U-Pb zircon data for: The Poncha Pass and Deadman Creek areas, northern Sangre de Cristo Mountains of south-central Colorado (other, 2019)
Geologic mapping, characterization of geologic structures, and sampling for geochronology was completed in two areas of the northwestern Sangre de Cristo Mountains from 2011 through 2017. This data release provides the raw analytical data, metadata and sample information for 20 zircon U-Pb age analyses from laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS). The two areas include the Poncha Pass area where the entire 71/2’ Poncha Pass quadrangle and parts of five other quadrangles (Mount Ouray, Maysville, Salida West, Salida East, and Wellsville) were mapped at a scale of 1:24,000 (see Minor and others, 2019). The Deadman thrust fault is the second area, approximately 80 km southwest of the Poncha Pass area, and [...]

U-Pb zircon data for: The Poncha Pass and Deadman Creek areas, northern Sangre de Cristo Mountains of south-central Colorado (other, 2019)
Geologic mapping, characterization of geologic structures, and sampling for geochronology was completed in two areas of the northwestern Sangre de Cristo Mountains from 2011 through 2017. This data release provides the raw analytical data, metadata and sample information for 20 zircon U-Pb age analyses from laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS). The two areas include the Poncha Pass area where the entire 71/2’ Poncha Pass quadrangle and parts of five other quadrangles (Mount Ouray, Maysville, Salida West, Salida East, and Wellsville) were mapped at a scale of 1:24,000 (see Minor and others, 2019). The Deadman thrust fault is the second area, approximately 80 km southwest of the Poncha Pass area, and [...]

Data from: Coordinated species importation policies are needed to reduce serious invasions globally: the case of alien bumblebees in South America - Lorena Vieli; Cecilia Smith-Ramirez; Rodrigo M. Barahona-Segovia; Carolina L. Morales; José Montalva; Lawrence D. Harder; Marcelo A. Aizen; Marina P. Arbetman; Agustín Sáez; Lucas A. Garibaldi; David William Inouye (other, 2019)
The global trade of species promotes diverse human activities but also facilitates the introduction of potentially invasive species into new environments. As species ignore national boundaries, unilateral national decisions concerning species trade set the stage for transnational species invasion with significant conservation, economic and political consequences. The need for a coordinated approach to species importation policies is demonstrated by the introduction of two bumblebee species into Chile for crop pollination, despite Argentina banning commercial importation of alien bumblebees based on expert opinion. The large garden bumblebee, Bombus ruderatus, was first introduced in 1982, and the buff-tailed bumblebee, Bombus terrestris, has been continually introduced since 1997 as part of the burgeoning bumblebee trade. Both species have subsequently invaded southern South America. Today, the consequences of the growth of the bumblebee trade for agricultural pollination ranks among the top 15 emerging environmental issues likely to affect global diversity. Documented impacts of these invasions include the severe decline and local extinctions of the sole native Patagonian bumblebee, Bombus dahlbomii, pathogen transmission, flower damage and nectar robbing of native and cultivated plants. Policy implications. The South American bumblebee invasions portrayed here should alert governments to the unintended consequences of the booming international bee trade. More broadly, this case demonstrates that one country's importation decisions can have policy implications for its neighbours without consultation. Regrettably, coordinated international measures to prevent species invasions are seldom considered in South America or elsewhere, despite existing legal frameworks. The bumblebee case and others provide stark evidence of the pressing need for coordinated specific and general international policies concerning global species trade and their implementation.

Data from: Reproductive losses due to climate change-induced earlier flowering are not the primary threat to plant population viability in a perennial herb - Aldo Compagnoni; A. M. Anderson; Jennifer L. Williams; Tom E. X. Miller; David William Inouye; Paul J. CaraDonna; Amy M. Iler (other, 2019)
1. Despite a global footprint of shifts in flowering phenology in response to climate change, the reproductive consequences of these shifts are poorly understood. Furthermore, it is unknown whether altered flowering times affect plant population viability. 2. We examine whether climate change-induced earlier flowering has consequences for population persistence by incorporating reproductive losses from frost damage (a risk of early flowering) in population models of a subalpine sunflower (Helianthella quinquenervis). Using long-term demographic data for three populations that span the species' elevation range (8–15 years, depending on the population), we first examine how snowmelt date affects plant vital rates. To verify vital rate responses to snowmelt date experimentally, we manipulate snowmelt date with a snow removal experiment at one population. Finally, we construct stochastic population projection models and Life Table Response Experiments for each population. 3. We find that populations decline (λs 1) as snowmelt dates become earlier. Frost damage to flower buds, a consequence of climate change-induced earlier flowering, does not contribute strongly to population declines. Instead, we find evidence that negative effects on survival, likely due to increased drought risk during longer growing seasons, drive projected population declines under earlier snowmelt dates. 4. Synthesis. Shifts in flowering phenology are a conspicuous and important aspect of biological responses to climate change, but here we show that the phenology of reproductive events can be unreliable measures of threats to population persistence, even when earlier flowering is associated with substantial reproductive losses. Evidence for shifts in reproductive phenology, along with scarcer evidence that these shifts actually influence reproductive success, are valuable but can paint an incomplete and even misleading picture of plant population responses to climate change.

Data from: Extreme site fidelity as an optimal strategy in an unpredictable and homogeneous environment - Mindy B. Rice; Christopher Peck; Amy J. Davis; James H. Gammonley; Tony Apa; B. D. Gerber (other, 2019)
1. Animal site fidelity structures space-use, population demography, and ultimately gene flow. Understanding the adaptive selection for site fidelity patterns provides a mechanistic understanding to both spatial and population processes. This can be achieved by linking space-use with environmental variability (spatial and temporal) and demographic parameters. However, rarely is the environmental context that drives the selection for site fidelity behavior fully considered. 2. We use ecological theory to understand whether the spatial and temporal variability in breeding site quality can explain the site fidelity behavior and demographic patterns of Gunnison sage-grouse (Centrocercus minimus). We examined female site fidelity patterns across multiple spatial scales: proximity of consecutive year nest locations, space-use overlap within and across the breeding and brooding season, and fidelity to a breeding patch. We also examined the spatial and temporal variability in nest, chick, juvenile, and adult survival. 3. We found Gunnison sage-grouse to be site faithful to their breeding patch, area of use within the patch, and generally to where they nest, suggesting an `Always Stay' site fidelity strategy. This is an optimal evolutionary strategy when site quality is unpredictable. Further, we found limited spatial variability in survival within age groups, suggesting little demographic benefit to moving among patches. We suggest Gunnison sage-grouse site fidelity is driven by the unpredictability of predation in a relatively homogeneous environment, the lack of benefits and likely costs to moving across landscape patches and leaving known lek and breeding/brooding areas. 4. Space use and demography are commonly studied separately. More so, site fidelity patterns are rarely framed in the context of ecological theory, beyond questions related to the win-stay:lose-switch rule. To move beyond describing patterns and understand the adaptive selection driving species movements and their demographic consequences requires integrating movement, demography, and environmental variability in a synthetic framework. 5. Site fidelity theory provides a coherent framework to simultaneously investigate the spatial and population ecology of animal populations. Using it to frame ecological questions will lead to a more mechanistic understanding of animal movement, spatial population structuring, and meta-population dynamics.

Identifying geochemical hot moments and their controls on a contaminated river floodplain system using wavelet and entropy approaches, Environmental modelling & software: Dataset - Bhavna Arora; Dipankar Dwivedi; Carl I. Steefel; S. S. Hubbard; Kenneth Hurst Williams (other, 2019)
We used entropy and wavelet techniques to identify temporal variability in geochemical constituents and their controls along three transects within a contaminated floodplain system near Rifle CO. The objectives of this study were to: (1) identify hot moments of conservative and redox sensitive species as short time-periods with disproportionally high levels of concentration, and (ii) associate the transport and/or biogeochemical factors controlling this temporal variability. This data package includes tables from Arora et al. 2016a: Identifying geochemical hot moments and their controls on a contaminated river floodplain system using wavelet and entropy approaches, Environmental modelling & software, 85, 27-41. In particular, files include sampling frequency for geochemical data at the Rifle site, and results of entropy analysis.

