (other, 2015)
Light foraging by trees is a fundamental process shaping forest communities. In heterogeneous light environments this behavior is expressed as plasticity of tree growth and the development of structural asymmetries. We studied the relative influence of neighborhood structure and directional solar radiation on horizontal asymmetry of tree crowns in late-successional high latitude (67–68°N) forests in northern Fennoscandia. We described crown asymmetries as crown vectors (i.e. horizontal vectors from stem center to crown center), which we obtained from canopy maps based on crown perimeter measurements in the field. To disentangle the influence of the two main determinants, inter-tree competition and directionality of above-canopy solar radiation at high latitudes, we applied circular statistical models, utilizing cylindrical distributions, to these data consisting of orientations and intensities of crown asymmetry. At the individual tree level, our model predicted crown asymmetry vectors from the current stand structure, and the predictions became better when the intensity of asymmetry (i.e. crown vector length) was higher. Competition was the main determinant of crown asymmetry for 2/3 of trees, and the model predictions improved when we incorporated the directionality of solar radiation. At the stand-level, these asymmetries had resulted in a small increment of the projected canopy area and an increased regularity of spatial structure. Our circular statistical modelling approach provided a quantitative evaluation of the relative importance of directionality of solar radiation and neighborhood stand structure, showing how both of these factors play a role in formation of crown asymmetries in high latitude forests. This approach further demonstrated the applicability of circular statistical modeling in ecological studies where the response variable has both orientation and intensity.

Data from: Spatiotemporal fire dynamics in mixed-conifer and aspen forests in the San Juan Mountains of southwestern Colorado, USA (other, 2015)
Mixed-severity fire regimes may be the most extensive yet poorly understood fire regimes of western North America. Understanding their long-term spatiotemporal dynamics is central to debates regarding altered fire regimes and the need for restoration in the context of changing climate and nearly a century of active fire suppression. However, the complexity of fire patterns and forest stand and landscape structures characteristic of mixed-severity regimes poses a substantial challenge to understanding their long-term dynamics. In this study, we develop analysis methods aimed at understanding the fire-driven forest dynamics of mixed-severity systems and apply them in the San Juan Mountains of southwestern Colorado. We sampled fire scars, stand structure, and 4,300 tree ages across two 1,340-ha landscapes (Williams Creek and Squaretop Mountain) that span the environmental gradient of montane mixed-conifer and aspen forests. New approaches were applied to identify pulses of tree recruitment, evaluate climate and fire as potential drivers of synchronous recruitment pulses, and combine fire scar and recruitment data to reconstruct fires. The reconstructions provided detailed fire history for each stand, which in turn was used to develop a fire-severity metric, compare fire frequency and severity by forest type, and develop a simulation procedure to evaluate the degree to which tree regeneration depended on fire by species within each forest type. Twenty fires were reconstructed since 1685 at Williams Creek and 13 fires since 1748 at Squaretop Mountain. Patterns of fire severity varied within each fire and over successive events, including high-severity patches of 100s of ha in both study areas. Dry mixed-conifer forests experienced relatively short fire intervals (mean 21 years) and low fire severity, and regeneration of the main conifer species was largely dependent on open conditions sustained over successive fires. Moist mixed-conifer forests experienced longer fire intervals (mean 32 years) and a broader range of severities, and fire-caused canopy openings were important for initiating pulses of tree recruitment. Most (83%) aspen stands included two or more post-fire cohorts. The methods presented here can be adapted to other mixed-severity systems to better understand their long-term spatial and temporal dynamics and develop restoration priorities.

Gridded Ensemble Precipitation and Temperature Estimates over the Contiguous United States Version 2.0 (2015)
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Data from: Evolution of the leaf economics spectrum in herbs: evidence from environmental divergences in leaf physiology across Helianthus (Asteraceae) - Lisa Alayne Donovan; Chase M. Mason (other, 2015)
The leaf economics spectrum (LES) describes a major axis of plant functional trait variation worldwide, defining suites of leaf traits aligned with resource-acquisitive to resource-conservative ecological strategies. The LES has been interpreted to arise from leaf-level trade-offs among ecophysiological traits common to all plants. However, it has been suggested that the defining leaf-level trade-offs of the LES may not hold within specific functional groups (e.g., herbs) nor within many groups of closely-related species, which challenges the usefulness of the LES paradigm across evolutionary scales. Here we examine the evolution of the LES across 28 species of the diverse herbaceous genus Helianthus (the sunflowers), which occupies a wide range of habitats and climate variation across North America. Using a phylogenetic comparative approach, we find repeated evolution of more resource-acquisitive LES strategies in cooler, drier, and more fertile environments. We also find macroevolutionary correlations among LES traits that recapitulate aspects of the global LES, but with one major difference: leaf mass per area is uncorrelated with leaf lifespan. This indicates that whole-plant processes likely drive variation in leaf lifespan across Helianthus, rather than leaf-level trade-offs. These results suggest that LES patterns do not reflect universal physiological trade-offs at small evolutionary scales.

Data from: Tropical trees in a wind-exposed island ecosystem: height-diameter allometry and size at onset of maturity - Erin E. Mycroft; Sean C. Thomas; Andrew P. Martin (other, 2015)
1. Tropical tree species adapted to high wind environments might be expected to differ systematically in terms of stem allometry and life-history patterns, as compared with species found in less windy forests. We quantified height-diameter (H-D) allometries and relative size at onset of maturity (RSOM) for rainforest tree and tree fern species native to Dominica, West Indies, an island that experiences some of the highest average wind speeds pantropically. 2. H-D allometries for 17 Dominican angiosperm tree species were strongly concave on a log-log scale with asymptotic heights ranging from 9-32 m among species, averaging 25 m for canopy trees. H-D allometries for species-pooled data deviated strongly from recorded patterns for other tropical forest trees: asymptotic heights for trees in Dominica were 30-116% lower than those recorded for continental rainforest trees in Australia, South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia. In a subset of canopy trees sampled in steep, sheltered valleys, heights were 12-26% larger at a given diameter, and approached those observed in other tropical regions, suggesting large phenotypic responses of H-D allometries to wind conditions. 3. RSOM (quantified as the ratio of height at onset of reproduction to asymptotic maximum height) for Dominican angiosperm species was highly variable, ranging from 0.23-0.89 (mean 0.54), similar to patterns observed in Malaysia and Panama; very low RSOM values were estimated for two tree fern species. Pooling data from Dominica with published values from other tropical forests, we observed a significant negative correlation between RSOM and wood density. 4. Synthesis: Our data suggest that wind regimes are a critical determinant of height-diameter (H-D) allometries of tropical trees at both the local and global scale. Although we found no evidence for a systematic differences in reproductive onset related to wind regime, RSOM was negatively correlated with species’ wood density, suggesting that more shade-tolerant tree species show a longer period of gradually increasing reproductive allocation through ontogeny.

Data from: Novel forests maintain ecosystem processes after the decline of native tree species - Joseph Mascaro; Stefan A. Schnitzer; R. Flint Hughes (other, 2015)

HC.auto.3pops - Kenneth L. Jones; Jennifer A. Fike (other, 2015)
This file is a text file in Arelquin input format. It contains autosome SNP genotypes for three groups. Two groups of C. urophasianus (one is GRSG which represents the southern part of the range and the other is BiState which represents the diverged population on the border between California and Nevada). The third group is the Gunnison Sage-grouse data.

Data from: Two low coverage bird genomes and a comparison of reference-guided versus de novo genome assemblies - Matthew K. Fujita; Todd A. Castoe; Jacobo Reyes-Velasco; Daren C. Card; Robert P. Ruggiero; Diana F. Tomback; Audra L. Andrew; Drew R. Schield; Jennifer A. Fike (other, 2015)
As a greater number and diversity of high-quality vertebrate reference genomes become available, it is increasingly feasible to use these references to guide new draft assemblies for related species. Reference-guided assembly approaches may substantially increase the contiguity and completeness of a new genome using only low levels of genome coverage that might otherwise be insufficient for de novo genome assembly. We used low-coverage (~3.5–5.5x) Illumina paired-end sequencing to assemble draft genomes of two bird species (the Gunnison Sage-Grouse, Centrocercus minimus, and the Clark's Nutcracker, Nucifraga columbiana). We used these data to estimate de novo genome assemblies and reference-guided assemblies, and compared the information content and completeness of these assemblies by comparing CEGMA gene set representation, repeat element content, simple sequence repeat content, and GC isochore structure among assemblies. Our results demonstrate that even lower-coverage genome sequencing projects are capable of producing informative and useful genomic resources, particularly through the use of reference-guided assemblies.

Abundance richness and evenness data ALL BEES - John S. Ascher; Eli S. Wyman; Zachariah J. Gezon; David William Inouye; Rebecca E. Irwin (other, 2015)
data of combined bees (vouchered + released) to test for differences between repeatedly sampled sites and single sample sites regarding abundance (as catch rate), rarefied richness, and evenness (as Evar).

Data from: Deciphering the adjustment between environment and life history in annuals: lessons from a geographically-explicit approach in Arabidopsis thaliana - Esperanza Manzano-Piedras; Arnald Marcer; F. Xavier Picó; Carlos Alonso-Blanco (other, 2015)
The role that different life-history traits may have in the process of adaptation caused by divergent selection can be assessed by using extensive collections of geographically-explicit populations. This is because adaptive phenotypic variation shifts gradually across space as a result of the geographic patterns of variation in environmental selective pressures. Hence, large-scale experiments are needed to identify relevant adaptive life-history traits as well as their relationships with putative selective agents. We conducted a field experiment with 279 geo-referenced accessions of the annual plant Arabidopsis thaliana collected across a native region of its distribution range, the Iberian Peninsula. We quantified variation in life-history traits throughout the entire life cycle. We built a geographic information system to generate an environmental data set encompassing climate, vegetation and soil data. We analysed the spatial autocorrelation patterns of environmental variables and life-history traits, as well as the relationship between environmental and phenotypic data. Almost all environmental variables were significantly spatially autocorrelated. By contrast, only two life-history traits, seed weight and flowering time, exhibited significant spatial autocorrelation. Flowering time, and to a lower extent seed weight, were the life-history traits with the highest significant correlation coefficients with environmental factors, in particular with annual mean temperature. In general, individual fitness was higher for accessions with more vigorous seed germination, higher recruitment and later flowering times. Variation in flowering time mediated by temperature appears to be the main life-history trait by which A. thaliana adjusts its life history to the varying Iberian environmental conditions. The use of extensive geographically-explicit data sets obtained from field experiments represents a powerful approach to unravel adaptive patterns of variation. In a context of current global warming, geographically-explicit approaches, evaluating the match between organisms and the environments where they live, may contribute to better assess and predict the consequences of global warming.

Fine-grained distribution of a non-native resource can alter the population dynamics of a native consumer - Mifuyu Nakajima (other, 2015)
Map data used in simulations described in: Mifuyu Nakajima and Carol l. Boggs. 2015. Fine-grained distribution of a non-native resource can alter the population dynamics of a native consumer. PLOS ONE.

Data from: Are leaf functional traits “invariant” with plant size, and what is “invariance” anyway? - Charles A. Price; David D. Ackerly; Ülo Niinemets; Erik J. Veneklaas; Peter B. Reich; Ian J. Wright (other, 2015)
Studies of size-related plant traits have established a suite of mathematical functions describing whole plant investment and allocation. In parallel, studies of plant “economic spectra” have measured the scaling and variance composition of traits related to the major dimensions of both structure and function. Here we explore the intersection of these two broad areas by exploring the notion that many leaf economic traits are invariant with species differences in adult plant size. Invariant traits are those that do not change with plant size and are invoked as a key simplifying assumption of prominent models that purport to explain the scaling of plant size and metabolism. Unfortunately, leaf trait invariance is neither well defined nor understood, and has never been critically evaluated. Using a global plant trait dataset, we evaluated whether nine key traits can be considered as effectively invariant as a function of the maximum height of plant species, within and across plant growth forms, and within and across broad taxonomic groups. We also examine the influence of habitat, biome and global spatial scales on the size-relative variance in plant functional traits. We suggest that while invariance is an intuitive concept, an objective statistical definition is elusive. Expanding on ideas drawn from the study of life history invariants, we propose five criteria to identify traits that are effectively invariant, depending on the research question. We show that all studied “leaf economic spectrum” (LES) traits approach invariance within and between herbaceous and woody plant groups; angiosperms and gymnosperms; and within most biome and habitat types. Individual leaf area, however, shows a modest increase with plant size, and there are significant shifts in the average LES trait values at a given plant maximum height, among the plant growth forms and taxonomic groups. Our results demonstrate that generally, LES traits show little interspecific variation with maximum plant height, which provides some support for attempts to model plants with “average” leaf properties. Our work also highlights the need for a better understanding of the drivers of leaf size variation within and across individuals, functional groups, clades, biomes and habitats.

MOD13Q1 MODIS/Terra Vegetation Indices 16-Day L3 Global 250m SIN Grid V006 - Kamel Didan (other, 2015)

Data from: Microgeographic patterns of genetic divergence and adaptation across environmental gradients in Boechera stricta (Brassicaceae) - Nadeesha Perera; Bashira Chowdhury (other, 2015)
Abiotic and biotic conditions often vary continuously across the landscape, imposing divergent selection on local populations. We used a provenance trial approach to examine microgeographic variation in local adaptation in Boechera stricta (Brassicaceae), a perennial forb native to the Rocky Mountains. In montane ecosystems, environmental conditions change considerably over short spatial scales, such that neighboring populations can be subject to different selective pressures. Using accessions from southern (Colorado) and northern (Idaho) populations, we characterized spatial variation in genetic similarity via microsatellite markers. We then transplanted genotypes from multiple local populations into common gardens in both regions. Continuous variation in local adaptation emerged for several components of fitness. In Idaho, genotypes from warmer environments (low elevation or south facing sites) were poorly adapted to the north-facing garden. In high and low elevation Colorado gardens, susceptibility to insect herbivory increased with source elevation. In the high elevation Colorado garden, germination success peaked for genotypes that evolved at similar elevations as the garden, and declined for genotypes from higher and lower elevations. We also found evidence for local maladaptation in survival and fecundity components of fitness in the low elevation Colorado garden. This approach is a necessary first step in predicting how global change could affect evolutionary dynamics.

data for functional group analyses - John S. Ascher; Eli S. Wyman; Zachariah J. Gezon; Rebecca E. Irwin; David William Inouye (other, 2015)
data of vouchered bees to test for differences between repeatedly sampled sites and single sample sites regarding abundance functional group composition. The four functional groups tested were diet (lecty), sociality, body size (size), and nesting substrate (nesting). Note that sociality was tested twice, once with only Bombus considered social, and again with Bombus, Lasioglossum and Halictus as social.

Experimental frost damage data for eight subalpine plant species - Justin A. Bain; Paul J. CaraDonna (other, 2015)
This file contains data on the frost damage of eight subalpine plant species from the Rocky Mountains of Colorado (USA). These frost damage data can be used to calculate frost sensitivity for each species. Frost damage of plant tissue was determined after specimen were exposed to experimental temperature treatments. In the file, there is a column "temp_treatment_C" which is the target temperature for each treatment (in Celsius); there is another column "temp_observed_C", which is the actual temperature reached during the temperature treatment. Frost damage was scored as binary: damage = 1; no damage = 0. Frost trial number and frost trial start date refer to the specific series of temperature treatments. Collection of plant specimen and experimental procedures were conducted at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Gothic, Colorado, USA.

Data from: Genome-wide scans reveal cryptic population structure in a dry-adapted eucalypt - Suzanne M. Prober; William D. Stock; René E. Vaillancourt; Dorothy A. Steane; Elizabeth McLean; Brad M. Potts; Margaret Byrne; Lesley Collins (other, 2015)
Genome-wide DArTseq scans of 268 individuals of Eucalyptus salubris, distributed along an aridity gradient in southwestern Australia, revealed cryptic population structure that appears to signal hitherto unappreciated ecotypic differentiation and barriers to gene flow. Genome-wide scans were undertaken on 30 wild-sampled individuals from each of nine populations; 10 individuals per population were measured for habit and functional traits. DArTseq generated 16,122 high-quality markers, of which 56.3 % located to E. grandis chromosomes. Genetic affinities of the nine populations were only weakly correlated with geographic distances. Rather, populations appeared to form two distinct molecular lineages that maintained their distinctiveness in an area of geographic overlap. Twenty-four outlier markers signalled divergent selection and differentiation of the two putative lineages. Populations from the two lineages were phenotypically differentiated in leaf thickness, specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf nitrogen per unit mass (Nmass). The more northerly lineage (with thinner leaves) occurred in hotter, drier conditions with higher radiation. Populations of the more southerly lineage occurred on soils that were relatively low in phosphorus; the trees had thicker leaves, lower SLA and lower leaf Nmass, consistent with general responses to low nutrient levels. While historic isolation and drift may have contributed to the cryptic population structure observed, there is evidence of ecotypic adaptation, which may provide an exogenous barrier to gene flow. This study highlights the power of new molecular technologies to provide novel insights into the genetic architecture of wild populations.