U-Pb zircon data for: The Poncha Pass and Deadman Creek areas, northern Sangre de Cristo mountains of south-central Colorado (other, 2019)
Geologic mapping, characterization of geologic structures, and sampling for geochronology was completed in two areas of the northwestern Sangre de Cristo mountains from 2011 through 2017. This data release provides the raw analytical data, metadata and sample information for 20 zircon U-Pb age analyses from laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS). The two areas include the Poncha Pass area where the entire 71/2' Poncha Pass quadrangle and parts of five other quadrangles (Mount Ouray, Maysville, Salida West, Salida East, and Wellsville) were mapped at a scale of 1:24,000 (see Minor and others, 2019). The Deadman thrust fault is the second area, approximately 80 km southwest of the Poncha Pass area, and has been preliminarily mapped at a scale of 1:2,000. Ten new U-Pb ages were determined for each area and include Proterozoic metavolcanic, metasedimentary, and metaigneous rocks as well as non-metamorphosed felsic intrusive rocks of upper Mesozoic-Cenozoic age in the Poncha area. Rocks dated in the Deadman area include Proterozoic basement rocks, detrital zircons in Paleozoic sedimentary rocks, and Mesozoic- Cenozoic felsic intrusive rocks. Minor, S.A., Caine, J.S., Ruleman, C.A., Fridrich, C.J., Chan, C.F., Brandt, T.R., Holm- Denoma, C.S., Morgan, L.E., Cosca, M.A., and Grauch, V.J.S., 2019, Geologic Map of the Poncha Pass Area, Chaffee, Fremont, and Saguache Counties, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3436, 3 sheets, scale 1:24,000, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3436

Data from: Elevational cline in herbivore abundance driven by a monotonic increase in trophic level sensitivity to aridity - Matthew J. Hecking; Cole T. Symanski; Annika S. Nelson; Kailen A. Mooney (other, 2019)
1. The abiotic environment drives species abundances and distributions both directly and indirectly through effects on multi-trophic species interactions. However, few studies have documented the individual and combined consequences of these direct and indirect effects. 2. We studied an ant-tended aphid along an elevational gradient, where lower elevations were more arid. Hypotheses of stronger species interactions at lower elevations and a greater sensitivity of higher trophic levels to climate led us to predict increased top-down control of aphids by natural enemies (third trophic level) but even stronger protection from mutualist ants (fourth trophic level) with increasing aridity. As a result, we predicted that mutualism strength and aphid abundance would increase with aridity. 3. We documented patterns of aphid abundance and tested for both the direct and multi-trophic indirect effects of aridity on aphid performance. To do so, we used both observational and manipulative methods across two years in replicate high and low elevation valleys, where summer temperatures decreased by 3.7°C and precipitation increased by 27 mm/mo from low to high elevations. 4. Aphid colonies were 75% larger in the most (vs. least) arid sites, and this was best explained by changes in interactions with predators and ants. Aphids were unaffected by the direct effects of the abiotic environment or its indirect effects via host plant quality. In contrast, natural enemy effects increased with aridity; under ant exclusion, natural enemies had no effect on aphids in the least arid sites but depressed colony growth by 252% in the most arid sites. Ant activity also increased with aridity, with ants discovering more aphid colonies and experimental baits and allocating more foragers per aphid, although there was no effect of aridity on ant abundance or community composition. Correspondingly, the mutualist services provided by ants increased with aridity; ants provided no benefits to aphids in the least arid sites but doubled colony growth in the most arid sites. 5. In summary, an elevational cline in herbivore abundance was driven by a monotonic increase in trophic level sensitivity to aridity. These findings illustrate that predicting species responses to climate change will require a multi-trophic perspective.

U-Pb detrital zircon data for: lower Paleozoic sedimentary rocks near Silverton, CO USA (other, 2019)
This Laser ablation ICPMS U-Pb detrital zircon data set supports mapping and stratigraphic interpretations of the Upper Devonian Ignacio Formation in southwestern Colorado (Silverton area). All samples were collected from a measured stratigraphic section called "Sultan Creek South" located at 37.710010 and -107.67530 (Evans and others, 2019). The Ignacio Formation was previously interpreted as Cambrian, but evidence that it is Devonian includes reexamined fossil data and detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology. The Ignacio Formation has a stratigraphic trend of detrital zircon ages shifting from a single ca. 1.7 Ga age peak to bimodal ca. 1.4 Ga and ca. 1.7 Ga age peaks, which represents local source-area unroofing history. Specifically, the upper plate of a Proterozoic thrust system (ca. 1.7 Ga Twilight Gneiss) was eroded prior to exposure of the lower plate (ca. 1.4 Ga Uncompahgre Formation). These results are a significant alternative interpretation of the geologic history of the southern Rocky Mountains.

Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services - IPBES (other, 2019)
IPBES is an independent intergovernmental body comprising over 130 member Governments. Established by Governments in 2012, IPBES provides policymakers with objective scientific assessments about the state of knowledge regarding the planet’s biodiversity, ecosystems and the contributions they make to people, as well as options and actions to protect and sustainably use these vital natural assets. The IPBES Global Assessment of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services represents the landmark product of the first work programme of IPBES (2014-2018). The Global Assessment was initiated following a decision from the IPBES Plenary at its fourth session (IPBES 4, Kuala Lumpur, 2016), and considered by the IPBES Plenary at its seventh session (IPBES 7, Paris, 2019). It is composed of a summary for policymakers, which was approved at IPBES 7, and six chapters, which were accepted at IPBES 7.

Data for the manuscript "HydroMix v1.0: a new Bayesian mixing framework for attributing uncertain hydrological sources" - Bettina Schaefli; Natalie C. Ceperley; Anthony Michelon; Joshua R. Larsen (other, 2019)
This folder contains scripts and datasets used in the manuscript titled " HydroMix v1.0: a new Bayesian mixing framework for attributing uncertain hydrological sources " in the journal Geoscientific Model Development . The article is available for reading at https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2019-69/

U-Pb zircon data for: The Poncha Pass and Deadman Creek areas, northern Sangre de Cristo mountains of south-central Colorado (other, 2019)
Geologic mapping, characterization of geologic structures, and sampling for geochronology was completed in two areas of the northwestern Sangre de Cristo mountains from 2011 through 2017. This data release provides the raw analytical data, metadata and sample information for 20 zircon U-Pb age analyses from laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS). The two areas include the Poncha Pass area where the entire 71/2' Poncha Pass quadrangle and parts of five other quadrangles (Mount Ouray, Maysville, Salida West, Salida East, and Wellsville) were mapped at a scale of 1:24,000 (see Minor and others, 2019). The Deadman thrust fault is the second area, approximately 80 km southwest of the Poncha Pass area, and has been preliminarily mapped at a scale of 1:2,000. Ten new U-Pb ages were determined for each area and include Proterozoic metavolcanic, metasedimentary, and metaigneous rocks as well as non-metamorphosed felsic intrusive rocks of upper Mesozoic-Cenozoic age in the Poncha area. Rocks dated in the Deadman area include Proterozoic basement rocks, detrital zircons in Paleozoic sedimentary rocks, and Mesozoic- Cenozoic felsic intrusive rocks. Minor, S.A., Caine, J.S., Ruleman, C.A., Fridrich, C.J., Chan, C.F., Brandt, T.R., Holm- Denoma, C.S., Morgan, L.E., Cosca, M.A., and Grauch, V.J.S., 2019, Geologic Map of the Poncha Pass Area, Chaffee, Fremont, and Saguache Counties, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3436, 3 sheets, scale 1:24,000, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3436

Data from: Climate change shifts natural selection and the adaptive potential of the perennial forb Boechera stricta in the Rocky Mountains - Jordan B. Bemmels (other, 2019)
Heritable genetic variation is necessary for populations to evolve in response to anthropogenic climate change. However, antagonistic genetic correlations among traits may constrain the rate of adaptation, even if substantial genetic variation exists. We examine potential genetic responses to selection by comparing multivariate genetic variance-covariances of traits and fitness (multivariate Robertson-Price identities) across different environments in a reciprocal transplant experiment of the forb Boechera stricta in the Rocky Mountains. By transplanting populations into four common gardens arrayed along an elevational gradient, and exposing populations to control and snow removal treatments, we simulated future and current climates and snowmelt regimes. Genetic variation in flowering and germination phenology declined in plants moved downslope to warmer, drier sites, suggesting that these traits may have a limited ability to evolve under future climates. Simulated climate change via snow removal altered the strength of selection on flowering traits, but we found little evidence that genetic correlations among traits are likely to affect the rate of adaptation to climate change. Overall, our results suggest that climate change may alter the evolutionary potential of B. stricta, but reduced expression of genetic variation may be a larger impediment to adaptation than constraints imposed by antagonistic genetic correlations.