Data from: Spatiotemporal fire dynamics in mixed-conifer and aspen forests in the San Juan Mountains of southwestern Colorado, USA (other, 2015)
Mixed-severity fire regimes may be the most extensive yet poorly understood fire regimes of western North America. Understanding their long-term spatiotemporal dynamics is central to debates regarding altered fire regimes and the need for restoration in the context of changing climate and nearly a century of active fire suppression. However, the complexity of fire patterns and forest stand and landscape structures characteristic of mixed-severity regimes poses a substantial challenge to understanding their long-term dynamics. In this study, we develop analysis methods aimed at understanding the fire-driven forest dynamics of mixed-severity systems and apply them in the San Juan Mountains of southwestern Colorado. We sampled fire scars, stand structure, and 4,300 tree ages across two 1,340-ha landscapes (Williams Creek and Squaretop Mountain) that span the environmental gradient of montane mixed-conifer and aspen forests. New approaches were applied to identify pulses of tree recruitment, evaluate climate and fire as potential drivers of synchronous recruitment pulses, and combine fire scar and recruitment data to reconstruct fires. The reconstructions provided detailed fire history for each stand, which in turn was used to develop a fire-severity metric, compare fire frequency and severity by forest type, and develop a simulation procedure to evaluate the degree to which tree regeneration depended on fire by species within each forest type. Twenty fires were reconstructed since 1685 at Williams Creek and 13 fires since 1748 at Squaretop Mountain. Patterns of fire severity varied within each fire and over successive events, including high-severity patches of 100s of ha in both study areas. Dry mixed-conifer forests experienced relatively short fire intervals (mean 21 years) and low fire severity, and regeneration of the main conifer species was largely dependent on open conditions sustained over successive fires. Moist mixed-conifer forests experienced longer fire intervals (mean 32 years) and a broader range of severities, and fire-caused canopy openings were important for initiating pulses of tree recruitment. Most (83%) aspen stands included two or more post-fire cohorts. The methods presented here can be adapted to other mixed-severity systems to better understand their long-term spatial and temporal dynamics and develop restoration priorities.

Data from: Determinants of flammability in savanna grass species - Colin P. Osborne; Pascal-Antione Christin; Gavin H. Thomas; Claire M. Belcher; Kimberley J. Simpson; Brad S. Ripley; Caroline E. R. Lehmann (other, 2015)
1. Tropical grasses fuel the majority of fires on Earth. In fire-prone landscapes, enhanced flammability may be adaptive for grasses via the maintenance of an open canopy and an increase in spatiotemporal opportunities for recruitment and regeneration. In addition, by burning intensely but briefly, high flammability may protect resprouting buds from lethal temperatures. Despite these potential benefits of high flammability to fire-prone grasses, variation in flammability among grass species, and how trait differences underpin this variation, remains unknown. 2. By burning leaves and plant parts, we experimentally determined how five plant traits (biomass quantity, biomass density, biomass moisture content, leaf surface-area-to-volume ratio and leaf effective heat of combustion) combined to determine the three components of flammability (ignitability, sustainability and combustibility) at the leaf and plant scales in 25 grass species of fire-prone South African grasslands at a time of peak fire occurrence. The influence of evolutionary history on flammability was assessed based on a phylogeny built here for the study species. 3. Grass species differed significantly in all components of flammability. Accounting for evolutionary history helped to explain patterns in leaf-scale combustibility and sustainability. The five measured plant traits predicted components of flammability, particularly leaf ignitability and plant combustibility in which 70% and 58% of variation, respectively, could be explained by a combination of the traits. Total above-ground biomass was a key driver of combustibility and sustainability with high biomass species burning more intensely and for longer, and producing the highest predicted fire spread rates. Moisture content was the main influence on ignitability, where species with higher moisture contents took longer to ignite and once alight burnt at a slower rate. Biomass density, leaf surface-area-to-volume ratio and leaf effective heat of combustion were weaker predictors of flammability components. 4. Synthesis. We demonstrate that grass flammability is predicted from easily measurable plant functional traits and is influenced by evolutionary history with some components showing phylogenetic signal. Grasses are not homogenous fuels to fire. Rather, species differ in functional traits that in turn demonstrably influence flammability. This diversity is consistent with the idea that flammability may be an adaptive trait for grasses of fire-prone ecosystems.

Abundance richness and evenness data VOUCHERED BEES - John S. Ascher; Eli S. Wyman; Zachariah J. Gezon; Rebecca E. Irwin; David William Inouye (other, 2015)
data of vouchered bees to test for differences between repeatedly sampled sites and single sample sites regarding abundance (as catch rate), rarefied richness, and evenness (as Evar).

Data from: Interspecific functional convergence and divergence and intraspecific negative density dependence underlie the seed-to-seedling transition in tropical trees - Maria Natalia Umana; Nathan G. Swenson (other, 2015)
The seed-to-seedling transition constitutes a critical bottleneck in the life history of plants and represents a major determinant of species composition and abundance. However, we have surprisingly little knowledge regarding the forces driving this ontogenetic transition. Here we utilize information regarding organismal function to investigate the strength of intra- and interspecific negative density dependence during the seed-to-seedling transition in Puerto Rican tree species. Our analyses were implemented at individual sites and across an entire 16-ha forest plot, spanning 6 years. The functional richness of seedling assemblages was significantly lower than expected given the seed assemblages, but the functional evenness was significantly higher than expected, indicating the simultaneous importance of constraints on the overall phenotypic space and trait differences for successful transitions from seed to seedling. The results were consistent across years. Within species, we also found evidence for strong intraspecific negative density dependence, where the probability of transition was proportionally lower when in a site with high conspecific density. These results suggest that filtering of similar phenotypes across species and strong negative density dependence within and among species are simultaneously driving the structure and dynamics of tropical tree assemblages during this critical life-history transition.

Chemical and biotic characteristics of prairie lakes and large wetlands in south-central North Dakota—Effects of a changing climate (2015)

Repeated measures data accompanying the paper: Effects of Increased Flight on the Energetics and Life History of the Butterfly Speyeria mormonia - Kristjan Niitepõld; Carol L. Boggs (other, 2015)
Data are in microsoft excel .xlsx format. Descriptions of each data type, including units, are in "comments" associated with the headers on each data column on each page. Data were collected on the butterfly Speyeria mormonia, derived from a population in Gunnison County, Colorado, USA and raised in captivity at Stanford University.

Z.3pops.4.arlequin - Kenneth L. Jones; Jennifer A. Fike (other, 2015)
This is a text file in Arlequin input format and represents Z chromosome data for three groups (2 C. urophasianus - one (GRSG) is the southern part of the range and the other (BiState) is the diverged population on the border between California and Nevada). The third group is Gunnison Sage-grouse.

Data from: Radial changes in wood specific gravity of tropical trees: inter- and intra-specific variation during secondary succession - Vanessa K. Boukili; Benjamin T. Plourde; Robin L. Chazdon (other, 2015)
Variation in wood specific gravity (WSG) within and across species of tropical trees is poorly studied in relation to vegetation change during tropical forest succession. We investigated WSG of 91 species in eight long-term plots along a successional chronosequence in northeastern Costa Rica. Radial changes in WSG were described by the rate of change (slope) along the stem radius. Significant radial changes were found in 42 of 74 species, with 37 species exhibiting increases from inner to outer wood, and 5 exhibiting decreases. Radial increases were commonly observed in species with inner WSG below 0.5, whereas radial decreases were observed in species with inner WSG above 0.7. Wood specific gravity weighted by cross-sectional area (wWSG) varied four-fold among species. Species classified as second-growth specialists had lower wWSG, lower inner and outer WSG, and higher slopes than old-growth specialists; successional generalists showed intermediate trait values. Among 18 species sampled in both second- and old-growth forests, 4 species (22%) showed significant variation in wWSG between forest types. Of 33 widely sampled species, seven species (21%) showed a significant effect of stem diameter on wWSG. Second-growth plots had lower stand-level wWSG and more pronounced radial increases than old-growth plots. Individual tree biomass for species with radial increases and low WSG was substantially underestimated when based on unweighted WSG compared to wWSG. Wood specific gravity varied with successional stage at multiple levels: within species, among successional specialist groups, and across plots of varying ages. Radial increases in WSG are common among trees in early and intermediate stages of tropical forest succession. This trait may confer growth advantages early in succession and increased resistance to physical or biotic damage during later successional stages.

Data from: Pinus ponderosa alters nitrogen dynamics and diminishes the climate footprint in natural ecosystems of Patagonia - Amy T. Austin; Lloyd William Hess (other, 2015)
1. Evaluating climate effects on plant-soil interactions in terrestrial ecosystems remains challenging due to the fact that floristic composition co-varies with climate, particularly along rainfall gradients. It is difficult to separate effects of precipitation per se from those mediated indirectly through changes in species composition. As such, afforestation (the intentional planting of woody species) in terrestrial ecosystems provides an ecological opportunity to assess the relative importance of climate and vegetation controls on ecosystem processes. 2. We investigated the impacts of 35 years of afforestation on ecosystem N dynamics, in ecosystems ranging from arid shrub-steppe to closed-canopy forest in Patagonia, Argentina. Site of natural vegetation and adjacent sites planted with a single exotic species, Pinus ponderosa, were identified in five precipitation regimes along a continuous gradient of 250 to 2200 mm mean annual precipitation (MAP). We evaluated C and N parameters of vegetation and soil, as well as natural abundance of 13C and 15N, in leaves, roots, ectomycorrhizae (EcM), and soils. 3. In natural vegetation, most leaf traits (%N, C:N ratios, leaf mass per area, δ15N values) demonstrated strong significant relationships with MAP, while these relationships were nearly absent in afforested sites. In addition, the EcM of native southern beech and pine trees were significantly enriched in 15N relative to leaves at all sites where they were present. While soil C and N pools in both vegetation types increased with MAP, overall pool sizes were significantly reduced in afforested sites. 4. Synthesis Observed relationships between leaf traits and precipitation in natural vegetation may be driven largely by shifts in species composition and plant-soil interactions, rather than direct effects of precipitation. Our results suggest that a change in species composition of the dominant vegetation is sufficient to alter C and N cycling independently of climate constraints: pine afforestation homogenized N dynamics across sites spanning an order of magnitude of MAP. These results highlight the important control of ectomycorrhizal associations in affecting C and N dynamics. Additionally, it serves to demonstrate that altering natural species composition alone is sufficient to cause large, detectable impacts on N turnover independently of direct climate effects.

Data from: Globally, functional traits are weak predictors of juvenile tree growth, and we do not know why - Christian Messier; Roland C. de Gouvenain; Kasso Daïnou; Nils Bourland; Martin Baruffol; Christopher Baraloto; Paul V. A. Fine; Harald Auge; Lucy Amissah; Claire Fortunel; Campbell O. Webb; Jean-Louis Doucet; et al. (other, 2015)
1. Plant functional traits, in particular specific leaf area (SLA), wood density and seed mass, are often good predictors of individual tree growth rates within communities. Individuals and species with high SLA, low wood density and small seeds tend to have faster growth rates. 2. If community-level relationships between traits and growth have general predictive value, then similar relationships should also be observed in analyses that integrate across taxa, biogeographic regions and environments. Such global consistency would imply that traits could serve as valuable proxies for the complex suite of factors that determine growth rate, and, therefore, could underpin a new generation of robust dynamic vegetation models. Alternatively, growth rates may depend more strongly on the local environment or growth–trait relationships may vary along environmental gradients. 3. We tested these alternative hypotheses using data on 27 352 juvenile trees, representing 278 species from 27 sites on all forested continents, and extensive functional trait data, 38% of which were obtained at the same sites at which growth was assessed. Data on potential evapotranspiration (PET), which summarizes the joint ecological effects of temperature and precipitation, were obtained from a global data base. 4. We estimated size-standardized relative height growth rates (SGR) for all species, then related them to functional traits and PET using mixed-effect models for the fastest growing species and for all species together. 5. Both the mean and 95th percentile SGR were more strongly associated with functional traits than with PET. PET was unrelated to SGR at the global scale. SGR increased with increasing SLA and decreased with increasing wood density and seed mass, but these traits explained only 3.1% of the variation in SGR. SGR–trait relationships were consistently weak across families and biogeographic zones, and over a range of tree statures. Thus, the most widely studied functional traits in plant ecology were poor predictors of tree growth over large scales. 6. Synthesis. We conclude that these functional traits alone may be unsuitable for predicting growth of trees over broad scales. Determining the functional traits that predict vital rates under specific environmental conditions may generate more insight than a monolithic global relationship can offer.

Yearly bee catch data - John S. Ascher; Eli S. Wyman; Zachariah J. Gezon; David William Inouye; Rebecca E. Irwin (other, 2015)
data used to calculate mean catch rates per sampling period per year by each sampling method.

Ready for NMDS VOUCHERED BEES ONLY - Eli S. Wyman; John S. Ascher; Zachariah J. Gezon; Rebecca E. Irwin; David William Inouye (other, 2015)
sample day by species matrix ready for NMDS analysis.

Data from: Z chromosome divergence, polymorphism, and relative effective population size in a genus of lekking birds - Jennifer A. Fike; Kenneth L. Jones (other, 2015)
Sex chromosomes contribute disproportionately to species boundaries as they diverge faster than autosomes and often have reduced diversity. Their hemizygous nature contributes to faster divergence and reduced diversity, as do some types of selection. In birds, other factors (mating system and bottlenecks) can further decrease the effective population size of Z-linked loci and accelerate divergence (Fast-Z). We assessed Z-linked divergence and effective population sizes for two polygynous sage-grouse species and compared them to estimates from birds with various mating systems. We found lower diversity and higher FST for Z-linked loci than for autosomes, as expected. The πZ/πA ratio was 0.38 in Centrocercus minimus, 0.48 in Centrocercus urophasianus and 0.59 in a diverged, parapatric population of C. urophasianus, a broad range given the mating system among these groups is presumably equivalent. The full data set had unequal males and females across groups, so we compared an equally balanced reduced set of C. minimus and individuals pooled from both C. urophasianus subgroups recovering similar estimates: 0.54 for C. urophasianus and 0.38 for C. minimus. We provide further evidence that NeZ/NeA in birds is often lower than expected under random mating or monogamy. The lower ratio in C. minimus could be a consequence of stronger selection or drift acting on Z loci during speciation, as this species differs strongly from C. urophasianus in sexually selected characters with minimal mitochondrial divergence. As C. minimus also exhibited lower genomic diversity, it is possible that a more severe demographic history may contribute to its lower ratio.

Data from: Disentangling the relative importance of species occurrence, abundance and intraspecific variability in community assembly: a trait-based approach at the whole-plant level in Mediterranean forests - Rafael Villar; Carmen M. Navarro-Fernández; Teodoro Marañón; Ignacio M. Pérez-Ramos; Enrique G. De La Riva; Manuel Olmo; Ambra Tosto (other, 2015)

Data from: Anthropogenic changes in sodium affect neural and muscle development in butterflies - William A. White; Anne Espeset; Christopher J. Boser; Emilie C. Snell-Rood; Rhea Smykalski (other, 2014)
The development of organisms is changing drastically because of anthropogenic changes in once-limited nutrients. Although the importance of changing macronutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, is well-established, it is less clear how anthropogenic changes in micronutrients will affect organismal development, potentially changing dynamics of selection. We use butterflies as a study system to test whether changes in sodium availability due to road salt runoff have significant effects on the development of sodium-limited traits, such as neural and muscle tissue. We first document how road salt runoff can elevate sodium concentrations in the tissue of some plant groups by 1.5–30 times. Using monarch butterflies reared on roadside- and prairie-collected milkweed, we then show that road salt runoff can result in increased muscle mass (in males) and neural investment (in females). Finally, we use an artificial diet manipulation in cabbage white butterflies to show that variation in sodium chloride per se positively affects male flight muscle and female brain size. Variation in sodium not only has different effects depending on sex, but also can have opposing effects on the same tissue: across both species, males increase investment in flight muscle with increasing sodium, whereas females show the opposite pattern. Taken together, our results show that anthropogenic changes in sodium availability can affect the development of traits in roadside-feeding herbivores. This research suggests that changing micronutrient availability could alter selection on foraging behavior for some roadside-developing invertebrates.

Data from: Effects of tree architecture on pollen dispersal and mating patterns in Abies pinsapo Boiss. (Pinaceae) - Karin Tremetsberger; Francisco Balao; Anass Terrab; Jose M. Sánchez-Robles; Juan L. García Castaño; Laura Navarro Sampedro; Salvador Talavera (other, 2014)
Plant architecture is crucial to pollination and mating in wind pollinated species. We investigate the effect of crown architecture on pollen dispersal, mating system and offspring quality, combining phenotypic and genotypic analyses in a low-density population of the endangered species Abies pinsapo. A total of 598 embryos from three relative crown height levels (bottom, middle, top) in five mother plants were genotyped using eleven nuclear microsatellite markers (nSSRs). Paternity analysis and mating system models were used to infer mating and pollen dispersal parameters. In addition, seeds were weighed (N = 16,110) and germinated (N = 736), and seedling vigour was measured to assess inbreeding depression. Overall, A. pinsapo shows a fat-tailed dispersal kernel, with an average pollen dispersal distance of 113–227 m, an immigration rate of 0.84–26.92%, and a number of effective pollen donors ranging between 3.5 and 11.9. We found an effect of tree height and relative crown height levels on mating parameters. A higher proportion of seeds with embryo (about 50%) and a higher rate of self-fertilization (about 60%) were found at the bottom level in comparison to the top level. Seed weight and seedling vigour are positively related. Nevertheless, no differences were found in seed weight or in seedling-related variables such as weight and length of aerial and subterranean parts among the different relative crown height levels, suggesting that seeds from the more strongly inbred bottom level are not affected by inbreeding depression. The different relative crown height levels also present a similar effective pollen dispersal distance and number of effective pollen donors, indicating vertical isotropy for outcross pollen. Our results thus suggest that self-pollen may compensate for the shortage of outcross pollen in low density populations.