Data from: Early snowmelt projected to cause population decline in a subalpine plant - Diane R. Campbell (other, 2019)
How climate change influences the dynamics of plant populations is not well understood, as few plant studies have measured responses of vital rates to climatic variables and modeled the impact on population growth. I used 25 years of demographic data to analyze how survival, growth, and fecundity respond to date of spring snow melt for a subalpine plant. Fecundity was estimated by seed production (over 15 years) and also divided into flower number, fruit set, seeds per fruit, and escape from seed predation. Despite no apparent effects on flower number, plants produced more seeds in years with later snowmelt. Survival and probability of flowering were reduced by early snow melt in the previous year. Based on demographic models, earlier snowmelt with warming is expected to lead to negative population growth, driven especially by changes in seedling establishment and seed production. These results provide a rare example of how climate change is expected to influence the dynamics of a plant population. They furthermore illustrate the potential for strong population impacts even in the absence of more commonly reported visual signs, such as earlier blooming or reduced floral display in early melting years.

snowmelt - Amy M. Iler (other, 2019)
Data on first day of bare ground (snowmelt date, shown as day of year; 1 Jan = 1) from a long-term snow monitoring plot monitored by billy barr, near the mid-elevation study population described in the paper (The Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory). snowmeltT1 refers to the date of melt in year t+1 and snowmeltTm1 refers to the date of melt in year t-1.

Data from: Seed size predicts community composition and carbon storage potential of tree communities in rainforest fragments in India’s Western Ghats - Anand M. Osuri; Mahesh Sankaran (other, 2019)
Fragmentation is ubiquitous across tropical forests and drives marked shifts in tree community composition by differentially affecting species’ dispersal, establishment and survival. Such compositional shifts can potentially alter ecosystem-level properties such as above-ground carbon storage, but our understanding of the factors linking compositional shifts to carbon storage is limited. We compared tree communities of contiguous and fragmented tropical rainforests in the Western Ghats (India) and assessed the ability of various plant functional traits associated with seed dispersal, establishment and survival processes to predict species’ responses to fragmentation. Further, we assessed relationships between functional traits that predict tree community turnover and those that govern carbon storage to examine how fragmentation effects on species’ composition can alter the ability of tree communities to store carbon. Seed size, as indexed by seed length, was the best predictor of species’ responses, with larger-seeded species declining in fragments. Across species, seed length was positively correlated with maximum attainable height, which decreased by 10% on average at the community level in fragments. Such shifts towards smaller-seeded communities could decrease forest stature and reduce above-ground carbon stocks by 8%. Synthesis and applications. Our study highlights a previously undescribed mechanism by which fragmentation-driven declines of large-seeded tree species can reduce above-ground carbon stocks by promoting shorter-statured forests. These results imply that strict protection alone might be insufficient, and that a multi-pronged conservation strategy would be required to sustain carbon stocks in tropical forest fragments. Such interventions will need to combine restoration programmes for large-seeded tree species in fragments with broader-scale efforts to maintain hospitable and well-connected landscapes for their seed dispersers.

Fruit/seed traits and phenology of trees in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar - Onja H. Razafindratsima; Amy E. Dunham (other, 2019)
This dataset contains information on fruit/seed traits of plants in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar as well as a summary of their fruiting phenology for the period of July 2012 - June 2014.

Cross-Section Geometry and Sediment-Size Distribution Data from Muddy Creek and North Fork Gunnison River below Paonia Reservoir, Colorado, 2018 - Rodney J Richards; Mark F Henneberg (other, 2019)
This dataset contains cross-section geometry and sediment-size distribution data collected in the fall of 2018 from Muddy Creek and North Fork Gunnison River below Paonia Reservoir, western Colorado. Six cross-sections were surveyed using Real-Time Kinematic Global Navigation Satellite System (RTK-GNSS) methods to document channel geometry below the reservoir in 2015. Those same cross-sections were re-surveyed using the same methods in 2018 to document any changes. One cross-section was surveyed on Muddy Creek below Paonia Reservoir, and five cross-sections were surveyed from North Fork Gunnison River below Paonia Reservoir. All six cross-sections are incorporated in this data release within one shapefile. Pebble counts were performed at each of the six cross-sections to document sediment-size distributions downstream from the reservoir. Four transects were located in the vicinity of each cross-section, where sediment size was measured and recorded. All of the sediment-size distribution data are presented in .CSV files, with one file for each cross-section location incorporating all of the data for each of the four transects at that location.

Influence of hydrological, biogeochemical and temperature transients on subsurface carbon fluxes in a flood plain environment, Biogeochemistry: Dataset - Nick Spycher; Jiamin Wan; Sergi Molins; M. E. Conrad; Bhavna Arora; Tetsu Tokunaga; Carl I. Steefel; Boris Faybishenko; Markus Bill; Wenming Dong; Kenneth Hurst Williams (other, 2019)
Data tables used in Arora et al. 2016b Influence of hydrological, biogeochemical and temperature transients on subsurface carbon fluxes in a flood plain environment. Biogeochemistry, 127(2-3), 367-396. Files include reactive transport model parameters describing soil physical and thermal parameters, geochemical reaction network and rate laws, as well as initial and boundary conditions. The last table documents modeling results with respect to annual carbon fluxes from the site to the river.

Vaccine driven virulence evolution: Consequences of unbalanced reductions in mortality and transmission and implications for pertussis vaccines - C. Jessica Metcalf (other, 2019)
Many vaccines have heterogenous effects across individuals. Additionally, some vaccines do not prevent infection, but reduce disease-associated mortality and transmission. Both of these factors will alter selection pressures on pathogens, and thus shape the evolution of pathogen virulence. We use a mathematical modeling framework to show that 1. the balance of how vaccines reduce transmission vs. mortality, and 2. individual variability in protection conferred, both shape the evolution of pathogen virulence. Epidemiological (burden of disease) and evolutionary (pathogen virulence) outcomes are both worse when vaccines confer smaller reductions in transmission than mortality. Furthermore, outcomes are modulated by variability in vaccine effects, with increased variability limiting the extent of virulence evolution but in some cases preventing eradication. These findings are pertinent to current concerns about the global resurgence of pertussis and the efficacy of pertussis vaccines, as the two classes of these vaccines may reduce disease symptoms without preventing infection and differ in their ability to reduce transmission. Furthermore, these findings point to the importance of generating precise predictions for virulence evolution in B. pertussis (and other similar pathogens) by incorporating empirical characterizations of vaccine effects into models capturing the epidemiological details of this system.

Data release for Geologic Map of the Poncha Pass Area, Chaffee, Fremont, and Saguache Counties, Colorado (other, 2019)
This release presents the GIS data (in GDB, shapefile, and e00 [coverage] formats) and metadata for a 1:24,000-scale geologic map of the Poncha Pass area in central Colorado. A cartographic version of the geologic map, including map unit descriptions, interpretative text, and accessory figures and tables, is being separately published as a U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map (SIM). The map area is irregular in shape, covering all of one 7.5' quadrangle (Poncha Pass) and parts of five others (Mount Ouray, Maysville, Salida West, Salida East, and Wellsville). The map boundaries were drawn to cover all of the "Poncha mountain block", coincident with the approximately 15-kilometer-long northwestern end of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. The map data convey the areal distribution of: (1) Proterozoic basement rocks forming the core of the Poncha mountain block, (2) overlying Tertiary volcanic rocks, (3) Miocene and younger basin-fill deposits, (4) Quaternary surficial glacial and alluvial deposits, and (5) faults and folds affecting all of the above units.