Sage-Grouse 2x reference-guided genome - Diana F. Tomback; Matthew K. Fujita; Todd A. Castoe; Drew R. Schield; Daren C. Card; Jacobo Reyes-Velasco; Robert P. Ruggiero; Audra L. Andrew; Jennifer A. Fike (other, 2014)
2x consensus Sage-Grouse genome from reference-guided assembly using the Chicken genome as reference. Assembly statistics report is included.

Sage-Grouse 1x reference-guided genome - Robert P. Ruggiero; Todd A. Castoe; Matthew K. Fujita; Jacobo Reyes-Velasco; Audra L. Andrew; Drew R. Schield; Diana F. Tomback; Daren C. Card; Jennifer A. Fike (other, 2014)
1x consensus Sage-Grouse genome from reference-guided assembly using the Chicken genome as reference. Assembly statistics report is included.

Data from: Species-specific responses of foliar nutrients to long-term nitrogen and phosphorus additions in a lowland tropical forest - Jordan R. Mayor; Benjamin L. Turner; S. Joseph Wright (other, 2014)
1) The concentration, stoichiometry, and resorption of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in plant leaves are often used as proxies of the availability of these growth-limiting nutrients, but the responses of these metrics to changes in nutrient availability remains largely untested for tropical forest trees. 2) We evaluated changes in N and P concentrations, N:P ratios, and resorption for 4 common tree species after 13 years of factorial N and P additions in a lowland tropical forest in Panama. 3) Chronic P addition increased foliar P concentrations, decreased P resorption proficiency, and decreased N:P ratios in three locally common eudicot tree species (Alseis blackiana, Heisteria concinna, Tetragastris panamensis). The increase in foliar P involved similar proportional increases in organic and inorganic P in two species and a disproportionately large increase in inorganic P in A. blackiana. 4) Nitrogen addition did not alter foliar N concentrations in any species, but did decrease N resorption proficiency in H. concinna. 5) A fourth species, the palm Oenocarpus mapora, demonstrated remarkably static foliar nutrient concentrations, responding only with a marginal decrease in P resorption proficiency under N plus P co-addition. 6) Synthesis: Collectively, these results suggest that adjustment of N:P ratios can be expected in eudicots exposed to elevated P, but foliar N appears to already be at optimal levels in these lowland rainforest tree species. The complexity of species-specific responses to altered nutrient availability highlights the difficulty in predicting future responses of tropical forest trees to a changing world.

Data from: Shifts and disruptions in resource-use trait syndromes during the evolution of herbaceous crops - J. Morente-Lopez; F. Stuart Chapin; Rubén Milla; Nieves Martín-Robles; N. Martin-Robles; Jose Miguel Alonso-Rodrigo; Javier Morente-López; Francis Stuart Chapin III (other, 2014)
Trait-based ecology predicts that evolution in high-resource agricultural environments should select for suites of traits that enable fast resource acquisition and rapid canopy closure. However, crop breeding targets specific agronomic attributes rather than broad trait syndromes. Breeding for specific traits, together with evolution in high-resource environments, might lead to reduced phenotypic integration, according to predictions from the ecological literature. We provide the first comprehensive test of these hypotheses, based on a trait-screening programme of 30 herbaceous crops and their wild progenitors. During crop evolution plants became larger, which enabled them to compete more effectively for light, but they had poorly integrated phenotypes. In a subset of six herbaceous crop species investigated in greater depth, competitiveness for light increased during early plant domestication, whereas diminished phenotypic integration occurred later during crop improvement. Mass-specific leaf and root traits relevant to resource-use strategies (e.g. specific leaf area or tissue density of fine roots) changed during crop evolution, but in diverse and contrasting directions and magnitudes, depending on the crop species. Reductions in phenotypic integration and overinvestment in traits involved in competition for light may affect the chances of upgrading modern herbaceous crops to face current climatic and food security challenges.

Data from: Community assembly and functional diversity along succession post-management - Patricia Balvanera; Radika Bhaskar; Todd E. Dawson (other, 2014)
1. Despite extensive development of successional theory, few empirical studies have evaluated whether existing models are applicable to human-modified landscapes. Seasonally dry tropical forests are experiencing widespread transformation, and represent a critical system to assess in a successional framework to infer the mechanisms that shape assembly of secondary forests post-management. 2. We used a functional trait-based approach to assess changes in community assembly mechanisms along succession in secondary dry forests of varying stages following abandonment of cattle activity, as well as nearby old-growth forests. We evaluated whether re-assembly proceeded consistent with existing theory, in early successional stages via habitat filtering, leading to reduced trait range, and via competitive exclusion in later stages, leading to increased trait evenness. Using three orthogonal traits and two functional diversity indices we tested for evidence of assembly mechanisms along resource axes that may be particularly important to dry forest systems, dynamic changes in habitat filtering and competitive exclusion, and potential legacy effects of management. 3. We found little support of a progression from habitat filtering to competitive exclusion, with the exception of dispersion patterns for specific leaf area and multi-variate functional richness. Water may underlie species sorting in most stages, as evidenced by range reduction in wood density, and might be a resource particularly important to dry forest assembly. Early successional stages displayed an unexpected pattern of low evenness, which may be due to initial stand composition including remnants and resprouts, a regeneration strategy typical to dry forest species. Beyond influencing initial conditions, management legacy was apparent in late secondary forests, which differed in range, even dispersion, and functional richness from old-growth forests, suggesting the operation of different assembly mechanisms. 4. The departures from expectations suggest the need to re-assess successional models to include effects of management legacies on the operation of community assembly mechanisms in human-modified landscapes, as well as characteristics that distinguish wet and dry forest dynamics.

Sage-Grouse 5x reference-guided genome - Jacobo Reyes-Velasco; Audra L. Andrew; Daren C. Card; Diana F. Tomback; Todd A. Castoe; Drew R. Schield; Matthew K. Fujita; Robert P. Ruggiero; Jennifer A. Fike (other, 2014)
5x consensus Sage-Grouse genome from reference-guided assembly using the Chicken genome as reference. Assembly statistics report is included.

ld (b1) (2014)
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Data from: Accuracy of genomic selection models in a large population of open-pollinated families in white spruce - Trevor Doerksen; Jean Bousquet; Sébastien Clément; Jeremy M. Beaulieu; John MacKay (other, 2014)
Genomic selection (GS) is of interest in breeding because of its potential for predicting the genetic value of individuals and increasing genetic gains per unit of time. To date, very few studies have reported empirical results of GS potential in the context of large population sizes and long breeding cycles such as for boreal trees. In this study, we assessed the effectiveness of marker-aided selection in an undomesticated white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) population of large effective size using a GS approach. A discovery population of 1694 trees representative of 214 open-pollinated families from 43 natural populations was phenotyped for 12 wood and growth traits and genotyped for 6385 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) mined in 2660 gene sequences. GS models were built to predict estimated breeding values using all the available SNPs or SNP subsets of the largest absolute effects, and they were validated using various cross-validation schemes. The accuracy of genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) varied from 0.327 to 0.435 when the training and the validation data sets shared half-sibs that were on average 90% of the accuracies achieved through traditionally estimated breeding values. The trend was also the same for validation across sites. As expected, the accuracy of GEBVs obtained after cross-validation with individuals of unknown relatedness was lower with about half of the accuracy achieved when half-sibs were present. We showed that with the marker densities used in the current study, predictions with low to moderate accuracy could be obtained within a large undomesticated population of related individuals, potentially resulting in larger gains per unit of time with GS than with the traditional approach.

Sage-Grouse to Chicken chromosome annotation - Jacobo Reyes-Velasco; Todd A. Castoe; Daren C. Card; Matthew K. Fujita; Drew R. Schield; Audra L. Andrew; Robert P. Ruggiero; Diana F. Tomback; Jennifer A. Fike (other, 2014)
Chromsome annotation of the Sage-Grouse using the Chicken genome. Used 1x reference-guided assembly and blast, and assumed high synteny between species.

Sage-Grouse mitochondrial assembly and MITOS annotation - Robert P. Ruggiero; Jacobo Reyes-Velasco; Matthew K. Fujita; Drew R. Schield; Todd A. Castoe; Daren C. Card; Diana F. Tomback; Audra L. Andrew; Jennifer A. Fike (other, 2014)
Reference-guided assembly of the Sage-Grouse mitochondrion using consensus Galliformes mitochondrial sequence as guide. Includes MITOS annotation.

Sage-Grouse de novo assembly - Todd A. Castoe; Diana F. Tomback; Drew R. Schield; Robert P. Ruggiero; Jacobo Reyes-Velasco; Matthew K. Fujita; Daren C. Card; Audra L. Andrew; Jennifer A. Fike (other, 2014)
De novo assembly of the Gunnison Sage-Grouse using CLC Genomics Workbench. Includes CLC assembly report.

Data from: A test for a cost of opportunism in invasive species in the Commelinaceae - Alice A. Winn; Stacey L. Halpern; Jean H. Burns (other, 2014)
Many invasive species can respond opportunistically to favorable growing conditions. In a previous work, we found that invasive species in the family Commelinaceae were more opportunistic than their noninvasive congeners and could therefore outperform noninvasive relatives in an environment with abundant resources and no competition. Contrary to the expectation that superior performance under favorable conditions comes at the cost of reduced performance under stressful conditions, invasive species did not perform more poorly relative to noninvasive congeners under any conditions we examined. Here we expand our search for potential costs of opportunism in invasive species to additional environmental conditions in which invasive taxa have been shown or predicted to perform poorly. We grew four invasive and four noninvasive species in environments consisting of all possible combinations of high and low soil resources and presence and absence of clipping (removal of aboveground biomass). We also fed leaves of each species to a generalist herbivore to assess resistance to herbivory. We found that the advantage of invasive species is reduced but not eliminated by low soil resources and clipping. At low soil resources, invasive species produced softer leaves than noninvasive species and might therefore be less resistant to generalist herbivory than noninvasive species, although a direct comparison of resistance in a no-choice bioassay revealed no difference. The invasive species outperformed noninvasive species only under the most favorable conditions, and the noninvasive species did not outperform the invasive species in any environment.

Data from: Context-dependent reproductive isolation mediated by floral scent and color - Andreas Jürgens; Mascha Bischoff; Robert A. Raguso; Diane R. Campbell (other, 2014)
Reproductive isolation due to pollinator behavior is considered a key mode of speciation in flowering plants. Although floral scent is thought to mediate pollinator behavior, little is known about its effects on pollinator attraction and floral visitation in the wild. We used field experiments with wild hawkmoths and laboratory experiments with naïve hawkmoths to investigate attraction to and probing of flowers in response to indole, a volatile emitted by Ipomopsis tenuituba but not its close relative I. aggregata, both alone and in combination with floral color differences. We demonstrated that indole attracts wild hawkmoths to flowers, but has little effect on the rate at which those attracted moths probe flowers. In contrast, white flower color did not influence hawkmoth attraction in the field, but caused more attracted moths to probe flowers. Thus the moths require both scent and high visual contrast, in that order, to feed at flowers at dusk. Their preference for indole-scented flowers is innate, but species-specific preference is mitigated by previous experience and plant spatial patterning. This context-dependent behavior helps explain why these Ipomopsis species show geographical variation in the extent of hybridization and may potentially explain formation of hybrid bridges in other systems of hawkmoth-pollinated plants.

Data from: Functional traits in parallel evolutionary radiations and trait-environment associations in the Cape Floristic region of South Africa - Christopher Adams; Cynthia S. Jones; Jane E. Carlson; Hayley Kilroy Mollmann; Hugo Martinez-Cabrera; Carl D. Schlichting; Kerri Mocko; John A. Silander Jr.; Timothy E. Moore; Nora Mitchell; Kenneth W. Holsinger (other, 2014)

Data from: Three keys to the radiation of angiosperms into freezing environments - Brian C. O'Meara; David C. Tank; Peter F. Stevens; Pamela S. Soltis; Douglas E. Soltis; Michelle R. Leishman; Mark Westoby; Andre Calaminus; Jacek Oleksyn; Amy E. Zanne; Robert I. Bertin; Alejandro Ordonez; et al. (other, 2014)

21 MHC Class II DRB alleles from Microtus montanus - John P. Wares; Jamie C. Winternitz (other, 2013)
FASTA file of 21 MHC Class II Mimo-DRB alleles recovered from a wild population of montane vole (Microtus montanus). Samples were obtained between 2008-2010 near the Rocky Mountain biological Laboratory, located in the Upper East River Valley, CO (39N, 107W).

Genetic variation within the North American Sage-grouse genus Centrocercus (class Aves) - BGI (other, 2013)
Evaluation of genetic differentiation within the Sage-grouse genus Centrocercus. Three geographically distinct samples of North American Sage-grouse, genus Centrocercus (class Aves). Two samples are taxonomically considered Greater Sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) and the third is considered Gunnison Sage-grouse (Centrocercus minimus). Ten individual monoisolates were obtained for each group.

Data from: Strong selection genome-wide enhances fitness trade-offs across environments and episodes of selection (other, 2013)
Fitness trade-offs across episodes of selection and environments influence life-history evolution and adaptive population divergence. Documenting these trade-offs remains challenging as selection can vary in magnitude and direction through time and space. Here, we evaluate fitness trade-offs at the levels of the whole organism and the quantitative trait locus (QTL) in a multiyear field study of Boechera stricta (Brassicaceae), a genetically tractable mustard native to the Rocky Mountains. Reciprocal local adaptation was pronounced for viability, but not for reproductive components of fitness. Instead, local genomes had a fecundity advantage only in the high latitude garden. By estimating realized selection coefficients from individual-level data on viability and reproductive success and permuting the data to infer significance, we examined the genetic basis of fitness trade-offs. This analytical approach (Conditional Neutrality-Antagonistic Pleiotropy, CNAP) identified genetic trade-offs at a flowering phenology QTL (costs of adaptation) and revealed genetic trade-offs across fitness components (costs of reproduction). These patterns would not have emerged from traditional ANOVA-based QTL mapping. Our analytical framework can be applied to other systems to investigate fitness trade-offs. This task is becoming increasingly important as climate change may alter fitness landscapes, potentially disrupting fitness trade-offs that took many generations to evolve.

Data from: A gain-of-function polymorphism controlling complex traits and fitness in nature - Bao-Hua Song; Aaron J. Windsor; Carrie Olson-Manning; Mary A. Schuler; M. Eric Schranz; Sanjeewa G. Rupasinghe; Maria J. Clauss; Kasavajhala V. S. K. Prasad; Ibtehaj Naqvi; Antonio J. Manzaneda (other, 2013)
Identification of the causal genes that control complex trait variation remains challenging, limiting our appreciation of the evolutionary processes that influence polymorphisms in nature. We cloned a quantitative trait locus that controls plant defensive chemistry, damage by insect herbivores, survival, and reproduction in the natural environments where this polymorphism evolved. These ecological effects are driven by duplications in the BCMA (branched-chain methionine allocation) loci controlling this variation and by two selectively favored amino acid changes in the glucosinolate-biosynthetic cytochrome P450 proteins that they encode. These changes cause a gain of novel enzyme function, modulated by allelic differences in catalytic rate and gene copy number. Ecological interactions in diverse environments likely contribute to the widespread polymorphism of this biochemical function.

Data from: Duplication and population dynamics shape historic patterns of selection and genetic variation at the major histocompatibility complex in rodents - John P. Wares; Jamie C. Winternitz (other, 2013)
Genetic variation at the MHC is vitally important for wildlife populations to respond to pathogen threats. Because natural populations can fluctuate greatly in size, a key issue concerns how population cycles and bottlenecks that could reduce genetic diversity will influence MHC genes. Using 454 sequencing, we characterized genetic diversity at the DRB Class II locus in montane voles (Microtus montanus), a North American rodent that regularly undergoes high amplitude fluctuations in population size. We tested for evidence of historic balancing selection, recombination, and gene duplication to identify mechanisms maintaining allelic diversity. Counter to our expectations, we found strong evidence of purifying selection acting on the DRB locus in montane voles. We speculate that the interplay between population fluctuations and gene duplication might be responsible for the weak evidence of historic balancing selection and strong evidence of purifying selection detected. To further explore this idea, we conducted a phylogenetically controlled comparative analysis across 16 rodent species with varying demographic histories and MHC duplication events (based on the maximum number of alleles detected per individual). Based on phylogenetic generalized linear model-averaging, we found evidence that the estimated number of duplicated loci was positively related to allelic diversity and, surprisingly, to the strength of purifying selection at the DRB locus. Our analyses also revealed that species that had undergone population bottlenecks had lower allelic richness than stable species. This study highlights the need to consider demographic history and genetic structure alongside patterns of natural selection to understand resulting patterns of genetic variation at the MHC.

Individual level data for RILs (Recombinant Inbred Lines) - Robert I. Colautti; Amy M. McKinney; David William Inouye (other, 2012)
This file contains the individual level data for selection analyses and estimates of response to selection in the recombinant inbred lines (RILs) planted in the Montana and Colorado parental environments. Included are data on planting site, family identification, timing of first flowering, plant size at flowering, absolute and relative fitness, and covariates. These data were collected by Jill Anderson and Tom Mitchell-Olds in the field. Text Wrangler was used to create the data file.

ND2 haplotype table for 53 modern populations - Jeremy J. Austin; Alan Cooper; Janet Epp; Kyle Keepers; Christopher M. Kennedy; Sierra L. Love Stowell; Daniel McDonald; Karel L. Rogers; Jessica L. Metcalf; Andrew P. Martin (other, 2012)
We sequenced a 648 or 889 base pair region of the ND2 gene for at least 10 individuals from 53 contemporary populations. This table shows ND2 haplotypes present in each population sampled, number of fish sampled per population, and the number of fish belonging to each haplotype. Haplotypes are either defined by a genbank number and an abbreviated short name that is used by Parks and Wildlife (KBRkey). Major mtDNA lineage designations include (GCR = Gunnison/Colorado, YMP = Yampa, SP = South Platte, RG = Rio Grande, YS= Yellowstone cutthroat trout and RB = Rainbow trout.

Data from: Historical stocking data and 19th century DNA reveal human-induced changes to native diversity and distribution of cutthroat trout - Andrew P. Martin; Karel L. Rogers; Kyle Keepers; Daniel McDonald; Janet Epp; Christopher M. Kennedy; Sierra L. Love Stowell; Alan Cooper; Jeremy J. Austin; Jessica L. Metcalf (other, 2012)
Many species are threatened with extinction and efforts are underway worldwide to restore imperiled species to their native ranges. Restoration requires knowledge of species' historic diversity and distribution, which may not be available. For some species, many populations were extirpated and humans moved individuals beyond their native range before native diversity and distribution were documented. Moreover, traditional taxonomic assessments often failed to accurately capture phylogenetic diversity. We illustrate a general approach for estimating regional native diversity and distribution by assembling a large archive of historical records documenting human-mediated change in the distribution of cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii) coupled with a phylogenetic analysis of 19th century (before intensive fish stocking) and contemporary DNA samples. Our study of the trout in the southern Rocky Mountains uncovered six divergent lineages, two of which went extinct, probably in the early 20th century. A third lineage, previously declared extinct, was discovered surviving in a single stream outside of its native range. Comparison of the historic and modern distributions with stocking records revealed that the current distribution of trout largely reflects intensive stocking early in the late 19th and early 20th century from two phylogenetically and geographically distinct sources. Our documentation of recent extinctions, undescribed lineages, errors in taxonomy, and dramatic range changes induced by human movement of fish underscores the importance of the historical record when developing and implementing conservation plans for threatened and endangered species.

Surface Temperature Anomalies Derived from Night Time ASTER Data Corrected for Solar and Topographic Effects, Alamosa and Saguache Counties, Colorado (other, 2012)
This map shows areas of anomalous surface temperature in Alamosa and Saguache Counties identified from ASTER thermal data and spatial based insolation model. The temperature is calculated using the Emissivity Normalization Algorithm that separate temperature from emissivity. The incoming solar radiation was calculated using spatial based insolation model developed by Fu and Rich (1999). Then the temperature due to solar radiation was calculated using emissivity derived from ASTER data. The residual temperature, i.e. temperature due to solar radiation subtracted from ASTER temperature was used to identify thermally anomalous areas. Areas that had temperature greater than 2o were considered ASTER modeled "very warm modeled surface temperature" are shown in red on the map. Areas that had temperatures between 1o and 2o were considered ASTER modeled "warm modeled surface temperature" are shown in yellow on the map. This map also includes the locations of shallow temperature survey points, locations of springs or wells with favorable geochemistry, faults, transmission lines, and areas of modeled basement weakness "fairways." Note: 'o' is used in this description to represent lowercase sigma.

Areas with Surface Thermal Anomalies as Detected by ASTER and LANDSAT Data in Northwest Delta, Colorado (other, 2012)
This map shows areas of anomalous surface temperature in northern Saguache Counties identified from ASTER and LANDSAT thermal data and spatial based insolation model. The temperature for the ASTER data was calculated using the Emissivity Normalization Algorithm that separate temperature from emissivity. The incoming solar radiation was calculated using spatial based insolation model developed by Fu and Rich (1999). Then the temperature due to solar radiation was calculated using emissivity derived from ASTER data. The residual temperature, i.e. temperature due to solar radiation subtracted from ASTER temperature was used to identify thermally anomalous areas. Areas having anomalous temperature in the ASTER data are shown in blue diagonal hatch, while areas having anomalous temperature in the LANDSAT data are shown in magenta on the map. Thermal springs and areas with favorable geochemistry are also shown. Springs or wells having non-favorable geochemistry are shown as blue dots.

Areas of Weakly Anomalous to Anomalous Surface Temperature in Alamosa and Saguache Counties, Colorado, as Identified from ASTER Thermal Data (other, 2012)
This "Weakly Anomalous to Anomalous Surface Temperature" dataset differs from the "Anomalous Surface Temperature" dataset for this county (another remotely sensed CIRES product) by showing areas of modeled temperatures between 1o and 2o above the mean, as opposed to the greater than 2o temperatures contained in the "Anomalous Surface Temperature" dataset. Note: 'o' is used in this description to represent lowercase sigma

Surface Temperature Anomalies Derived from Night Time ASTER Data Corrected for Solar and Topographic Effects, Dolores County (other, 2012)
This map shows areas of anomalous surface temperature in Alamosa and Saguache Counties identified from ASTER thermal data and spatial based insolation model. The temperature is calculated using the Emissivity Normalization Algorithm that separate temperature from emissivity. The incoming solar radiation was calculated using spatial based insolation model developed by Fu and Rich (1999). Then the temperature due to solar radiation was calculated using emissivity derived from ASTER data. The residual temperature, i.e. temperature due to solar radiation subtracted from ASTER temperature was used to identify thermally anomalous areas. Areas that had temperature greater than 2o were considered ASTER modeled "very warm modeled surface temperature" are shown in red on the map. Areas that had temperatures between 1o and 2o were considered ASTER modeled "warm modeled surface temperature" are shown in yellow on the map. This map also includes the locations of shallow temperature survey points, locations of springs or wells with favorable geochemistry, faults, transmission lines, and areas of modeled basement weakness "fairways." Note: 'o' is used in this description to represent lowercase sigma.

Surface Temperature Anomalies Derived from Night Time ASTER Data Corrected for Solar and Topographic Effects, Archuleta County (other, 2012)
This map shows areas of anomalous surface temperature in Alamosa and Saguache Counties identified from ASTER thermal data and spatial based insolation model. The temperature is calculated using the Emissivity Normalization Algorithm that separate temperature from emissivity. The incoming solar radiation was calculated using spatial based insolation model developed by Fu and Rich (1999). Then the temperature due to solar radiation was calculated using emissivity derived from ASTER data. The residual temperature, i.e. temperature due to solar radiation subtracted from ASTER temperature was used to identify thermally anomalous areas. Areas that had temperature greater than 2o were considered ASTER modeled "very warm modeled surface temperature" are shown in red on the map. Areas that had temperatures between 1o and 2o were considered ASTER modeled "warm modeled surface temperature" are shown in yellow on the map. This map also includes the locations of shallow temperature survey points, locations of springs or wells with favorable geochemistry, faults, transmission lines, and areas of modeled basement weakness "fairways." Note: 'o' is used in this description to represent lowercase sigma.

Carpenter_Meadow_transect_2010 - Robert I. Colautti; Amy M. McKinney; David William Inouye (other, 2012)
This file contains phenotypic and fitness data on naturally-recruiting Boechera stricta plants in 5 transects. Jill Anderson collected these data at the Carpenter Meadow site in 2010. The data file was created in Text Wrangler.

Family level averages for the Recombinant Inbred Lines (Colorado) - Robert I. Colautti; Amy M. McKinney; David William Inouye (other, 2012)
This file contains family-level average trait values for the recombinant inbred lines (RILs) in the Colorado garden. Columns include: family, leaf number at flowering (standardized to a mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1), height at flowering (standardized to a mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1), relative fitness (=absolute fitness/maximum fitness of individuals), and flowering time (both standardized to a mean of 0 and SD of 1, and unstandardized). Standardizations were made on the individual level data prior to calculating the average values. Jill Anderson collected these data at the Colorado field garden. The data file was created in Text Wrangler.

Long-term flowering_year - Robert I. Colautti; Amy M. McKinney; David William Inouye (other, 2012)
This file contains data on flowering time (first flowering and peak flowering) from 1973-2011 averaged across all plots, as well as snowmelt data and average April-May temperature data for these years. Timing of flowering was collected by David Inouye and collaborators. Snowmelt data was collected by billy Barr. Temperature data come from the Crested Butte (CO) NOAA station. The data file was created in Text Wrangler.

Long-term flowering time at the plot level - Robert I. Colautti; Amy M. McKinney; David William Inouye (other, 2012)
These are data on flowering time (first flowering time and peak flowering time) for all plots from 1973-2011. Data were collected by David Inouye and collaborators. Temperature data are from the Crested Butte, CO NOAA station, and snowmelt data were collected by billy barr. The data file was created in Text Wrangler.

Climate - Robert I. Colautti; Amy M. McKinney; David William Inouye (other, 2012)
This file contains data on the timing of snowmelt from 1935-2012, average April-May temperatures from 1973-2011, and minimum April-May temperatures from 1973-2011. The timing of snowmelt was observed from 1975-2012, and estimated from 1935-1974 based on correlations with river runoff. Temperature data come from the NOAA station in Crested Butte, Colorado. The data file was created in Text Wrangler.

Surface Temperature Anomalies Derived from Night Time ASTER Data Corrected for Solar and Topographic Effects, Dolores County (other, 2012)
This map shows areas of anomalous surface temperature in Alamosa and Saguache Counties identified from ASTER thermal data and spatial based insolation model. The temperature is calculated using the Emissivity Normalization Algorithm that separate temperature from emissivity. The incoming solar radiation was calculated using spatial based insolation model developed by Fu and Rich (1999). Then the temperature due to solar radiation was calculated using emissivity derived from ASTER data. The residual temperature, i.e. temperature due to solar radiation subtracted from ASTER temperature was used to identify thermally anomalous areas. Areas that had temperature greater than 2o were considered ASTER modeled "very warm modeled surface temperature" are shown in red on the map. Areas that had temperatures between 1o and 2o were considered ASTER modeled "warm modeled surface temperature" are shown in yellow on the map. This map also includes the locations of shallow temperature survey points, locations of springs or wells with favorable geochemistry, faults, transmission lines, and areas of modeled basement weakness "fairways." Note: 'o' is used in this description to represent lowercase sigma.

Areas with Surface Thermal Anomalies as Detected by ASTER and LANDSAT Data in Northern Saguache County, Colorado (other, 2012)
This map shows areas of anomalous surface temperature in northern Saguache Counties identified from ASTER and LANDSAT thermal data and spatial based insolation model. The temperature for the ASTER data was calculated using the Emissivity Normalization Algorithm that separate temperature from emissivity. The incoming solar radiation was calculated using spatial based insolation model developed by Fu and Rich (1999). Then the temperature due to solar radiation was calculated using emissivity derived from ASTER data. The residual temperature, i.e. temperature due to solar radiation subtracted from ASTER temperature was used to identify thermally anomalous areas. Areas having anomalous temperature in the ASTER data are shown in blue diagonal hatch, while areas having anomalous temperature in the LANDSAT data are shown in magenta on the map. Thermal springs and areas with favorable geochemistry are also shown. Springs or wells having non-favorable geochemistry are shown as blue dots.

Surface Temperature Anomalies Derived from Night Time ASTER Data Corrected for Solar and Topographic Effects, Archuleta County (other, 2012)
This map shows areas of anomalous surface temperature in Alamosa and Saguache Counties identified from ASTER thermal data and spatial based insolation model. The temperature is calculated using the Emissivity Normalization Algorithm that separate temperature from emissivity. The incoming solar radiation was calculated using spatial based insolation model developed by Fu and Rich (1999). Then the temperature due to solar radiation was calculated using emissivity derived from ASTER data. The residual temperature, i.e. temperature due to solar radiation subtracted from ASTER temperature was used to identify thermally anomalous areas. Areas that had temperature greater than 2o were considered ASTER modeled "very warm modeled surface temperature" are shown in red on the map. Areas that had temperatures between 1o and 2o were considered ASTER modeled "warm modeled surface temperature" are shown in yellow on the map. This map also includes the locations of shallow temperature survey points, locations of springs or wells with favorable geochemistry, faults, transmission lines, and areas of modeled basement weakness "fairways." Note: 'o' is used in this description to represent lowercase sigma.

Airborne geophysical survey: West Elk Extension, Colorado (other, 2012)
Aeromagnetic data were collected along flight lines by instruments in an aircraft that recorded magnetic-field values and locations. In the earlier days of surveying, the only way to represent this data was to generate an analog map with contour lines. This dataset is a representation of the digitized contour lines either by following the lines or by choosing the intersection of the contour and flight-line to create a value of the magnetic field. The values presented are latitude, longitude, and map magnetic-field values.

Areas with Surface Thermal Anomalies as Detected by ASTER and LANDSAT Data in Northwest Delta, Colorado (other, 2012)
This map shows areas of anomalous surface temperature in northern Saguache Counties identified from ASTER and LANDSAT thermal data and spatial based insolation model. The temperature for the ASTER data was calculated using the Emissivity Normalization Algorithm that separate temperature from emissivity. The incoming solar radiation was calculated using spatial based insolation model developed by Fu and Rich (1999). Then the temperature due to solar radiation was calculated using emissivity derived from ASTER data. The residual temperature, i.e. temperature due to solar radiation subtracted from ASTER temperature was used to identify thermally anomalous areas. Areas having anomalous temperature in the ASTER data are shown in blue diagonal hatch, while areas having anomalous temperature in the LANDSAT data are shown in magenta on the map. Thermal springs and areas with favorable geochemistry are also shown. Springs or wells having non-favorable geochemistry are shown as blue dots.

Areas with Surface Thermal Anomalies as Detected by ASTER and LANDSAT Data in Northern Saguache County, Colorado (other, 2012)
This map shows areas of anomalous surface temperature in northern Saguache Counties identified from ASTER and LANDSAT thermal data and spatial based insolation model. The temperature for the ASTER data was calculated using the Emissivity Normalization Algorithm that separate temperature from emissivity. The incoming solar radiation was calculated using spatial based insolation model developed by Fu and Rich (1999). Then the temperature due to solar radiation was calculated using emissivity derived from ASTER data. The residual temperature, i.e. temperature due to solar radiation subtracted from ASTER temperature was used to identify thermally anomalous areas. Areas having anomalous temperature in the ASTER data are shown in blue diagonal hatch, while areas having anomalous temperature in the LANDSAT data are shown in magenta on the map. Thermal springs and areas with favorable geochemistry are also shown. Springs or wells having non-favorable geochemistry are shown as blue dots.

Areas of Weakly Anomalous to Anomalous Surface Temperature in Alamosa and Saguache Counties, Colorado, as Identified from ASTER Thermal Data (other, 2012)
This "Weakly Anomalous to Anomalous Surface Temperature" dataset differs from the "Anomalous Surface Temperature" dataset for this county (another remotely sensed CIRES product) by showing areas of modeled temperatures between 1o and 2o above the mean, as opposed to the greater than 2o temperatures contained in the "Anomalous Surface Temperature" dataset. Note: 'o' is used in this description to represent lowercase sigma

Airborne geophysical survey: West Elk Extension, Colorado (other, 2012)
Aeromagnetic data were collected along flight lines by instruments in an aircraft that recorded magnetic-field values and locations. In the earlier days of surveying, the only way to represent this data was to generate an analog map with contour lines. This dataset is a representation of the digitized contour lines either by following the lines or by choosing the intersection of the contour and flight-line to create a value of the magnetic field. The values presented are latitude, longitude, and map magnetic-field values.