Data from: Transmission pathways and spillover of an erythrocytic bacterial pathogen from domestic cats to wild felids (other, 2019)
Many pathogens infect multiple hosts, and spillover from domestic to wild species poses a significant risk for spread of diseases that threaten wildlife and humans. Documentation of cross-species transmission, and unravelling the mechanisms that drive it, remains a challenge. Focusing on co-occurring domestic and wild felids, we evaluate possible transmission mechanisms and evidence of spillover of 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum' (CMhm), an erythrocytic bacterial parasite of cats. We examine transmission and possibility of spillover by analysing CMhm prevalence, modeling possible transmission pathways, deducing genotypes of CMhm pathogens infecting felid hosts based on sequences of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene, and conducting phylogenetic analyses with ancestral state reconstruction to identify likely cross-species transmission events. Model selection analyses suggest both indirect (i.e., spread via vectors) and direct (i.e., via inter-specific predation) pathways may play a role in CMhm transmission. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that transmission of CMhm appears to predominate within host species, with occasional spillover, at unknown frequency, between species. These analyses are consistent with transmission by predation of smaller cats by larger species, with subsequent within-species persistence after spillover. Our results implicate domestic cats as a source of global dispersal and spillover to wild felids via predation. We contribute to the emerging documentation of predation as a common means of pathogen spillover from domestic to wild cats, including pathogens of global conservation significance. These findings suggest risks for top predators as bioaccumulators of pathogens from subordinate species.

Sample collection information and microsatellite data for Gunnison sage-grouse pre and post translocation (other, 2019)
Maintenance of genetic diversity is important for conserving species, especially those with fragmented habitats and/or ranges. In the absence of natural dispersal, translocation can be used to achieve this goal. However, the long-term impacts from translocation can be expensive and difficult to evaluate. This dataset is used to evaluate genetic change as a result of translocation and represents samples collected before and after translocations were conducted.

The Sagebrush Biome Range Extent, as Derived from Classified Landsat Imagery - Michelle I. Jeffries; Sean P. Finn (other, 2019)
This feature estimates the geographic extent of the sagebrush biome in the United States. It was created for the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agency's (WAFWA) Sagebrush Conservation Strategy publication as a visual for the schematic figures. This layer does not represent the realized distribution of sagebrush and should not be used to summarize statistics about the distribution or precise location of sagebrush across the landscape. This layer is intended to generalize the sagebrush biome distribution using Landsat derived classified vegetation rasters (Rigge at al. 2019), Bureau of Land Management-designated Habitat Management Areas, state-designated Priority Areas for Conservation for sage-grouse, the current range of the Greater Sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), Gunnison Sage-grouse (Centrocercus minimus) and Pygmy Rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis). Rigge, M., Homer, C., Cleeves, L., Meyer, D., Bunde, B., Shi, H., Xian, G., and Bobo, M. 2019. Quantifying western U.S. Rangelands as Fractional Components with Landsat. Remote Sensing of Environment, in Review.

Lupine alkaloid data - Stephen T. Lee; Daniel Cook; Jacob M. Heiling; Rebecca E. Irwin (other, 2019)
This is an Excel file containing one sheet with 23 columns. Each row represents the data and metadata for a single tissue sample from a single individual. Column 1: specifies the species; Column 2: species the individual ID (ID numbers repeat across species); Column 3: specifies the tissue; Column 4: specifies the site that the sample was taken from; Columns 5 and 6: GPS coordinates (degrees.decimal); Column 7: caffeine standard; Columns 8-23: individual alkaloid concentrations (expressed as micrograms/gram), "N/D" indicates that the alkaloid corresponding to a given column was not detected in the sample.

High Resolution Aeromagnetic Survey, Villa Grove, Colorado, USA, 2011 (other, 2019)
This data release includes data collected from the Villa Grove helicopter magnetic survey in northern San Luis Valley and Poncha Pass region in south-central Colorado, USA. The survey area extends over the northern part of Great Sand Dunes National Park, Poncha Pass and vicinity, and into the southern end of the Upper Arkansas Valley. It includes the communities of Crestone, Villa Grove, Saguache, and Salida. Several U.S. Geological Survey programs (including the National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program, Mineral Resources Program, and Geothermal Program), as well as the Colorado Geological Survey, funded the survey. The data are part of studies to help refine our knowledge in this area about the nature of aquifers, the potential for geothermal energy resources, the likelihood of seismic hazards, and the geology of the northern Rio Grande rift.

The East River, Colorado, Watershed: A Mountainous Community Testbed for Improving Predictive Understanding of Multiscale Hydrological-Biogeochemical Dynamics: Dataset (ess_dive, 2019)
This dataset contains snow water, precipitation, and discharge data collected from the East River watershed. This provides insight as to how the watershed works as a system and responds to hydrological perturbations.

Spectral data for quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) clones of different ploidy levels - H. Pai; M. Haagsma; J. Rieksta; K. Helsen; B. T. Greer; D. Sapena; R. Strimbeck; Rozália E Kapás; Bente J. Graae; Benjamin Blonder; Christopher Still (other, 2019)
Data comprise measurements of spectral reflectance for quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) trees at a range of sites in southwestern Colorado near the town of Crested Butte. Spectra were measured in three different ways: hyperspectral measurements of leaves, hyperspectral measurements of bark, and multispectral measurements of canopies. The first two measurements were made using a handheld spectrometer, while the latter were made via airborne imaging from an unmanned aerial system. In addition to these reflectance data, the dataset also includes information on the genotype and/or ploidy level of each sample, as determined by either DNA microsatellite analysis or flow cytometry. All samples are georeferenced. The data include extracted data and raw imagery.

U-Pb detrital zircon data for: lower Paleozoic sedimentary rocks near Silverton, CO USA (other, 2019)
This Laser ablation ICPMS U-Pb detrital zircon data set supports mapping and stratigraphic interpretations of the Upper Devonian Ignacio Formation in southwestern Colorado (Silverton area). All samples were collected from a measured stratigraphic section called "Sultan Creek South" located at 37.710010 and -107.67530 (Evans and others, 2019). The Ignacio Formation was previously interpreted as Cambrian, but evidence that it is Devonian includes reexamined fossil data and detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology. The Ignacio Formation has a stratigraphic trend of detrital zircon ages shifting from a single ca. 1.7 Ga age peak to bimodal ca. 1.4 Ga and ca. 1.7 Ga age peaks, which represents local source-area unroofing history. Specifically, the upper plate of a Proterozoic thrust system (ca. 1.7 Ga Twilight Gneiss) was eroded prior to exposure of the lower plate (ca. 1.4 Ga Uncompahgre Formation). These results are a significant alternative interpretation of the geologic history of the southern Rocky Mountains.

Grand Mesa 2017-02-01 snow depth estimate (other, 2019)
Elevation difference (snow depth estimate for exposed ground surfaces) between co-registered WorldView-3 optical stereo DSM products from 2016-09-25 (snow-off) and 2017-02-01 (snow-on). These are preliminary products from the Stereo2SWE workflow, used to derive snow depth estimates from time series of very-high-resolution commercial stereo imagery. More formal releases of data products will be available in the coming years. Analysis of this dataset is presented in the following publication: McGrath, D., Webb, R., Shean, D., Bonnell, R., Marshall, H-P., Painter, T., Molotch, N., Elder, K., Hiemstra, C., Brucker, L., (2019), Spatially Extensive Ground-Penetrating Radar Snow Depth Observations During NASA's 2017 SnowEx Campaign: Comparison With In Situ, Airborne, and Satellite Observations, Water Resources Research, 55 (19), 10026-10036, doi:10.1029/2019WR024907. If you use these data, please cite the above publication.

NOAA_CB_data - Regan Cross; Jessica R. K. Forrest; Paul J. CaraDonna (other, 2018)
Processed data from NOAA's Crested Butte weather station. Please see README file for details.

Cross-Section Geometry at Two Bridges over the Gunnison River in Western Colorado, 2016-17 - Mark F Henneberg (other, 2018)
This dataset contains cross-section surveys of the Gunnison River at Colorado Department of Transportation bridges I-04-K and I-03-A, western Colorado, 2016-17. The surveys were performed using a combination of: Trimble R8 Real-Time Kinematic Global Navigation Satellite System (RTK-GNSS) receiver, a USGS bridge crane with sounding weights, and optical levels. During surveys performed in 2016, a base was established at each bridge using the RTK-GNSS equipment. Subsequent surveys of channel geometry were performed using optical levels for ground surface observations above the water line and sounding weights for streambed observations below the water line, referenced to the base established in 2016. Streambed elevations were interpolated at 10 foot intervals between the measured points for both bridges because measured elevations were not always obtained at the exact same stationing from 2016 to 2017. Additionally, streambed elevations were interpolated at 5 foot intervals for stations within 20 feet of either side of the monitored piers. Stationing and elevation data are presented in the .CSV files, with one file for each bridge. Discussion of these data is presented in Henneberg (2018) USGS Scientific Investigations Report, Real-Time Streambed Scour Monitoring at Two Bridges over the Gunnison River in Western Colorado, 2016-17." These data were collected in cooperation with the Colorado Department of Transportation.

Model output and meta-analysis data from INTERFACE paper (other, 2018)
Model output and meta-analysis data from model-experiment comparison that came out of INTERFACE workshop. Includes output from five soil carbon models and a meta-analysis of warming and litter addition experiments. Code is posted at: https://github.com/bsulman/INTERFACE-model-experiment-synthesis

Data from: Short-term, low-level nitrogen deposition dampens a trophic cascade between bears and plants - Joshua B. Grinath (other, 2018)
Human activities have substantially increased atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition in ecosystems worldwide, often leading to higher plant quality for herbivores and greater herbivory. Predators frequently suppress herbivores and indirectly benefit plants via ‘trophic cascades’, and the strength of these interactions can also depend on N availability. However, the evidence for N deposition effects on cascades primarily comes from studies of high-level N deposition. Most terrestrial ecosystems currently receive elevated, but low-level N deposition, and it is unclear whether this subtle N enrichment has any effect on cascades. Here, I asked whether low-level N deposition alters a trophic cascade from black bears to plants in Colorado. In this ecological network, bears indirectly benefit plants by consuming ants and suppressing positive effects of ants on herbivores. Using a three year N enrichment experiment, I assessed changes in this cascade by measuring plant and arthropod responses to simulated N deposition, bear damage to ant nests, and the presence of mutualist herbivores and ants. I found that low-level N enrichment and bears had interacting effects on plant reproduction. In ambient N conditions, bears indirectly increased plant reproduction by causing ant nests to become inactive and suppressing positive ant effects on herbivores that were detrimental for plants. Yet, bear-induced ant nest inactivity had no effect on plant reproduction in N-enriched conditions. When N was added, ants had greater positive effects on herbivores, but herbivores had weak effects on plants, potentially because plants were more resistant to herbivores. Ultimately, the results indicate that N enrichment strengthened resource control of the community and weakened plant-herbivore interactions and the cascade from bears to plants. This study suggests that common rates of low-level N deposition are changing the strength of trophic cascades and may have already altered resource vs. consumer control of ecological community structure in many ecosystems.

Relatedness matrix - Robert Wayne; Tiffany Armenta; Daniel T. Blumstein (other, 2018)
This data file contains a matrix of genetic kinship for the 43 individual marmots analyzed in this study. Kinship was calculated as pair-wise relatedness between individuals based on genotypes taken from 12 microsatellite loci (detailed genotyping methods described in Blumstein et al. 2010 doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.01967.x).

Trait data for the 43 individuals/RNA samples - Tiffany Armenta; Daniel T. Blumstein (other, 2018)
This data file contains trait information concerning the 43 individual marmots, or their blood samples (one per individual), analyzed in this study. Much of the data was collected in the field (e.g., sex, dispersal status), whereas other data were collected in the lab (e.g., RIN score, cell counts). "jdate" signifies Julien date.

Appendix 2 Metadata (CSV) - Bente J. Graae; Rebecca M. Dalton; Jacob M. Heiling; Benjamin Blonder (other, 2018)

Osmia_iridis_summer_duration_expt_2013-14 - Regan Cross; Jessica R. K. Forrest; Paul J. CaraDonna (other, 2018)
Please see README file.

Osmia_iridis_parsivoltinism_stats - Regan Cross; Jessica R. K. Forrest; Paul J. CaraDonna (other, 2018)
Data used to generate Fig. 6. Please see README file for details.

natural_populations_individual - Emily Mattoon; Ansley McDurmon; Priya Vaidya; Michaela Keefe; Robin Bingham (other, 2018)
This file contains data from transects in natural populations on individual plants. This dataset supports the section on the methods and results called "Environmental correlates of flower color variation"

common_garden - Emily Mattoon; Ansley McDurmon; Priya Vaidya; Robin Bingham; Michaela Keefe (other, 2018)
This file contains the data for family-level analyses of the common garden experiment.

Appendix 1 (GRI) - Rebecca M. Dalton; Bente J. Graae; Jacob M. Heiling; Benjamin Blonder (other, 2018)
Kriged maps of microenvironment variables in global coordinates (Arc Grid format).

marmot_ipm_transientLTRE: First release - Adriana A. Maldonado-Chaparro (other, 2018)
Code as implemented in the paper "Transient LTRE analysis reveals the demographic and trait mediated processes that buffer population growth"

Data from: Cumulative reproductive costs on current reproduction in a wild polytocous mammal - Jane M. Reid; Svenja B. Kroeger; Kenneth B. Armitage; Julien G. A. Martin; Daniel T. Blumstein (other, 2018)
The cumulative cost of reproduction hypothesis predicts that reproductive costs accumulate over an individual’s reproductive lifespan. While short-term costs have been extensively explored, the prevalence of cumulative long-term costs and the circumstances under which such costs occur alongside or instead of short-term costs, are far from clear. Indeed, few studies have simultaneously tested for both short-term and cumulative long-term reproductive costs in natural populations. Even in mammals, comparatively little is known about cumulative effects of previous reproduction, especially in species with high variation in offspring numbers, where costs could vary among successful reproductive events. Here, we quantify effects of previous short-term and cumulative long-term reproduction on current reproduction probability and litter size in wild female yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventer), and test how these effects vary with age and between two contrasting environments. We provide evidence for cumulative long-term effects: females that had both reproduced frequently and weaned large litters on average in previous years had decreased current reproduction probability. We found no evidence for short-term reproductive costs between reproductive bouts. However, females weaned larger litters when they had weaned larger litters on average in previous years, and had lower current reproduction probability when their previous reproductive success was low. Together these results suggest that, alongside persistent among-individual variation, long-term reproductive history affects current reproductive success.

Data from: Age, state, environment and season dependence of senescence in body mass - Svenja B. Kroeger; Jane M. Reid; Kenneth B. Armitage; Julien G. A. Martin; Daniel T. Blumstein (other, 2018)
[No abstract entered]

Data from: Transgenerational and within-generation plasticity in response to climate change: insights from a manipulative field experiment across an elevational gradient - Rachel M. MacTavish; Susana M. Wadgymar (other, 2018)
Parental environmental effects, or transgenerational plasticity, can influence an individual’s phenotype or fitness, yet remain underexplored in the context of global change. Using the perennial self-pollinating plant Boechera stricta, we explored the effects of climate change on transgenerational and within-generation plasticity in dormancy, germination, growth, and survival. We first conducted a snow removal experiment in the field, in which we transplanted 16 families of known origin into three common gardens at different elevations and exposed half of the siblings to contemporary snow dynamics and half to early snow removal. We planted the offspring of these individuals in a factorial manipulation of temperature and water level in the growth chamber, and reciprocally transplanted them across all parental environments in the field. The growth chamber experiment revealed that the effects of transgenerational plasticity persist in traits expressed after establishment, even when accounting for parental effects on seed mass. The field experiment showed that transgenerational and within-generation plasticity can interact and that plasticity varies clinally in populations distributed across elevations. These findings demonstrate that transgenerational plasticity can influence fitness-related traits and should be incorporated in studies of biological responses to climate change.