Surface Temperature Anomalies Derived from Night Time ASTER Data Corrected for Solar and Topographic Effects, Alamosa and Saguache Counties, Colorado (other, 2012)
This map shows areas of anomalous surface temperature in Alamosa and Saguache Counties identified from ASTER thermal data and spatial based insolation model. The temperature is calculated using the Emissivity Normalization Algorithm that separate temperature from emissivity. The incoming solar radiation was calculated using spatial based insolation model developed by Fu and Rich (1999). Then the temperature due to solar radiation was calculated using emissivity derived from ASTER data. The residual temperature, i.e. temperature due to solar radiation subtracted from ASTER temperature was used to identify thermally anomalous areas. Areas that had temperature greater than 2o were considered ASTER modeled "very warm modeled surface temperature" are shown in red on the map. Areas that had temperatures between 1o and 2o were considered ASTER modeled "warm modeled surface temperature" are shown in yellow on the map. This map also includes the locations of shallow temperature survey points, locations of springs or wells with favorable geochemistry, faults, transmission lines, and areas of modeled basement weakness "fairways." Note: 'o' is used in this description to represent lowercase sigma.

Data from: Carbon content of tree tissues: a synthesis - Sean C. Thomas; Andrew P. Martin (other, 2012)
Assessing the potential for forest carbon (C) capture and storage requires accurate assessments of C in live tree tissues. In the vast majority of local, regional, and global assessments, C content has been assumed to be 50% of tree biomass; however, recent studies indicate that this assumption is not accurate, with substantial variation in C content among tree species as well as among tissue types. Here we conduct a comprehensive literature review to present a global synthesis of C content in tissues of live trees. We found a total of 253 species-specific stem wood C content records owing to 31 studies, and an additional 34 records of species with C content values of other tissues in addition to stem wood. Stem wood C content varied significantly as a function of biome (tropical, subtropical/ Mediterranean, temperate/ boreal) and species type (conifer, angiosperm). Conifer species exhibited greater wood C content than angiosperm species (50.8 ± 0.7% (95% C.I.) vs. 47.7 ± 0.3%, respectively), a trend that was consistent among all biomes. Although studies have documented differences in C content among plant tissues, interspecific differences in stem wood appear to be of greater importance overall: among species, stem wood C content explained 37, 76, 48, 81, and 63% respectively of the variation in bark, branch, twig, coarse root, and fine root C content values, respectively. In each case, these intraspecific patterns approximated 1:1 linear relationships. Most published stem wood C content values (and all values for other tree tissues) are based on dried wood samples, and so neglect volatile C constituents that constitute on average 1.3 – 2.5% of total C in live wood. Capturing this volatile C fraction is an important methodological consideration for future studies. Our review, and associated data compilation, provides empirically supported wood C fractions that can be easily incorporated into forest C accounting, and may correct systematic errors of ~1.6 – 5.8% in forest C assessments.

Data from: Genomic and phenotypic architecture of a spruce hybrid zone (Picea sitchensis x P. glauca) - Jill A. Hamilton; Sally N. Aitken; Christian Lexer (other, 2012)
Interspecific hybridization may enhance the capacity of populations to adapt to changing environments, and has practical implications for reforestation. We use genomewide estimates of admixture and phenotypic traits for trees in a common garden to examine the extent and direction of gene flow across a Picea hybrid zone, testing assumptions of the bounded hybrid superiority and tension zone models of hybrid zone maintenance. Seeds were collected from the ecological transition zone spanning from maritime to continental climates across the Picea sitchensis-P. glauca contact zone, and 721 trees were planted in a common garden experiment within the hybrid zone. Individuals were genotyped using a panel of 384 candidate-gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) putatively associated with adaptive traits in Picea, and phenotyped at age ten for height and autumn cold hardiness. Low interspecific heterozygosity in hybrids indicated intrinsic reproductive barriers were too weak to prevent widespread recombination, although introgression appeared asymmetric with P. sitchensis dominating the zone. While marker-based hybrid index was strongly correlated with climate and geography, phenotypic traits exhibited weak or no significant clines. Our results indicated that exogenous selection appeared to play a strong role in the distribution and structure of this hybrid zone, indicative of an environmentally determined bounded hybrid superiority model of hybrid zone maintenance, although endogenous mechanisms could not be ruled out. This study provides insight into the mechanisms underlying adaptation across ecologically transitional hybrid zones that will ultimately provide an additional tool in managing these economically important tree species.

Carpenter_Meadow_experiment - Robert I. Colautti; Amy M. McKinney; David William Inouye (other, 2012)
This file contains data from the experiment at Carpenter Meadow to assess natural selection on flowering in local genotypes. Jill Anderson collected data in the field in 2010. Analyses included size at planting (number of leaves) and cohort as fixed effects, and row nested within block as random effects. The data file was created in Text Wrangler.

Carpenter_Meadow_transect_2011 - Robert I. Colautti; Amy M. McKinney; David William Inouye (other, 2012)
This file contains phenotypic and fitness data on naturally-recruiting Boechera stricta plants in 5 transects. Jill Anderson collected these data at the Carpenter Meadow site in 2011. The data file was created in Text Wrangler.

Data from: Modeling intraspecific adaptation of Abies sachalinensis to local altitude and responses to global warming, based on a 36-year reciprocal transplant experiment - Susumu Goto; Wataru Ishizuka (other, 2011)
Intraspecific adaptation in Abies sachalinensis was examined using models based on long-term monitoring data gathered during a reciprocal transplant experiment with eight seed source populations and six transplantation sites along an altitudinal gradient. The consequence of local adaptation was evaluated by testing the home-site advantage for upslope and downslope transplants at five ages. The populations’ fitness-linked trait was set as their productivity (tree height ×survival rate) at each age. The effects of global warming were evaluated on the basis of the 36-year performance of downslope transplants. Evidence was found for adaptive genetic variation affecting both height and survival from an early age. Increasing the distance between seed source and planting site significantly reduced productivity for both upslope and downslope transplantation, demonstrating the existence of a significant home-site advantage. The decrease in productivity was most distinct for upslope transplantations, indicating strong local adaptation to high altitudes. Global warming is predicted to increase the productivity of high-altitude populations. However, due to their existing local adaptation, all tested populations exhibited lower productivity under warming than demes that were optimal for the new climate. These negative predictions should be considered when planning the management of locally-adapted plant species such as A. sachalinensis.

KAZRARSCL-All-inclusive data stream (2011)
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Data from: Evolution of specialization: a phylogenetic study of host range in the red milkweed beetle (Tetraopes tetraophthalmus) - Anurag A Agrawal; Sergio Rasmann (other, 2011)
Specialization is common in most lineages of insect herbivores, one of the most diverse groups of organisms on earth. To address how and why specialization is maintained over evolutionary time, we hypothesized that plant defense and other ecological attributes of potential host plants would predict the performance of a specialist root feeding herbivore (the red milkweed beetle, Tetraopes tetraophthalmus). Using a comparative phylogenetic and functional trait approach, we assessed the determinants of insect host range across 18 species of Asclepias. Larval survivorship decreased with increasing phylogenetic distance from the true host, A. syriaca, suggesting that adaptation to plant traits drives specialization. Among several root traits measured, only cardenolides (toxic defense chemicals) correlated with larval survival, and cardenolides also explained the phylogenetic distance effect in phylogenetically controlled multiple regression analyses. Additionally, milkweed species having a known association with other Tetraopes beetles were better hosts than species lacking Tetraopes herbivores, and milkweeds with similar specific leaf area values (a trait related to leaf function and habitat affiliation) to A. syriaca were better hosts than species having divergent values. We thus conclude that phylogenetic distance is an integrated measure of phenotypic and ecological attributes of Asclepias species, especially defensive cardenolides, which can be used to explain specialization and constraints on host shifts over evolutionary time.

Data from: Medical-device recalls in the UK and the device-regulation process: retrospective review of safety notices and alerts - M. Billingsley; D. Cohen; C. Heneghan; Michael L. Thompson (other, 2011)
Background: Medical devices are used widely for virtually every disease and condition. Although devices are subject to regulation, the number of recalls, the clinical data requirements for regulation and the impact on patient safety are poorly understood. Methods: The authors defined a device using European directives and used publicly available information on the Medicines and Health Regulatory Authority website to determine the number of devices recalled from January 2006 to December 2010. Two reviewers independently assessed Field Safety Notices and Medical Device Alerts. The authors wrote to manufacturers to obtain further information and clinical data, and summarised data by year, Conformité Européenne classification, indication, and Food and Drug Administration recall system of severity. Results: In total, 2124 field safety notices were issued over the 5-year period, an increase of 1220% (62 in 2006 to 757 in 2010). 447 Medical Device Alerts were issued in the same period, and 44% were assessed as a reasonable probability of causing serious adverse health consequences or death. The authors wrote to 192 manufacturers of withdrawn devices and received 101 (53%) replies; only four (2.1%) provided the clinical data the authors requested. A lack of available transparent data prevented full analyses of the safety impact. Of the highest-risk recalled devices, more than half were related to the cardiovascular system (25%) or musculoskeletal system (33%), and 88% (95% CI 80% to 97%) were assessed as a reasonable probability of causing serious adverse health consequences or death. For low-risk devices, the figure was 34% (95% CI 26% to 42%). Conclusion: The number of medical devices subject to recalls or warnings in the UK has risen dramatically. A substantial number of these devices may have caused serious adverse effects in patients and contributed to healthcare costs. Significant problems exist in the UK with a lack of access to transparent data and a registry of the highest-risk devices.

Population matrix models for Frasera speciosa from 1974 to 2008 (other, 2011)
This dataset contains the matrix population models for a population of Frasera speciosa in the Elk Mountains of southwestern Colorado, for the years 1974-2007. Each matrix contains the probability of transitioning from a stage (the column headings) to another stage (the rows) from the starting year (given as the heading of the matrix) to the following year for individuals in the Frasera speciosa population. There are two dormant seed categories, a recruit or seedling category, and twelve leaf-number stages: 2 (1-2 leaves), 4 (3-4 leaves), 6 (5-6 leaves), 9 (7-10 leaves), 12 (11-14 leaves), 16 (15-17 leaves), 20 (18-22 leaves), 25 (23-27 leaves), 30 (28-32 leaves), 36 (33-38 leaves), 42 (39-45 leaves), or 49 (46-64 leaves).

Data from: Transgenes for insect resistance reduce herbivory and enhance fecundity in advanced generations of crop-weed hybrids of rice - Xiao Yang; Wei Wang; Feng Wang; Jun Su; Allison A Snow; Hui Xia; Bao-Rong Lu (other, 2011)
Gene flow from transgenic crops allows novel traits to spread to sexually compatible weeds. Traits such as resistance to insects may enhance the fitness of weeds, but few studies have tested for these effects under natural field conditions. We created F2 and F3 crop-weed hybrid lineages of genetically engineered rice (Oryza sativa) using lines with two transgene constructs, cowpea trypsin inhibitor (CpTI) and a Bt transgene linked to CpTI (Bt/CpTI). Experiments conducted in Fuzhou, China, demonstrated that CpTI alone did not significantly affect fecundity, although it reduced herbivory. In contrast, under certain conditions Bt/CpTI conferred up to 79% less insect damage and 47% greater fecundity relative to non-transgenic controls, and a 44% increase in fecundity relative to the weedy parent. A small fitness cost was detected in F3 progeny with Bt/CpTI when grown under low insect pressure and direct competition with transgene-negative controls. We conclude that Bt/CpTI transgenes may introgress into co-occurring weedy rice populations and contribute to greater seed production when target insects are abundant. However, the net fitness benefits that are associated with Bt/CpTI could be ephemeral if insect pressure is lacking, for example, due to widespread planting of Bt cultivars that suppress target insect populations.

Population matrix models for Frasera speciosa from 1974 to 2008 (other, 2011)
This dataset contains the matrix population models for a population of Frasera speciosa in the Elk Mountains of southwestern Colorado, for the years 1974-2007. Each matrix contains the probability of transitioning from a stage (the column headings) to another stage (the rows) from the starting year (given as the heading of the matrix) to the following year for individuals in the Frasera speciosa population. There are two dormant seed categories, a recruit or seedling category, and twelve leaf-number stages: 2 (1-2 leaves), 4 (3-4 leaves), 6 (5-6 leaves), 9 (7-10 leaves), 12 (11-14 leaves), 16 (15-17 leaves), 20 (18-22 leaves), 25 (23-27 leaves), 30 (28-32 leaves), 36 (33-38 leaves), 42 (39-45 leaves), or 49 (46-64 leaves).

Data from: No evidence of inbreeding avoidance despite demonstrated survival costs in a polygynous rodent (2011)
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High Spectral Resolution Lidar Data, a1 Data Level (2011)
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Ceilometer (Vaisala CL31) 10 meter resolution backscatter data (2010)
[object Object]

Data from: Networks, trees, and treeshrews: assessing support and identifying conflict with multiple loci and a problematic root - Link E. Olson; Eric J. Sargis; Trina E. Roberts (other, 2009)
Multiple unlinked genetic loci often provide a more comprehensive picture of evolutionary history than any single gene can, but analyzing multigene data presents particular challenges. Differing rates and patterns of nucleotide substitution, combined with the limited information available in any data set, can make it difficult to specify a model of evolution. In addition, conflict among loci can be the result of real differences in evolutionary process or of stochastic variance and errors in reconstruction. We used 6 presumably unlinked nuclear loci to investigate relationships within the mammalian family Tupaiidae (Scandentia), containing all but one of the extant tupaiid genera. We used a phylogenetic mixture model to analyze the concatenated data and compared this with results using partitioned models. We found that more complex models were not necessarily preferred under tests using Bayes factors and that model complexity affected both tree length and parameter variance. We also compared the results of single-gene and multigene analyses and used splits networks to analyze the source and degree of conflict among genes. Networks can show specific relationships that are inconsistent with each other; these conflicting and minority relationships, which are implicitly ignored or collapsed by traditional consensus methods, can be useful in identifying the underlying causes of topological uncertainty. In our data, conflict is concentrated around particular relationships, not widespread throughout the tree. This pattern is further clarified by considering conflict surrounding the root separately from conflict within the ingroup. Uncertainty in rooting may be because of the apparent evolutionary distance separating these genera and our outgroup, the tupaiid genus Dendrogale. Unlike a previous mitochondrial study, these nuclear data strongly suggest that the genus Tupaia is not monophyletic with respect to the monotypic Urogale, even when uncertainty about rooting is taken into account. These data concur with mitochondrial DNA on other relationships, including the close affinity of Tupaia tana with the enigmatic Tupaia splendidula and of Tupaia belangeri with Tupaia glis. We also discuss the taxonomic and biogeographic implications of these results.

Data from: Systematics of the lizard family Pygopodidae with implications for the diversification of Australian temperate biotas - Stephen Donnellan; Eric R. Pianka; W. Bryan Jennings (other, 2009)
We conducted a phylogenetic study of pygopodid lizards, a group of 38 species endemic to Australia and New Guinea, with two major goals:to reconstruct a taxonomically complete and robustly supported phylogeny for the group and to use this information to gain insights into the tempo, mode, and timing of the pygopodid radiation. Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), nuclear DNA (nDNA), and previously published morphological data using parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian methods on the independent and combined three data sets yielded trees with similar and largely stable ingroup topologies. However, relationships among the six most inclusive and unambiguously supported clades (Aprasia, Delma, Lialis, Ophidiocephalus, Pletholax, and Pygopus) varied depending on data set analyzed. We used parametric bootstrapping to help us understand which of the three-branch schemes linking these six taxa was most plausible given our data. We conclude based on our results that the arrangement ((((Delma, Lialis)Pygopus)Pletholax)(Aprasia, Ophidiocephalus)) represents the best hypothesis of intergeneric relationships. A second major problem to arise in our study concerned the inability of our two outgroup taxa (Diplodactylus) to root trees properly; three different rooting locations were suggested depending upon analysis. This long-branch attraction problem was so severe that the outgroup branch also interfered with estimation of ingroup relationships. We therefore used the molecular clock method to root the pygopodid tree. Results of two independent molecular clock analyses (mtDNA and nDNA) converged upon the same root location (branch leading to Delma). We are confident that we have found the correct root because the possibility of our clock estimates agreeing by chance alone is remote given that there are 65 possible root locations (branches) on the pygopodid tree (~1 in 65 odds). Our analysis also indicated that Delma fraseri is not monophyletic, a result supported by a parametric bootstrapping test. We elevated the Western Australian race, Delma f. petersoni, to species status (i.e., Delma petersoni) because hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting could be ruled out as potential causes of this paraphyletic gene tree and because D. grayii is broadly sympatric with its sister species D. fraseri. Climate changes over the past 23 million years, which transformed Australia from a wet, green continent to one that is largely dry and brown, have been suspected as playing a major role in the diversification of Australia's temperate biotas. Our phylogenetic analyses of pygopodid speciation and biogeography revealed four important findings consistent with this climate change diversification model:(1) our fossil-calibrated phylogeny shows that although some extant pygopodid lineages predate the onset of aridification, 28 of 33 pygopodid species included in our study seem to have originated in the last 23 million years; (2) relative cladogenesis tests suggest that several major clades underwent higher than expected rates of speciation; (3) our findings support earlier studies showing that speciation of mesic-adapted biotas in the southeastern and southwestern corners of Australia largely occurred within each of these regions between 12 and 23 million years ago as opposed to repeated dispersal between these regions; and (4) we have identified for the first time the existence of several pairs of sympatric sister species of lizards living in arid and semiarid ecosystems. These sympatric sister species seem to be younger than allopatric or parapatric sister-species pairs, which is not consistent with previous beliefs.

Airborne geophysical survey: Montrose 1Â° x 2Â° Quadrangle (other, 2009)
Aeromagnetic and aeroradiometric data were collected along flight lines by instruments in an aircraft that recorded magnetic-field and radiometric values and locations. The magnetic data set presents latitude, longitude, altitude, and magnetic-field values. Geologic symbols or codes are also included. The geologic symbols were picked from surficial geologic maps. The radiometric data set presents latitude, longitude, altitude, geologic symbols or codes, apparent Uranium (Bismuth 214), Thorium (Thallium 208), and Potassium (K 40), the element ratios, and ancillary information.

Airborne geophysical survey: Montrose 1Â° x 2Â° Quadrangle (other, 2009)
Aeromagnetic and aeroradiometric data were collected along flight lines by instruments in an aircraft that recorded magnetic-field and radiometric values and locations. The magnetic data set presents latitude, longitude, altitude, and magnetic-field values. Geologic symbols or codes are also included. The geologic symbols were picked from surficial geologic maps. The radiometric data set presents latitude, longitude, altitude, geologic symbols or codes, apparent Uranium (Bismuth 214), Thorium (Thallium 208), and Potassium (K 40), the element ratios, and ancillary information.

PEaCE Lab description - NCEAS 12001: Martinez: Synthesizing And Analyzing Complex Ecological Networks With Ecoinformatics; N. D. Martinez; National Center For Ecological Analysis And Synthesis (other, 2007)
The Pacific Ecoinformatics and Computational Ecology Lab (PEaCE Lab) is a Berkeley, California-based non-profit research institute founded in January 2004 to promote awareness of ecological interdependence through research, development and education related to ecoinformatics and computational ecology. Ecoinformatics refers to technologies and practices for gathering, analyzing, visualizing, storing, retrieving and otherwise managing ecological knowledge and information. Computational Ecology refers to scientific research focused on the quantitative description and analysis of ecological systems using empirical data, mathematical and statistical models, and information technology. The Lab investigates the structure, function and dynamics of complex networks of organisms interacting with each other and their environment. The study, conservation and management of ecosystems demands an interdisciplinary, collaborative approach as well as the development of new information technology and computational tools, all of which are hallmarks of our research. The PEaCE Lab's mission is to conduct scientific research, spearhead informatics tool development, and generate, compile and disseminate ecological information in partnership with researchers, universities, research institutes and centers, foundations, NGOs and governmental organizations. Our research activities are supported primarily by grants from the National Science Foundation, with additional institution, foundation and corporate support noted within particular research projects. Current NSF grants are administered by the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory in Gothic, Colorado, whose purpose is to facilitate research and education in field biology. The online portal for the PEaCE Lab is www.foodwebs.org. This website provides access to information on the people, publications and projects associated with our research. Current Lab projects involve developing information technologies and research applications for analyzing, modeling and visualizing ecological networks with a focus on food webs, or who eats whom among species in ecosystems. Come back frequently to see what's new.

Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Marmots (other, 2006)
This table contains 37 years of demographic data for 12 sites. The trap record for each animal for each year the animal was present includes age, sex, locality, and reproductive status. Also included, when known, are changes in location, fate (predation death, dispersed), and genetic information (allozymes).

Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Marmots (other, 2006)
This table contains 37 years of demographic data for 12 sites. The trap record for each animal for each year the animal was present includes age, sex, locality, and reproductive status. Also included, when known, are changes in location, fate (predation death, dispersed), and genetic information (allozymes).

Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Marmots (other, 2006)
This table contains 37 years of demographic data for 12 sites. The trap record for each animal for each year the animal was present includes age, sex, locality, and reproductive status. Also included, when known, are changes in location, fate (predation death, dispersed), and genetic information (allozymes).

Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Marmots (other, 2006)
This table contains 37 years of demographic data for 12 sites. The trap record for each animal for each year the animal was present includes age, sex, locality, and reproductive status. Also included, when known, are changes in location, fate (predation death, dispersed), and genetic information (allozymes).

Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Marmots (other, 2006)
This table contains 37 years of demographic data for 12 sites. The trap record for each animal for each year the animal was present includes age, sex, locality, and reproductive status. Also included, when known, are changes in location, fate (predation death, dispersed), and genetic information (allozymes).

Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Yellow-bellied Marmots (other, 2006)
This table contains 36 years of trapping data. Up to 12 sites were studied annually within the vicinity of Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Colorado; not all sites were monitored annually. A record includes the location where the subject was trapped, along with its body mass, age, sex, and reproductive status when trapped.

Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Marmots (other, 2006)
This table contains 37 years of demographic data for 12 sites. The trap record for each animal for each year the animal was present includes age, sex, locality, and reproductive status. Also included, when known, are changes in location, fate (predation death, dispersed), and genetic information (allozymes).

Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Marmots (other, 2006)
This table contains 37 years of demographic data for 12 sites. The trap record for each animal for each year the animal was present includes age, sex, locality, and reproductive status. Also included, when known, are changes in location, fate (predation death, dispersed), and genetic information (allozymes).

Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Marmots - Kenneth B. Armitage; Kenneth B. Armitage; Kenneth B. Armitage; Kenneth B. Armitage; Kenneth B. Armitage; Kenneth B. Armitage; Kenneth B. Armitage; Kenneth B. Armitage; Kenneth B. Armitage; Kenneth B. Armitage; Kenneth B. Armitage; Kenneth B. Armitage; et al. (other, 2006)
This table contains 37 years of demographic data for 12 sites. The trap record for each animal for each year the animal was present includes age, sex, locality, and reproductive status. Also included, when known, are changes in location, fate (predation death, dispersed), and genetic information (allozymes).

Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Marmots (other, 2006)
This table contains 36 years of demographic data for 12 sites. The trap record for each animal for each year the animal was present includes age, sex, locality, and reproductive status. Also included, when known, are changes in location, fate (predation death, dispersed), and genetic information (allozymes).

Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Marmots (other, 2006)
This table contains 37 years of demographic data for 12 sites. The trap record for each animal for each year the animal was present includes age, sex, locality, and reproductive status. Also included, when known, are changes in location, fate (predation death, dispersed), and genetic information (allozymes).

NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology - Woodhouse - Cochetopa Dome - PIPO - ITRDB CO594 (other, 2006)
Tree ring data from the International Tree Ring Data Bank and World Data Center for Paleoclimatology archives. Most data sets include raw treering measurements (most are annual ring width, with some collections of earlywood or latewood width or wood density), plus chronologies (standardized growth indices for a site compiled from multiple treering samples). Reconstructions of climate variables are included with some of these data sets. Each data type is stored in a separate data file; the data type is coded into the file name. For details please see: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/treeinfo.htmll

Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Marmots (other, 2006)
This table contains 37 years of demographic data for 12 sites. The trap record for each animal for each year the animal was present includes age, sex, locality, and reproductive status. Also included, when known, are changes in location, fate (predation death, dispersed), and genetic information (allozymes).

Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Yellow-bellied Marmots (other, 2006)
This table contains 36 years of trapping data. Up to 12 sites were studied annually within the vicinity of Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Colorado; not all sites were monitored annually. A record includes the location where the subject was trapped, along with its body mass, age, sex, and reproductive status when trapped.

NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology - Woodhouse - Cochetopa Dome - PIPO - ITRDB CO594 (other, 2006)
Tree ring data from the International Tree Ring Data Bank and World Data Center for Paleoclimatology archives. Most data sets include raw treering measurements (most are annual ring width, with some collections of earlywood or latewood width or wood density), plus chronologies (standardized growth indices for a site compiled from multiple treering samples). Reconstructions of climate variables are included with some of these data sets. Each data type is stored in a separate data file; the data type is coded into the file name. For details please see: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/treeinfo.htmll

Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory flowering phenology (Inouye plots) - David William Inouye; David William Inouye (other, 2006)
These data have been collected by David Inouye almost every year since 1973 at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Gothic, Colorado, altitude about 2890.4 meters (9483 feet).

Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Marmots (other, 2006)
This table contains 37 years of demographic data for 12 sites. The trap record for each animal for each year the animal was present includes age, sex, locality, and reproductive status. Also included, when known, are changes in location, fate (predation death, dispersed), and genetic information (allozymes).

Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Marmots (other, 2006)
This table contains 36 years of demographic data for 12 sites. The trap record for each animal for each year the animal was present includes age, sex, locality, and reproductive status. Also included, when known, are changes in location, fate (predation death, dispersed), and genetic information (allozymes).

Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Yellow-bellied Marmots (other, 2006)
This table contains 36 years of trapping data. Up to 12 sites were studied annually within the vicinity of Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Colorado; not all sites were monitored annually. A record includes the location where the subject was trapped, along with its body mass, age, sex, and reproductive status when trapped.

MODIS/Terra Snow Cover 5-Min L2 Swath 500m, Version 5 - Vince Salomonson; George A. Riggs; Dorothy K. Hall (other, 2006)

Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Yellow-bellied Marmots - Kenneth B. Armitage; Kenneth B. Armitage; Kenneth B. Armitage; Kenneth B. Armitage; Kenneth B. Armitage (other, 2006)
This table contains 36 years of trapping data. Up to 12 sites were studied annually within the vicinity of Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Colorado; not all sites were monitored annually. A record includes the location where the subject was trapped, along with its body mass, age, sex, and reproductive status when trapped.

Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Marmots (other, 2006)
This table contains 36 years of demographic data for 12 sites. The trap record for each animal for each year the animal was present includes age, sex, locality, and reproductive status. Also included, when known, are changes in location, fate (predation death, dispersed), and genetic information (allozymes).

Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory flowering phenology (Inouye plots) (other, 2006)
These data have been collected by David Inouye almost every year since 1973 at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Gothic, Colorado, altitude about 2890.4 meters (9483 feet).

Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Marmots (other, 2006)
This table contains 37 years of demographic data for 12 sites. The trap record for each animal for each year the animal was present includes age, sex, locality, and reproductive status. Also included, when known, are changes in location, fate (predation death, dispersed), and genetic information (allozymes).

Rocky Mountain Biological Laboraory flowering phenology (Inouye plots) - David William Inouye (other, 2006)
These data have been collected by David Inouye almost every year since 1973 at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory.

Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Yellow-bellied Marmots (other, 2006)
This table contains 36 years of trapping data. Up to 12 sites were studied annually within the vicinity of Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Colorado; not all sites were monitored annually. A record includes the location where the subject was trapped, along with its body mass, age, sex, and reproductive status when trapped.

Geologic and aeromagnetic maps of the Fossil Ridge area and vicinity, Gunnison County, Colorado (other, 2002)
This data set includes a GIS geologic map database of an Early Proterozoic metavolcanic and metasedimentary terrane extensively intruded by Early and Middle Proterozoic granitic plutons. Laramide to Tertiary deformation and intrusion of felsic plutons have created numerous small mineral deposits that are described in the tables and are shown on the figures in the accompanying text pamphlet. Also included in the pamphlet are numerous chemical analyses of igneous and meta- igneous bodies of all ages in tables and in summary geochemical diagrams. The text pamphlet also contains a detailed description of map units and discussions of the aeromagnetic survey, igneous and metmorphic rocks, and mineral deposits. The printed map sheet and browse graphic pdf file include the aeromagnetic map of the study area, as well as figures and photographs.

Geologic and aeromagnetic maps of the Fossil Ridge area and vicinity, Gunnison County, Colorado (other, 2002)
This data set includes a GIS geologic map database of an Early Proterozoic metavolcanic and metasedimentary terrane extensively intruded by Early and Middle Proterozoic granitic plutons. Laramide to Tertiary deformation and intrusion of felsic plutons have created numerous small mineral deposits that are described in the tables and are shown on the figures in the accompanying text pamphlet. Also included in the pamphlet are numerous chemical analyses of igneous and meta- igneous bodies of all ages in tables and in summary geochemical diagrams. The text pamphlet also contains a detailed description of map units and discussions of the aeromagnetic survey, igneous and metmorphic rocks, and mineral deposits. The printed map sheet and browse graphic pdf file include the aeromagnetic map of the study area, as well as figures and photographs.

Airborne geophysical survey: Bonanza, Area 3, Colorado (other, 2001)
Aeromagnetic data were collected along flight lines by instruments in an aircraft that recorded magnetic-field values and locations. This dataset presents latitude, longitude, altitude, and magnetic-field values.

Airborne geophysical survey: Fairview, Area 2, Colorado (other, 2001)
Aeromagnetic data were collected along flight lines by instruments in an aircraft that recorded magnetic-field values and locations. This dataset presents latitude, longitude, altitude, and magnetic-field values.

Airborne geophysical survey: Mt. Harvard, Area 4, Colorado (other, 2001)
Aeromagnetic data were collected along flight lines by instruments in an aircraft that recorded magnetic-field values and locations. This dataset presents latitude, longitude, altitude, and magnetic-field values.

Airborne geophysical survey: Powderhorn, Colorado (other, 2001)
Aeromagnetic data were collected along flight lines by instruments in an aircraft that recorded magnetic-field values and locations. This dataset presents latitude, longitude, altitude, and magnetic-field values.

Airborne geophysical survey: Fossil Ridge, Colorado (other, 2001)
Aeromagnetic data were collected along flight lines by instruments in an aircraft that recorded magnetic-field values and locations. This dataset presents latitude, longitude, altitude, and magnetic-field values.

Airborne geophysical survey: Powderhorn, Colorado (other, 2001)
Aeromagnetic data were collected along flight lines by instruments in an aircraft that recorded magnetic-field values and locations. This dataset presents latitude, longitude, altitude, and magnetic-field values.

Airborne geophysical survey: Fairview, Area 2, Colorado (other, 2001)
Aeromagnetic data were collected along flight lines by instruments in an aircraft that recorded magnetic-field values and locations. This dataset presents latitude, longitude, altitude, and magnetic-field values.

Airborne geophysical survey: Mt. Harvard, Area 4, Colorado (other, 2001)
Aeromagnetic data were collected along flight lines by instruments in an aircraft that recorded magnetic-field values and locations. This dataset presents latitude, longitude, altitude, and magnetic-field values.

Airborne geophysical survey: Maroon Bells, Colorado (other, 2001)
Aeromagnetic data were collected along flight lines by instruments in an aircraft that recorded magnetic-field values and locations. This dataset presents latitude, longitude, altitude, and magnetic-field values.

Airborne geophysical survey: Bonanza, Area 3, Colorado (other, 2001)
Aeromagnetic data were collected along flight lines by instruments in an aircraft that recorded magnetic-field values and locations. This dataset presents latitude, longitude, altitude, and magnetic-field values.

Airborne geophysical survey: Anthracite Range, Area 5, Colorado (other, 2001)
Aeromagnetic data were collected along flight lines by instruments in an aircraft that recorded magnetic-field values and locations. This dataset presents latitude, longitude, altitude, and magnetic-field values.

Airborne geophysical survey: Hunter Frying Pan, Colorado (other, 2001)
Aeromagnetic data were collected along flight lines by instruments in an aircraft that recorded magnetic-field values and locations. This dataset presents latitude, longitude, altitude, and magnetic-field values.

Airborne geophysical survey: Maroon Bells, Colorado (other, 2001)
Aeromagnetic data were collected along flight lines by instruments in an aircraft that recorded magnetic-field values and locations. This dataset presents latitude, longitude, altitude, and magnetic-field values.

Airborne geophysical survey: Fossil Ridge, Colorado (other, 2001)
Aeromagnetic data were collected along flight lines by instruments in an aircraft that recorded magnetic-field values and locations. This dataset presents latitude, longitude, altitude, and magnetic-field values.

Airborne geophysical survey: Anthracite Range, Area 5, Colorado (other, 2001)
Aeromagnetic data were collected along flight lines by instruments in an aircraft that recorded magnetic-field values and locations. This dataset presents latitude, longitude, altitude, and magnetic-field values.

Airborne geophysical survey: Hunter Frying Pan, Colorado (other, 2001)
Aeromagnetic data were collected along flight lines by instruments in an aircraft that recorded magnetic-field values and locations. This dataset presents latitude, longitude, altitude, and magnetic-field values.

915rwpwindcon (a1) (1998)
[object Object]

interpolatedsonde (1998)
[object Object]

mwrret1liljclou (1996)
[object Object]

USGS Water Data for the Nation - United States Geological Survey (other, 1994)
This collection provides access to water-resources data collected at approximately 1.5 million sites in all 50 States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Online access to this data is organized around the categories surface water, groundwater, water quality, and water use.\r\n\r\nSurface-water data includes more than 850,000 station years of time-series data that describe stream levels, streamflow (discharge), reservoir and lake levels, surface-water quality, and rainfall. The data are collected by automatic recorders and manual field measurements at installations across the Nation.\r\n\r\nGroundwater data consists of more than 850,000 records of wells, springs, test holes, tunnels,drains, and excavations in the United States. Available site descriptive information includes well location information such as latitude and longitude, well depth, and aquifer. The USGS annually monitors groundwater levels in thousands of wells in the United States. Groundwater level data are collected and stored as either discrete field-water-level measurements or as continuous time-series data from automated recorders. \r\n\r\nWater-quality data includes chemical, physical, and biological properties of water, sediment and tissue samples from across the Nation. The discrete sample data base is a compilation of over 4.4 million historical water quality analyses in the USGS district data bases through September 2005. At selected surface-water and groundwater sites, the USGS maintains instruments that continuously record physical and chemical characteristics of the water including pH, specific conductance, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and percent dissolved-oxygen saturation. Supporting data such as air temperature and barometric pressure are also available at some sites. At sites where this information is transmitted automatically, data are available from the current data system.\r\n\r\nWater use refers to water that is used for specific purposes. Water-use data is collected by area type (State, county, watershed or aquifer) and source such as rivers or groundwater, and category such as public supply or irrigation. Water-use data has been reported every five years since 1950, for years ending in "0" and "5". The USGS works in cooperation with local, State, and Federal agencies as well as academic and private organizations to collect and report total withdrawals.