Data from: Young inversion with multiple linked QTLs under selection in a hybrid zone (other, 2018)
Fixed chromosomal inversions can reduce gene flow and promote speciation in two ways: by suppressing recombination and by carrying locally favoured alleles at multiple loci. However, it is unknown whether favoured mutations slowly accumulate on older inversions or if young inversions spread because they capture pre-existing adaptive quantitative trait loci (QTLs). By genetic mapping, chromosome painting and genome sequencing, we have identified a major inversion controlling ecologically important traits in Boechera stricta. The inversion arose since the last glaciation and subsequently reached local high frequency in a hybrid speciation zone. Furthermore, the inversion shows signs of positive directional selection. To test whether the inversion could have captured existing, linked QTLs, we crossed standard, collinear haplotypes from the hybrid zone and found multiple linked phenology QTLs within the inversion region. These findings provide the first direct evidence that linked, locally adapted QTLs may be captured by young inversions during incipient speciation.

greenhouse_experiment - Ansley McDurmon; Robin Bingham; Priya Vaidya; Emily Mattoon; Michaela Keefe (other, 2018)
This file contains data from the greenhouse experiment.

NOAA_CB_DD12_1950-2015 - Regan Cross; Jessica R. K. Forrest; Paul J. CaraDonna (other, 2018)
Please see README file.

pivot points and responses by polygon - Seth M. Munson; David P. Thoma; Dana L. Witwicki (other, 2018)
Data from: Thoma, D.P., S.M. Munson & D.L. Witwicki 2018. Landscape pivot points and responses to water balance in national parks of the southwest U.S. Contact: David Thoma Dave_thoma@nps.gov 406-994-7725 These data are the polygon attributes and linear regression coefficients of iNDVI and water balance relations for years 2000-2014 where we found significant relationships (P-val < 0.10). Polygons greater than 6.25 ha (the area of a single MODIS pixel) were delineated along ecological site boundaries or, in areas where ecological sites have not been mapped, along soil or vegetation map unit boundaries (Witwicki et al. 2016). Ecological sites are unique combinations of vegetation and soil properties that provide an organizing framework for understanding management-relevant patterns in production at landscape scales (Herrick et al 2006; Munson et al. 2016b). Data from this digital file were used to create figures 3-5 in “Landscape pivot points and responses to water balance in national parks of the southwest U.S.” Column definitions Park: four letter code that identifies park unit arch = Arches National Park blca = Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park cure = Curecanti National Recreation Area cany = Canyonlands National Park care = Capitol Reef National Park dino = Dinosaur National Monument zion = Zion National Park Polygon: polygon identifier randomly generated Area: polygon area (hectares) Latitude: latitude in decimal degrees based on the World Geodetic System (WGS) 1984 Longitude: longitude in decimal degrees based on the World Geodetic System (WGS) 1984 Waterbalance: a water balance variable significantly related to annual production (iNDVI) for the polygon D= annual sum water deficit (mm) AET = annual sum actual evapotranspiration (mm) PCRP = annual sum precipitation (mm) SM = annual average soil moisture (mm) Response: slope of the regression between annual production and annual water balance. Units are change in iNDVI per 1000 mm of water balance term listed in the Waterbalance column Pivot: the pivot point, the water balance amounts at which production shifted from above to below average values for the polygon and associated water balance variable. SE: standard error of the pivot point (mm) Correlation: Pearson’s correlation between iNDVI and annual water balance rsq: coefficient of determination of the regression between iNDVI and annual water balance pval: p value of the regression between iNDVI and annual water balance slope: topographic slope of the ground surface (degrees) at the center of the target polygon aspect: topographic aspect (degrees) at the center of the target polygon whc: spatially weighted polygon average of water holding capacity (millimeters) which is water at field capacity minus water at wilting point in the top meter of soil. Field capacity is water remaining in the soil after excess has drained by gravity (−0.33 bar suction pressure). Permanent wilting point is water held too tightly for plant use ( −15 bar of suction pressure). Sand: spatially weighted polygon average of percent sand in top meter of soil that intersected the target polygon Clay: spatially weighted polygon average of percent clay in top meter of soil that intersected the target polygon Soil Depth: spatially weighted polygon average depth of soil (centimeters) that intersected the target polygon Vegetation: dominant vegetation type of the target polygon Elevation: elevation (meters) at the center of the target polygon Annual PCRP: annual sum of precipitation at center of the target polygon (millimeters)

Appendix 4 Metadata (CSV) - Bente J. Graae; Rebecca M. Dalton; Jacob M. Heiling; Benjamin Blonder (other, 2018)

Appendix 3 (CSV) - Rebecca M. Dalton; Bente J. Graae; Jacob M. Heiling; Benjamin Blonder (other, 2018)
Complete plant census data in all plots for years 2014-2017, transformed into format suitable for spatial analyses (CSV format with text metadata).

Data from: Atypical flowers can be as profitable as typical hummingbird flowers - Mary V. Price; Nickolas M. Waser; Paul J. CaraDonna (other, 2018)
In western North America, hummingbirds can be observed systematically visiting flowers that lack the typical reddish color, tubular morphology, and dilute nectar of "hummingbird flowers". Curious about this behavior, we asked whether these atypical flowers are energetically profitable for hummingbirds. Our field measurements of nectar content and hummingbird foraging speeds, taken over four decades at multiple localities, show that atypical flowers can be as profitable as typical ones and suggest that the profit can support 24-hr metabolic requirements of the birds. Thus, atypical flowers may contribute to successful migration of hummingbirds, enhance their population densities, and allow them to occupy areas seemingly depauperate in suitable resources. These results illustrate what can be gained by attending to the unexpected.

dataRetrieval - David Watkins; J Michael Johnson; Laura A DeCicco; Robert M Hirsch; David Lorenz (other, 2018)
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) developed an R package called dataRetrieval to help simplify the process of discovering and retrieving water quality sample data, streamflow, groundwater, and other data available from Federal hydrologic web services such as National Water Information Systems (NWIS), the EPA Water Quality Exchange (WQX) System, and the National Hydrologic Dataset via the Hydro-Network-linked Data Index (NLDI)

Data for Tritium deposition in precipitation in the United States, 1953 - 2023 (ver. 2.0, May 2023) - Bryant Jurgens (other, 2018)

ASO L4 Lidar Snow Water Equivalent 50m UTM Grid, Version 1 - Thomas Painter (other, 2018)

ASO L4 Lidar Snow Depth 50m UTM Grid, Version 1 - Thomas Painter (other, 2018)

Gunnison Sage-grouse (Centrocercus minimus) bGUSGx_CONUS_2001v1 Habitat Map - Ken Boykin (other, 2018)
This dataset represents a species habitat distribution map for Gunnison Sage-grouse (Centrocercus minimus) within the conterminous United States (CONUS) based on 2001 ground conditions. This habitat map was created by applying a deductive habitat model to remotely-sensed data layers within the species' known range. See Gap Analysis Project Species Habitat Maps for more information regarding model process and user constraints. For species specific model information, see the attached Species Habitat Model Report.

Gunnison Sage-grouse (Centrocercus minimus) bGUSGx_CONUS_2001v1 Range Map - Jeff Lonneker (other, 2018)
This dataset represents a species known range extent for Gunnison Sage-grouse (Centrocercus minimus) within the conterminous United States (CONUS) based on 2001 ground conditions. This range map was created by attributing sub-watershed polygons with information of a species' presence, origin, seasonal and reproductive use. See Gap Analysis Project Species Range Maps for more information regarding data creation and user constraints. For species specific range information, see the attached Range data.