Formation Processes in Curecanti Archeology: The Elk Creek Site (other)
Mitigative archeological investigations were conducted in 1983 at the southern end of the important Elk Creek site, 5GN204/205, within Curecanti National Recreation Area prior to construction of a park apartment complex. That portion of the site extended onto a rocky promontory overlooking Blue Mesa Lake. Archeological activities undertaken at the site in 1982 focused upon the western half of the promontory (Jones 1986), while the eastern half of the point was investigated the following year. During the 1983 research, two small chipped-stone concentrations and an isolated projectile point were identified and collected. Stylistic comparisons of several diagnostic artifacts collected in 1983 suggest that an Early or Middle Archaic component was represented. The 1983 work at Elk Creek provided an opportunity to investigate the role of natural erosion in the formation of the Curecanti archeological record. A statistical analysis performed during the project confirmed an initial field impression that the artifacts within one of the chipped-stone concentrations were roughly size-sorted in the direction of the ground surface slope. Based in part upon an analysis of local weather and physical environmental data, that size distribution of artifacts is believed to relate to a postdepositional restructuring of the material by precipitation runoff in combination with deflation of the deposit by strong western and southwestern winds. The study suggests that ongoing erosion by water and wind operating under the particular environmental conditions of the site area may dramatically affect contextual information given the passage of sufficient time, an issue of importance to archeological research elsewhere within Curecanti and other parks in semiarid settings.

DWCZ Coal Creek (CC) (other)
Coal Creek (CC) is a high-elevation, headwater tributary to the Upper Colorado Basin located in the Ruby-Anthracite Range in the central Colorado Rocky Mountains. The CC watershed is 53 km2 in area and ranges in elevation from 2712 to 3668 meters. CC originates near Lake Irwin and enters the Slate River near the town of Crested Butte before joining East River and eventually the Gunnison River. The watershed is seasonally snow-covered from November through June. The average temperature is 0.9˚C and it receives around 670 mm of precipitation each year, about 66% of which falls as snow (Carroll et al, 2018). The remaining precipitation falls during the summer monsoon season (July through September). Although monsoon rains comprise nearly 40% of the annual precipitation, they contribute minimally to the streamflow because the moisture is taken up by vegetation and lost via evapotranspiration (Carroll et al, 2020). Vegetation in the basin is strongly aspect driven, with north facing aspects dominated by evergreen forest (65%) and south facing aspects dominated by deciduous (9%) and herbaceous (20%) vegetation. High elevation ridges are barren (3%) (Zhi et al, 2019). Discharge in CC is dominated by snowmelt, with average peak flow occurring in June in response to snowmelt. Flows recede throughout the summer and fall, with small peaks in flow due to monsoon events. CC reaches baseflow conditions by early September and they persist throughout the winter until the onset of snowmelt in April. The lower CC watershed is underlain predominately by sandstone (Mesaverde Formation) with glacial till deposits occurring near the streambed. The upper portion of the watershed is underlain by mafic intrusive plutonic rock, emplaced during the Middle Tertiary. Areas of the upper north slope of the watershed are underlain by mudstone (Wasatch Formation).

Testing API Python (other)
This resource was created as a demonstration of using Python Client for HydroShareThe imported data are related to Paonia Reservoir, Colorado, USA.

Archeological Survey of Grizzly Ridge 1995: A Section 110 Planning Survey, Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Monument, Montrose County, Colorado (other)
Archeological survey in the Grizzly Ridge new-lands acquisition in the Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Monument recorded eight prehistoric archeological sites (5MN4504- 5MN4511) and twenty-four isolated finds (5MN4512-5MN4535). The survey was planned and implemented as a Section 110 of the National Historic Preservation Act inventory activity. The survey was conducted by archeologists from the Western Archeological and Conservation Center (WACC), National Park Service, Department of Interior, Tucson, Arizona as WACC project BLCA 1995A. A total of 875 acres was intensively surveyed as a reconnaissance of the Grizzly Ridge unit. In addition, boundaries of six previously recorded sites were mapped using Global Positioning Systems technology. Three compliance surveys were conducted in conjunction with this project but are not detailed here. This report details the culture history of the region and previous archeological work in the park. Newly discovered archeological sites and isolated finds are described in detail. Preliminary assessments of significance, recommendations for additional significance assessment procedures, and general research areas are presented. Recommendations include formal NRHP testing for sites 5MN4504, 5MN4505, 5MN4509, 5MN451O, and 5MN4511, and exploratory testing of all other sites (5MN4506, 5MN4507, 5MN4508).

Stream carbon dioxide in the East River watershed, Crested Butte, CO, USA (other)
Saccardi and Winnick Data contains the East River sample data including chemistry and corrected pCO2 data (n=162) with the included column denoting whether data points were represented by NHDplus data point (n=121) and therefore used in the model.

Archeological Survey of Grizzly Ridge 1995: A Section 110 Planning Survey, Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Monument, Montrose County, Colorado (other)
Archeological survey in the Grizzly Ridge new-lands acquisition in the Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Monument recorded eight prehistoric archeological sites (5MN4504- 5MN4511) and twenty-four isolated finds (5MN4512-5MN4535). The survey was planned and implemented as a Section 110 of the National Historic Preservation Act inventory activity. The survey was conducted by archeologists from the Western Archeological and Conservation Center (WACC), National Park Service, Department of Interior, Tucson, Arizona as WACC project BLCA 1995A. A total of 875 acres was intensively surveyed as a reconnaissance of the Grizzly Ridge unit. In addition, boundaries of six previously recorded sites were mapped using Global Positioning Systems technology. Three compliance surveys were conducted in conjunction with this project but are not detailed here. This report details the culture history of the region and previous archeological work in the park. Newly discovered archeological sites and isolated finds are described in detail. Preliminary assessments of significance, recommendations for additional significance assessment procedures, and general research areas are presented. Recommendations include formal NRHP testing for sites 5MN4504, 5MN4505, 5MN4509, 5MN451O, and 5MN4511, and exploratory testing of all other sites (5MN4506, 5MN4507, 5MN4508).

Stream carbon dioxide in the East River watershed, Crested Butte, CO, USA - Brian Saccardi Saccardi; Brian Saccardi Saccardi (other)
Saccardi and Winnick Data contains the East River sample data including chemistry and corrected pCO2 data (n=162) with the included column denoting whether data points were represented by NHDplus data point (n=121) and therefore used in the model.

DWCZ- CO - Coal-Creek, Soil sensors, SoilAuger, Soil Pits, (DWCZ-CC_Soil_LBixby)-(2021) (other)
LOCATION: Coal Creek is a high-elevation, headwater tributary to the Upper Colorado Basin located in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. Coal Creek is also a sub-catchment of the larger East River watershed (300 km2) and falls within the research domain of the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory (RMBL). This is the Splains Conifer Granite Site. The overlying vegetation is conifer, underlying bedrock is granite and it is north facing. It is also in a Splains Creek watershed, a subwatershed of Coal Creek. In three components: ABSTRACT CC_1-5_Sensors_Bixby: Soil sensors are installed in 5 different soil pits in Crested Butte. Sites are located in varying bedrock types (Granite and Sandstone) and vegetation types (Aspen and Conifer). Soil moisture and temperature data is collected every 30 minutes. Gas data is collected every hour. ABSTRACT SOIL AUGER CC_SoilAuger_Bixby: Soil data collected from multiple different auger sites and counting. Sites are located in varying bedrock types (Granite and Sandstone) and vegetation types (Aspen and Conifer). ABSTRACT SOIL PITS CC_SoilPits_Bixby: Soil data collected from 5 different soil pits. Sites are located in varying bedrock types (Granite and Sandstone) and vegetation types (Aspen and Conifer). Some additional images: CC_SoilPit_images_Bixby *View Metadata for sensor coordinates and specifications

DWCZ- CO - Coal-Creek - Radon -(DWCZ-CC-RadonArray-KJohnson) - (2021) (other)
*This resource is embargoed until fall 2022. Please stay tuned or contactczdata@colorado.edu for more information. Spring and stream sampling across Coal Creek watershed during summer of 2021 (June-October) to estimate groundwater chemistry. Sampled Approximately weekly for synoptic sampling of Coal Creek during summer to assess locations of groundwater discharge to stream. Data shows intermittent spring (IS) and surface water (SW) chemistry - to study Surface and groundwater interactions. See ESS DIVE link below for isotope data: - Abstract The radon isotope and stable water isotope data for Coal Creek Watershed, Colorado, consists of d2H, d18O, and 222Rn values from samples collected at 8 stream location along Coal Creek, samples from 7 groundwater springs within the watershed, and precipitation isotope samples collected by Next Generation Water Observing System (NGWOS) from a collector within the watershed. All stream and spring samples were collected between June and October, 2021, and precipitation isotope samples were collected between November 2020 and September 2021. These data were collected to evaluate how groundwater contributions to Coal Creek originating from a fractured hillslope and alluvial fan respond to summer monsoon rains and seasonal drying. Understanding of groundwater-surface water interactions in montane systems in critical for the future of water availability in the Western US as groundwater contributions are expected to become more important for sustaining summer stream flows. This data package contains: (1) a csv of all radon samples; (2) a csv of all stream and spring isotope samples; (3) a csv of precipitation isotope samples; and (4) a csv of locations for each sampling site. The dataset additionally includes a file-level metadata (flmd.csv) file that lists each file contained in the dataset with associated metadata; and a data dictionary (dd.csv) file that contains column/row headers used throughout the files along with a definition, units, and data type. *View Metadata for sensor coordinates and specifications

Upper Colorado River Basin River Sub-basins (other)
The Southern Rockies LCC is home to narrowleaf cottonwood (Populus angustifolia), common at elevations above 1800 m, and Fremont cottonwood [a common name regionally attached to the ecologically very similar Populus fremontii subsp. fremontii S. Watson and P. deltoides subsp. wislizenii (S. Watson) Eckenwalder, as well as their intergrades], which is typically found at elevations below 1800 m. This geographical information system (GIS) contains the data sets used in an assessment of the amount and character of native Fremont cottonwood forest remaining on the mainstem floodplains in 26 subbasins in the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB), published in 2007 (Andersen, D.C., D.J. Cooper, and K. Northcott. 2007. Dams, floodplain land use, [...]

DWCZ- Coal-Creek - CO - Radon -(DWCZ-CC-RadonArray-KJohnson) - (2021) (other)
*This resource is embargoed until fall 2022. Please stay tuned or contactczdata@colorado.edu for more information. Spring and stream sampling across Coal Creek watershed during summer of 2021 (June-October) to estimate groundwater chemistry. Sampled Approximately weekly for synoptic sampling of Coal Creek during summer to assess locations of groundwater discharge to stream. Data shows intermittent spring (IS) and surface water (SW) chemistry - to study Surface and groundwater interactions.

09119000_TOMICHI CREEK AT GUNNISON, CO (other)
Streamflow and water-quality data collected at the TOMICHI CREEK AT GUNNISON, CO go to: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/62d86d7ed34e2842e1ed4f9b for the complete dataset and associated metadata.Possible file types include: aflow.csv: Annual flow data; aloads.csv: Annual water-quality load data; dflow.csv: Daily flow data; discqw.csv: Discrete water-quality results; mflow.csv: Monthly flow data; mloads.csv: Monthly water-quality load data; pestlong.csv: Pesticide abbreviations, long names, USGS parameter codes, and (CAS) numbers; pestsamp.csv: Discrete pesticide results

Upper Colorado River Basin Cottonwood Monitoring Picture Locations (other)
The Southern Rockies LCC is home to narrowleaf cottonwood (Populus angustifolia), common at elevations above 1800 m, and Fremont cottonwood [a common name regionally attached to the ecologically very similar Populus fremontii subsp. fremontii S. Watson and P. deltoides subsp. wislizenii (S. Watson) Eckenwalder, as well as their intergrades], which is typically found at elevations below 1800 m. This geographical information system (GIS) contains the data sets used in an assessment of the amount and character of native Fremont cottonwood forest remaining on the mainstem floodplains in 26 subbasins in the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB), published in 2007 (Andersen, D.C., D.J. Cooper, and K. Northcott. 2007. Dams, floodplain land use, [...]

Upper Colorado River Basin Cottonwood Monitoring Picture Locations (other)
The Southern Rockies LCC is home to narrowleaf cottonwood (Populus angustifolia), common at elevations above 1800 m, and Fremont cottonwood [a common name regionally attached to the ecologically very similar Populus fremontii subsp. fremontii S. Watson and P. deltoides subsp. wislizenii (S. Watson) Eckenwalder, as well as their intergrades], which is typically found at elevations below 1800 m. This geographical information system (GIS) contains the data sets used in an assessment of the amount and character of native Fremont cottonwood forest remaining on the mainstem floodplains in 26 subbasins in the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB), published in 2007 (Andersen, D.C., D.J. Cooper, and K. Northcott. 2007. Dams, floodplain land use, [...]

Upper Colorado River Basin Floodplain Percent Cottonwood Cover (other)
The Southern Rockies LCC is home to narrowleaf cottonwood (Populus angustifolia), common at elevations above 1800 m, and Fremont cottonwood [a common name regionally attached to the ecologically very similar Populus fremontii subsp. fremontii S. Watson and P. deltoides subsp. wislizenii (S. Watson) Eckenwalder, as well as their intergrades], which is typically found at elevations below 1800 m. This geographical information system (GIS) contains the data sets used in an assessment of the amount and character of native Fremont cottonwood forest remaining on the mainstem floodplains in 26 subbasins in the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB), published in 2007 (Andersen, D.C., D.J. Cooper, and K. Northcott. 2007. Dams, floodplain land use, [...]

Colorado Plateau REA Gunnison Sage-Grouse and Protected Areas (other)
This map shows distribution of the Gunnison Sage-Grouse relative to various protected areas.

DWCZ CO - Coal Creek (CC) (other)
Coal Creek (CC) is a high-elevation, headwater tributary to the Upper Colorado Basin located in the Ruby-Anthracite Range in the central Colorado Rocky Mountains. The CC watershed is 53 km2 in area and ranges in elevation from 2712 to 3668 meters. CC originates near Lake Irwin and enters the Slate River near the town of Crested Butte before joining East River and eventually the Gunnison River. The watershed is seasonally snow-covered from November through June. The average temperature is 0.9˚C and it receives around 670 mm of precipitation each year, about 66% of which falls as snow (Carroll et al, 2018). The remaining precipitation falls during the summer monsoon season (July through September). Although monsoon rains comprise nearly 40% of the annual precipitation, they contribute minimally to the streamflow because the moisture is taken up by vegetation and lost via evapotranspiration (Carroll et al, 2020). Vegetation in the basin is strongly aspect driven, with north facing aspects dominated by evergreen forest (65%) and south facing aspects dominated by deciduous (9%) and herbaceous (20%) vegetation. High elevation ridges are barren (3%) (Zhi et al, 2019). Discharge in CC is dominated by snowmelt, with average peak flow occurring in June in response to snowmelt. Flows recede throughout the summer and fall, with small peaks in flow due to monsoon events. CC reaches baseflow conditions by early September and they persist throughout the winter until the onset of snowmelt in April. The lower CC watershed is underlain predominately by sandstone (Mesaverde Formation) with glacial till deposits occurring near the streambed. The upper portion of the watershed is underlain by mafic intrusive plutonic rock, emplaced during the Middle Tertiary. Areas of the upper north slope of the watershed are underlain by mudstone (Wasatch Formation).