Data from: Progressive sensitivity of trophic levels to warming underlies an elevational gradient in ant-aphid mutualism strength - Jessica D. Pratt; Riley T. Pratt; Cathrine Prenot; Cole T. Symanski; Richard Alexander Smith; Annika S. Nelson; Kailen A. Mooney (other, 2018)
Although species interactions are often proposed to be stronger at lower latitudes and elevations, few studies have evaluated the mechanisms driving such patterns. In this study, we assessed whether, and by which mechanisms, abiotic changes associated with elevation altered the outcome of an ant-aphid protection mutualism. To do so, we characterized the multi-trophic interactions among the ant Formica podzolica, the aphid Aphis varians, and aphid natural enemies occurring on the plant Chamerion angustifolium within replicate high and low elevation valleys. Low (vs. high) elevation sites had longer summers (snowmelt 13 days earlier) and were on average 1.1°C warmer and 41% drier throughout the year. At low elevations, individual ant colonies consumed approximately double the volume of carbohydrate baits, likely due to a higher foraging tempo, and possibly due to a greater demand for sugar- vs. protein-rich resources (as indicated by stable isotope analysis). Wild aphid colonies at low elevations were visited by 1.4-fold more natural enemies (controlling for variation in aphid abundance), while experimental aphid colonies on potted plants were tended 52% more frequently by ants. As a result, ants increased aphid colony survival by 66% at low elevations but had no detectable effect at high elevations; at low (vs. high) elevations aphid colonies without ants had lower survival, demonstrating stronger predator effects, while aphid colonies with ants had higher survival, demonstrating even stronger ant benefits. Analyses for the effects of mean summer temperature yielded qualitatively identical results to those based on elevation. Collectively, these findings support predictions for a greater sensitivity of higher trophic levels to warming and demonstrate how species interactions can vary across environmental gradients due to simultaneous changes in species traits and abundances across multiple trophic levels.

Transmission_models (other, 2018)
All code (.R) and raw data necessary to run model selection analyses of 'Ca. Mycoplasma haemominutum' transmission among felids as described in Kellner et al. 2018.

Phylogenetics.zip (other, 2018)
Sequence alignment (.fas) and information associated with phylogenetic analysis and ancestral state reconstruction in Kellner et al. 2018.

Data from: Interaction rewiring and the rapid turnover of plant-pollinator networks - James L. Cunningham; Ross M. Brennan; Nathan J. Sanders; Nickolas M. Waser; Paul J. CaraDonna; William K. Petry (other, 2018)
Whether species interactions are static or change over time has wide-reaching ecological and evolutionary consequences. However, species interaction networks are typically constructed from temporally aggregated interaction data, thereby implicitly assuming that interactions are fixed. This approach has advanced our understanding of communities, but it obscures the timescale at which interactions form (or dissolve) and the drivers and consequences of such dynamics. We address this knowledge gap by quantifying the within-season turnover of plant–pollinator interactions from weekly censuses across 3 years in a subalpine ecosystem. Week-to-week turnover of interactions (1) was high, (2) followed a consistent seasonal progression in all years of study and (3) was dominated by interaction rewiring (the reassembly of interactions among species). Simulation models revealed that species' phenologies and relative abundances constrained both total interaction turnover and rewiring. Our findings reveal the diversity of species interactions that may be missed when the temporal dynamics of networks are ignored.

Data from: Microenvironment and functional-trait context dependence predict alpine plant community dynamics - Bente J. Graae; Jacob M. Heiling; Rebecca M. Dalton; Benjamin Blonder (other, 2018)
Predicting the structure and dynamics of communities is difficult. Approaches linking functional traits to niche boundaries, species co‐occurrence and demography are promising, but have so far had limited success. We hypothesized that predictability in community ecology could be improved by incorporating more accurate measures of fine‐scale environmental heterogeneity and the context‐dependent function of traits. We tested these hypotheses using long term whole‐community demography data from an alpine plant community in Colorado. Species distributions along microenvironmental gradients covaried with traits important for below‐ground processes. Positive associations between species distributions across life stages could not be explained by abiotic microenvironment alone, consistent with facilitative processes. Rates of growth, survival, fecundity and recruitment were predicted by the direct and interactive effects of trait, microenvironment, macroenvironment and neighbourhood axes. Synthesis. Context‐dependent interactions between multiple traits and microenvironmental axes are needed to predict fine‐scale community structure and dynamics.

Data release of OSL, 14C, and U-series age data supporting geologic mapping along the South Platte River corridor in northeastern Colorado - Margaret E. Berry (other, 2018)
In conjunction with geologic mapping of four 7.5′ quadrangles along the South Platte River corridor in northeastern Colorado (Masters, Orchard, Weldona, and Fort Morgan), geochronology samples were collected and analyzed using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), radiocarbon (14C), or U-series methods to provide age control for mapping units. This section of river corridor is largely covered by surficial deposits that formed from alluvial, eolian, and hillslope processes operating in concert with environmental changes from the Pleistocene to the present. The South Platte River originates high in the Colorado Rocky Mountains and recurrent glaciation of basin headwaters has affected river discharge and sediment supply far downstream, [...]

Iron_Vegetation_Modifiedwhitakerplots (other, 2018)
Initial baseline (2016 or 2017) Modified Whitaker Plots conducted for sites associated with the interactive Roaring Fork Observation Network (iRON) in the Southern Rockies of Colorado. Plots were all 20m x 50m and taken using the Modified Whitaker Plot Method.

ARM: KAZRCFRGE (2018)
[object Object]

Heiling.et.al.Oikos.2018.data - Heather Ellison; Trevor Ledbetter; Jacob M. Heiling; Rebecca E. Irwin (other, 2018)
An Excel workbook of data for Heiling et al 2018. First sheet is a metadata file, all other sheets are arrange chronologically. Sheet names describe the analysis the data were used for.

Appendix 3 Metadata (CSV) - Rebecca M. Dalton; Bente J. Graae; Jacob M. Heiling; Benjamin Blonder (other, 2018)

Appendix 1 Metadata (CSV) - Rebecca M. Dalton; Bente J. Graae; Jacob M. Heiling; Benjamin Blonder (other, 2018)

Iron_Soil Moisture_Calibrated_2013 To 2018 (other, 2018)
*** An error has been caught in time codes. The time codes currently read GMT-5:00. The CORRECT time code is GMT-7:00 for all datasets .*** These data are the complete data set from installation through March 15, 2018 for AGCI's interactive Roaring Fork Observation Network (iRON). The network consists of 9 stations in the Southern Rockies (Colorado, USA). Descriptions of soil type and site locations can be found at: www.agci.org/iron/stations Please note: Measurements taken for rain are recorded via tipping bucket rain gauge and may not be accurate for winter precipitation events (e.g. snow). Error readings are represented by -888.88, -138.25, or -162.469 represents a sensor error. Absent data is represented by N/A. Sensors used for soil moisture readings are Decagon EC-5 Dielectric probe (5cm/2in depth); Decagon 10-HS (20cm/8in; 50cm/20in depths). All other equipment is Onset, and the logger device is the RX3000 model. Data collection is generally set to every 20 minutes (most stations) or every hour (Independence Pass station), but maintenance resets, etc. may occasionally have contributed to other collection intervals, e.g. every 5 minutes. Conversely, on occasions of logger failure, there may be full days of data absent. Snow data are available for Northstar Transition Zone and Independence Pass by request. Updated calibrations (V2) are anticipated in the summer of 2018 for the following stations: Glassier Ranch (3), Glenwood Springs (5), Northstar Transition Zone (7), Spring Valley (8) Some instruments have been replaced over the life of a station. In 2015, all original U30 logger boxes were replaced with the RX3000 model. For complete metadata or records of instrumentation, please contact project advisor E. Osenga at eliseo at agci.org. **Glassier Ranch site is a wetland and the soils are often completely saturated (leading to sensor difficulties in taking accurate readings) much of the year.