DWCZ- CO - Coal-Creek, Soil sensors, SoilAuger, Soil Pits, (DWCZ-CC_Soil_LBixby)-(2021) - Lena Bixby; Lena Bixby (other)
LOCATION: Coal Creek is a high-elevation, headwater tributary to the Upper Colorado Basin located in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. Coal Creek is also a sub-catchment of the larger East River watershed (300 km2) and falls within the research domain of the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory (RMBL). This is the Splains Conifer Granite Site. The overlying vegetation is conifer, underlying bedrock is granite and it is north facing. It is also in a Splains Creek watershed, a subwatershed of Coal Creek. In three components: ABSTRACT CC_1-5_Sensors_Bixby: Soil sensors are installed in 5 different soil pits in Crested Butte. Sites are located in varying bedrock types (Granite and Sandstone) and vegetation types (Aspen and Conifer). Soil moisture and temperature data is collected every 30 minutes. Gas data is collected every hour. ABSTRACT SOIL AUGER CC_SoilAuger_Bixby: Soil data collected from multiple different auger sites and counting. Sites are located in varying bedrock types (Granite and Sandstone) and vegetation types (Aspen and Conifer). ABSTRACT SOIL PITS CC_SoilPits_Bixby: Soil data collected from 5 different soil pits. Sites are located in varying bedrock types (Granite and Sandstone) and vegetation types (Aspen and Conifer). Some additional images: CC_SoilPit_images_Bixby *View Metadata for sensor coordinates and specifications

Upper Colorado River Basin Valley Centerline (other)
The Southern Rockies LCC is home to narrowleaf cottonwood (Populus angustifolia), common at elevations above 1800 m, and Fremont cottonwood [a common name regionally attached to the ecologically very similar Populus fremontii subsp. fremontii S. Watson and P. deltoides subsp. wislizenii (S. Watson) Eckenwalder, as well as their intergrades], which is typically found at elevations below 1800 m. This geographical information system (GIS) contains the data sets used in an assessment of the amount and character of native Fremont cottonwood forest remaining on the mainstem floodplains in 26 subbasins in the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB), published in 2007 (Andersen, D.C., D.J. Cooper, and K. Northcott. 2007. Dams, floodplain land use, [...]

09119000_TOMICHI CREEK AT GUNNISON, CO (other)
Streamflow and water-quality data collected at the TOMICHI CREEK AT GUNNISON, CO go to: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/655d2063d34ee4b6e05cc9e6 for the complete dataset and associated metadata.Possible file types include: aflow.csv: Annual flow data; aloads.csv: Annual water-quality load data; dflow.csv: Daily flow data; discqw.csv: Discrete water-quality results; mflow.csv: Monthly flow data; mloads.csv: Monthly water-quality load data; pestlong.csv: Pesticide abbreviations, long names, USGS parameter codes, and (CAS) numbers; pestsamp.csv: Discrete pesticide results

Summary Report: Gunnison Climate Adaptation Pilot Project - Betsy Neely (other)
The Gunnison Climate Working Group is piloting a on-the-ground climate adaptation project to buildresilience of riparian areas/wet meadows – priority brood-rearing habitat – to help the Gunnison Sagegrouseand other wildlife species adapt to climate change in the Gunnison Basin. Riparian areas havebeen impacted by head cuts, erosion, and lowered water tables. These impacts will likely increase withincreased drought and erosion from intense rainstorms, decreasing food and chick survival. Afterprioritizing locations and designing treatments, we are building relatively inexpensive low-techstructures in riparian areas on a few ranches to “let the water do the work” to raise the water table andimprove baseflows to support grasses and insects [...]

09113980_OHIO CREEK ABOVE MOUTH NR GUNNISON, CO (other)
Streamflow and water-quality data collected at the OHIO CREEK ABOVE MOUTH NR GUNNISON, CO go to: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5ebeffb082ce476925e66510 for the complete dataset and associated metadata.Possible file types include: aflow.csv: Annual flow data; aloads.csv: Annual water-quality load data; dflow.csv: Daily flow data; discqw.csv: Discrete water-quality results; mflow.csv: Monthly flow data; mloads.csv: Monthly water-quality load data; pestlong.csv: Pesticide abbreviations, long names, USGS parameter codes, and (CAS) numbers; pestsamp.csv: Discrete pesticide results

Webinar: Building Resilience to Climate Change in the Gunnison Basin - Betsy Neely (other)
Webinar on Building Resilience to Climate Change in the Gunnison Basin

Upper Colorado River Basin River Thalweg (other)
The Southern Rockies LCC is home to narrowleaf cottonwood (Populus angustifolia), common at elevations above 1800 m, and Fremont cottonwood [a common name regionally attached to the ecologically very similar Populus fremontii subsp. fremontii S. Watson and P. deltoides subsp. wislizenii (S. Watson) Eckenwalder, as well as their intergrades], which is typically found at elevations below 1800 m. This geographical information system (GIS) contains the data sets used in an assessment of the amount and character of native Fremont cottonwood forest remaining on the mainstem floodplains in 26 subbasins in the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB), published in 2007 (Andersen, D.C., D.J. Cooper, and K. Northcott. 2007. Dams, floodplain land use, [...]

Colorado Plateau REA Conservation Elements - Terrestrial Species: Gunnison Sage-Grouse (other)
This map shows the potential current distribution of Gunnison sage-grouse, in the context of current and near-term terrestrial intactness and long-term potential for climate change and energy development.

Testing API Python (other)
This resource was created as a demonstration of using Python Client for HydroShareThe imported data are related to Paonia Reservoir, Colorado, USA.

Formation Processes in Curecanti Archeology: The Elk Creek Site (other)
Mitigative archeological investigations were conducted in 1983 at the southern end of the important Elk Creek site, 5GN204/205, within Curecanti National Recreation Area prior to construction of a park apartment complex. That portion of the site extended onto a rocky promontory overlooking Blue Mesa Lake. Archeological activities undertaken at the site in 1982 focused upon the western half of the promontory (Jones 1986), while the eastern half of the point was investigated the following year. During the 1983 research, two small chipped-stone concentrations and an isolated projectile point were identified and collected. Stylistic comparisons of several diagnostic artifacts collected in 1983 suggest that an Early or Middle Archaic component was represented. The 1983 work at Elk Creek provided an opportunity to investigate the role of natural erosion in the formation of the Curecanti archeological record. A statistical analysis performed during the project confirmed an initial field impression that the artifacts within one of the chipped-stone concentrations were roughly size-sorted in the direction of the ground surface slope. Based in part upon an analysis of local weather and physical environmental data, that size distribution of artifacts is believed to relate to a postdepositional restructuring of the material by precipitation runoff in combination with deflation of the deposit by strong western and southwestern winds. The study suggests that ongoing erosion by water and wind operating under the particular environmental conditions of the site area may dramatically affect contextual information given the passage of sufficient time, an issue of importance to archeological research elsewhere within Curecanti and other parks in semiarid settings.

09113980_OHIO CREEK ABOVE MOUTH NR GUNNISON, CO (other)
Streamflow and water-quality data collected at the OHIO CREEK ABOVE MOUTH NR GUNNISON, CO go to: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/62d86d7ed34e2842e1ed4f9b for the complete dataset and associated metadata.Possible file types include: aflow.csv: Annual flow data; aloads.csv: Annual water-quality load data; dflow.csv: Daily flow data; discqw.csv: Discrete water-quality results; mflow.csv: Monthly flow data; mloads.csv: Monthly water-quality load data; pestlong.csv: Pesticide abbreviations, long names, USGS parameter codes, and (CAS) numbers; pestsamp.csv: Discrete pesticide results

Upper Colorado River Basin Cottonwood Monitoring Picture Locations .mpk (other)
The Southern Rockies LCC is home to narrowleaf cottonwood (Populus angustifolia), common at elevations above 1800 m, and Fremont cottonwood [a common name regionally attached to the ecologically very similar Populus fremontii subsp. fremontii S. Watson and P. deltoides subsp. wislizenii (S. Watson) Eckenwalder, as well as their intergrades], which is typically found at elevations below 1800 m. This geographical information system (GIS) contains the data sets used in an assessment of the amount and character of native Fremont cottonwood forest remaining on the mainstem floodplains in 26 subbasins in the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB), published in 2007 (Andersen, D.C., D.J. Cooper, and K. Northcott. 2007. Dams, floodplain land use, [...]

09112200_EAST RIVER BELOW CEMENT CREEK NR CRESTED BUTTE, CO (other)
Streamflow and water-quality data collected at the EAST RIVER BELOW CEMENT CREEK NR CRESTED BUTTE, CO go to: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5ebeffb082ce476925e66510 for the complete dataset and associated metadata.Possible file types include: aflow.csv: Annual flow data; aloads.csv: Annual water-quality load data; dflow.csv: Daily flow data; discqw.csv: Discrete water-quality results; mflow.csv: Monthly flow data; mloads.csv: Monthly water-quality load data; pestlong.csv: Pesticide abbreviations, long names, USGS parameter codes, and (CAS) numbers; pestsamp.csv: Discrete pesticide results

Upper Colorado River Basin Cottonwood Monitoring Picture Locations .mpk (other)
The Southern Rockies LCC is home to narrowleaf cottonwood (Populus angustifolia), common at elevations above 1800 m, and Fremont cottonwood [a common name regionally attached to the ecologically very similar Populus fremontii subsp. fremontii S. Watson and P. deltoides subsp. wislizenii (S. Watson) Eckenwalder, as well as their intergrades], which is typically found at elevations below 1800 m. This geographical information system (GIS) contains the data sets used in an assessment of the amount and character of native Fremont cottonwood forest remaining on the mainstem floodplains in 26 subbasins in the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB), published in 2007 (Andersen, D.C., D.J. Cooper, and K. Northcott. 2007. Dams, floodplain land use, [...]

TNC Fact Sheet: Managing for Change in the Gunnison Basin: Building Resilience - Betsy Neely (other)
Our actions today to build ecosystem resilience to climate change will help us protect the Gunnison Basin’s natural resources—clean air and wildlife habitat, and the livelihoods they provide in the future for people. The Gunnison Climate Working Group, a group of public and private partners formed in 2010, is looking to understand the threats posed by climate change, identify strategies to reduce adverse impacts, and promote coordinated implementation of these strategies.This group is also collaborating with the Southwest Climate Change Initiative (SWCCI), whose aim is to provide climate adaptation information and tools to conservation practitioners in vulnerable landscapes of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico and Utah. Colorado’s Gunnison [...]

GAP Web Service: Gunnison Sage-grouse (other)
The USGS GAP Analysis Program has developed range maps and distribution models for 1401 species, 604 of which are found within the SRLCC. This record's parent folder contains several examples of GAP species web services. The GAP website has a complete list of available web services for species as well as a map viewer for species data. Species: Gunnison Sage-grouse ( Centrocercus minimus) There are two web services for this species: the range map, showing the geographic limits within which the species can be found, and a distribution model, which predicts the environment within the range that is suitable for occupation by the species. Link to metadata for GAP range maps and distribution models. To access services, select one of [...]

09114500_GUNNISON RIVER NEAR GUNNISON, CO (other)
Streamflow and water-quality data collected at the GUNNISON RIVER NEAR GUNNISON, CO go to: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5ebeffb082ce476925e66510 for the complete dataset and associated metadata.Possible file types include: aflow.csv: Annual flow data; aloads.csv: Annual water-quality load data; dflow.csv: Daily flow data; discqw.csv: Discrete water-quality results; mflow.csv: Monthly flow data; mloads.csv: Monthly water-quality load data; pestlong.csv: Pesticide abbreviations, long names, USGS parameter codes, and (CAS) numbers; pestsamp.csv: Discrete pesticide results

Gothic (CO) Euphydryas gillettii vital rates 1981-1985, 2002-2004 (other)
Data were collected during July-September in 1981 through 1985 and during June-September 2002 through 2004. Mark-release-recapture was done for adult butterflies, and daily survival rate estimated for females using Jolly-Seber methods. Egg clusters were counted, along with number of eggs per cluster. Data were collected each year on egg cluster survival, and in 2004 on larval survival conditional on egg cluster survival. The data were used to construct yearly vital rates, including daily probability of laying an egg cluster, cluster size, survival from egg to diapause, survival over-winter to adult stage, and female daily survival probability. Population sizes were decreasing during nearly all years included in the data set, although a 1-2 order of magnitude increase in size occured ca. 2000-2, which is not included here.

Paonia Reservoir_ Modeling (other)
This Resource contains input data required to build a numerical model for Paonia Reservoir, Colorado, USA. The provided data includes: - Upstream discharges since 1962 - Sediment rating curve - Geospatial files (Paonia basin, streams and gages shapefiles, GeoTIFF elevation) The author is working on using the SRH-1D model to simulate the reservoir operation. The outputs will be posted. This resource contains an API Python file.

Upper Colorado River Basin River Thalweg (other)
The Southern Rockies LCC is home to narrowleaf cottonwood (Populus angustifolia), common at elevations above 1800 m, and Fremont cottonwood [a common name regionally attached to the ecologically very similar Populus fremontii subsp. fremontii S. Watson and P. deltoides subsp. wislizenii (S. Watson) Eckenwalder, as well as their intergrades], which is typically found at elevations below 1800 m. This geographical information system (GIS) contains the data sets used in an assessment of the amount and character of native Fremont cottonwood forest remaining on the mainstem floodplains in 26 subbasins in the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB), published in 2007 (Andersen, D.C., D.J. Cooper, and K. Northcott. 2007. Dams, floodplain land use, [...]

Archeological Survey of Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Monument and Archeological Inventory and Evaluation of Curecanti Recreation Area (other)
The survey and research work conducted at Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Recreation Area and Curecanti Recreation Area are clear examples of how meagre beginnings can develop into a fruitful, long-range program designed on the one hand to meet National Park Service management needs, and on the other hand to provide an understanding of an area prehistory following a program designed to answer a series of questions about the culture history and adaptive patterns in a particular area.

DWCZ - CO - Coal Creek - Soil Collection ICP - (DWCZ-MEF-CC-SoilSample-Transect-AWinkler) - (2022-2023) (other)
Locations: Coal Creek, which serves as the drinking water source for the town of Crested Butte, CO, receives both acid mine and acid rock drainage as a result of legacy mining and fractured porphyry networks, respectively. It has a Koppen climate class of Dfc, aka continental subarctic. Local ecology of the creek varies from site to site, with some parts being far more vegetative than others. Abstract: Acid mine drainage (AMD) and acid rock drainage (ARD) result in acidic, metal-laden solutions that seep into surface and groundwater systems. The hyporheic zone, where surface and groundwater meet, serves as a natural filtration system, where biogeochemical reactions occur that influence metal retention and transformation. By analyzing changes in metal concentrations and phases throughout time and space, valuable information can be gained in regards to the mechanisms at work within the hyporheic zone. Hyporheic sediment and sediment from planted control soil columns were sampled on a seasonal basis along Coal Creek, an area affected by both AMD and ARD. Samples were analyzed for phase changes via XRD and SEM and sequential extractions created using the samples were analyzed via ICP-OES for elemental fraction concentrations. Preliminary results show the retention and release of metals via redox chemistry. These changes are seasonally dynamic and vary from site to site along the creek, illustrating the capacity of the hyporheic zone to act as a filter for AMD at different points throughout the year.

Testing API Python (other)
This resource was created as a demonstration of using Python Client for HydroShareThe imported data are related to Paonia Reservoir, Colorado, USA.

Aqueous geochemical dynamics of metals and rare earth elements in an acid rock drainage-impacted alpine watershed (other)
Numerous mountain watersheds in the Colorado Mineral Belt (CMB) are impacted by acid rock drainage (ARD) and acid mine drainage (AMD), which mobilize metals and rare earth elements (REEs) into surface waters. In the upper Roaring Fork watershed near Independence Pass, natural ARD from a highly mineralized tributary is the primary source of acidity and element loading into Lincoln Creek, with additional contributions from historical mining at the Ruby Mine. Despite known concerns about metal transport, the fate of REEs remains poorly understood in this system and other similar watersheds. This study focuses on the behavior of major ions, trace metals, and REEs in surface waters along a flow path receiving ARD and AMD inputs. The objectives were to (1) evaluate the transport, mixing, and attenuation of major solutes and REEs across stream reaches, and (2) characterize REE geochemical signatures, including their redox behavior and utility as tracers in ARD/AMD impacted systems. Filtered water samples from six main sites were analyzed by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Ion Chromatography (IC) methods, and results were explored through mass balance transport calculations, bivariate plots, shale-normalized REE patterns, and the cerium anomaly. Water chemistry in the Lincoln Creek basin reveals distinct geochemical fingerprints for the Ruby Mine (enriched in Ca, Mg, Mn, and Cd) and the Mineralized Tributary (enriched in SO4, Fe, Al, and Cu), with several metals showing increasing trends in recent years. REE fractionation patterns and Ce anomalies further distinguish source contributions and processes, with the Mineralized Tributary displaying MREE enrichment from natural pyrite weathering and the Ruby Mine exhibiting HREE enrichment tied to mine-derived flows. Most solutes showed a mix of conservative and reactive transport depending on site and season, while certain late-season metal concentrations at the Grizzly Reservoir inlet exceeded aquatic life standards. These results indicate that source composition mainly controls major solute and REE patterns in surface waters, with reactive transport processes selectively influencing the behavior of certain elements. This thesis advances knowledge of metal and REE dynamics in high-elevation, ARD-affected watersheds and supports continued monitoring and management in the Lincoln Creek basin.

DWCZ- CO - Coal-Creek - Radon -(DWCZ-CC-RadonArray-KJohnson) - (2021) (other)
*This resource is embargoed until fall 2022. Please stay tuned or contactczdata@colorado.edu for more information. Spring and stream sampling across Coal Creek watershed during summer of 2021 (June-October) to estimate groundwater chemistry. Sampled Approximately weekly for synoptic sampling of Coal Creek during summer to assess locations of groundwater discharge to stream. Data shows intermittent spring (IS) and surface water (SW) chemistry - to study Surface and groundwater interactions. *View Metadata for sensor coordinates and specifications