Iron_Soil_Moisture_Uncalibrated_2013_2017 (other, 2018)
These data are the complete data set from installation through Dec 31, 2017 for AGCI's interactive Roaring Fork Observation Network (iRON). The network consists of 9 stations in the Southern Rockies (Colorado, USA). Descriptions of soil type and site locations can be found at: www.agci.org/iron/stations Please note that these soil moisture data readings are uncalibrated . Measurements taken for rain are recorded via tipping bucket rain gauge and may not be accurate for winter precipitation events (e.g. snow). Blank spaces represent absent or false readings. -888.88, -138.25, or -162.469 represents a sensor error. Sensors used for soil moisture readings are Decagon EC-5 Dielectric probe (5cm/2in depth); Decagon 10-HS (20cm/8in; 50cm/20in depths). All other equipment is Onset, and the logger device is the RX3000 model. Data collection is generally set to every 20 minutes (most stations) or every hour (Independence Pass station), but maintenance resets, etc. may occasionally have contributed to other collection intervals, e.g. every 5 minutes. Conversely, on occasions of logger failure, there may be full days of data absent. A V1 set of the data, planned for release in summer of 2018 will provided cleaned and calibrated versions of the data. Some instruments have been replaced over the life of a station. In 2015, all original U30 logger boxes were replaced with the RX3000 model. For complete metadata or records of instrumentation, please contact project advisor E. Osenga at eliseo at agci.org.

Iron_Soil_Moisture_Uncalibrated_2013_2017 (other, 2018)
These data are the complete data set from installation through Dec 31, 2017 for AGCI's interactive Roaring Fork Observation Network (iRON). The network consists of 9 stations in the Southern Rockies (Colorado, USA). Descriptions of soil type and site locations can be found at: www.agci.org/iron/stations Please note that these soil moisture data readings are uncalibrated . Measurements taken for rain are recorded via tipping bucket rain gauge and may not be accurate for winter precipitation events (e.g. snow). Blank spaces represent absent or false readings. -888.88, -138.25, or -162.469 represents a sensor error. Sensors used for soil moisture readings are Decagon EC-5 Dielectric probe (5cm/2in depth); Decagon 10-HS (20cm/8in; 50cm/20in depths). All other equipment is Onset, and the logger device is the RX3000 model. Data collection is generally set to every 20 minutes (most stations) or every hour (Independence Pass station), but maintenance resets, etc. may occasionally have contributed to other collection intervals, e.g. every 5 minutes. Conversely, on occasions of logger failure, there may be full days of data absent. A V1 set of the data, planned for release in summer of 2018 will provided cleaned and calibrated versions of the data. Some instruments have been replaced over the life of a station. In 2015, all original U30 logger boxes were replaced with the RX3000 model. For complete metadata or records of instrumentation, please contact project advisor E. Osenga at eliseo at agci.org.

Transmission_models (other, 2018)
All code (.R) and raw data necessary to run model selection analyses of 'Ca. Mycoplasma haemominutum' transmission among felids as described in Kellner et al. 2018.

Iron_Soil Moisture_Calibrated_2013 To 2018 (other, 2018)
*** An error has been caught in time codes. The time codes currently read GMT-5:00. The CORRECT time code is GMT-7:00 for all datasets .*** These data are the complete data set from installation through March 15, 2018 for AGCI's interactive Roaring Fork Observation Network (iRON). The network consists of 9 stations in the Southern Rockies (Colorado, USA). Descriptions of soil type and site locations can be found at: www.agci.org/iron/stations Please note: Measurements taken for rain are recorded via tipping bucket rain gauge and may not be accurate for winter precipitation events (e.g. snow). Error readings are represented by -888.88, -138.25, or -162.469 represents a sensor error. Absent data is represented by N/A. Sensors used for soil moisture readings are Decagon EC-5 Dielectric probe (5cm/2in depth); Decagon 10-HS (20cm/8in; 50cm/20in depths). All other equipment is Onset, and the logger device is the RX3000 model. Data collection is generally set to every 20 minutes (most stations) or every hour (Independence Pass station), but maintenance resets, etc. may occasionally have contributed to other collection intervals, e.g. every 5 minutes. Conversely, on occasions of logger failure, there may be full days of data absent. Snow data are available for Northstar Transition Zone and Independence Pass by request. Updated calibrations (V2) are anticipated in the summer of 2018 for the following stations: Glassier Ranch (3), Glenwood Springs (5), Northstar Transition Zone (7), Spring Valley (8) Some instruments have been replaced over the life of a station. In 2015, all original U30 logger boxes were replaced with the RX3000 model. For complete metadata or records of instrumentation, please contact project advisor E. Osenga at eliseo at agci.org. **Glassier Ranch site is a wetland and the soils are often completely saturated (leading to sensor difficulties in taking accurate readings) much of the year.

natural_populations_plot - Priya Vaidya; Emily Mattoon; Ansley McDurmon; Robin Bingham; Michaela Keefe (other, 2018)
This file contains the data to analyze the environmental correlates of flower color variation. The results are laid out in the text (Environmental correlates of flower color variation) and Table S3.

Iron_Vegetation_Modifiedwhitakerplots (other, 2018)
Initial baseline (2016 or 2017) Modified Whitaker Plots conducted for sites associated with the interactive Roaring Fork Observation Network (iRON) in the Southern Rockies of Colorado. Plots were all 20m x 50m and taken using the Modified Whitaker Plot Method.

Iron_Soil_Moisture_Uncalibrated_2013_2017 (other, 2018)
These data are the complete data set from installation through Dec 31, 2017 for AGCI's interactive Roaring Fork Observation Network (iRON). The network consists of 9 stations in the Southern Rockies (Colorado, USA). Descriptions of soil type and site locations can be found at: www.agci.org/iron/stations Please note that these soil moisture data readings are uncalibrated . Measurements taken for rain are recorded via tipping bucket rain gauge and may not be accurate for winter precipitation events (e.g. snow). Blank spaces represent absent or false readings. -888.88, -138.25, or -162.469 represents a sensor error. Sensors used for soil moisture readings are Decagon EC-5 Dielectric probe (5cm/2in depth); Decagon 10-HS (20cm/8in; 50cm/20in depths). All other equipment is Onset, and the logger device is the RX3000 model. Data collection is generally set to every 20 minutes (most stations) or every hour (Independence Pass station), but maintenance resets, etc. may occasionally have contributed to other collection intervals, e.g. every 5 minutes. Conversely, on occasions of logger failure, there may be full days of data absent. A V1 set of the data, planned for release in summer of 2018 will provided cleaned and calibrated versions of the data. Some instruments have been replaced over the life of a station. In 2015, all original U30 logger boxes were replaced with the RX3000 model. For complete metadata or records of instrumentation, please contact project advisor E. Osenga at eliseo at agci.org.

Appendix 1 (GRD) - Rebecca M. Dalton; Bente J. Graae; Jacob M. Heiling; Benjamin Blonder (other, 2018)
Kriged maps of microenvironment variables in global coordinates (Arc Grid format).

Osmia_iridis_2015_summer_incubator_expt - Regan Cross; Jessica R. K. Forrest; Paul J. CaraDonna (other, 2018)
Data used to generate Fig. 3A-B. Please see README file for details.

Osmia_iridis_development_by_DD_2015-16 - Regan Cross; Jessica R. K. Forrest; Paul J. CaraDonna (other, 2018)
Data used to generate Fig. 4. Please see README file for details.

Grand Mesa Study Plot (other, 2018)
Cleaned (quality checked) and continuous hourly records of snow energy and mass balance variables from Grand Mesa Study Plot (GMSP). GMSP is located in an opening in a pine forest on the northern rim of the Grand Mesa (39.050802, -108.061435) in west central Colorado at 3239 m. The site was funded by the USGS (poc: Jayne Belnap), installed by the Center for Snow and Avalanche Studies (poc: Jeff Derry), and is maintained by the Snow Optics Laboratory at NASA- JPL (poc: Thomas Painter). The study plot is primarily used to assess the spatial variability in the hydrologic impacts of dust on snow (see Skiles et al., 2015, DOI: 10.1002/hyp.10569). Real time data can be retried from MesoWest (station ID: GMSPC). The study plot consists of a snow profile plot that contains a tower holding the instrumentation array. Tower measurements include wind speed and direction, air temperature and relative humidity, snowpack depth, incoming and outgoing broadband (BB; 0.285 2.800 m) and near-infrared/shortwave-infrared (NIR/SWIR; 0.695 2.800 m) solar radiation, and incoming longwave radiation values. Precipitation is from the nearby Mesa Lakes Snow Telemetry site (SNOTEL; NRCS), which is located approximately 500m north of GMSP at 3048m under the assumption that precipitation is similar at the two sites. Variables are accompanied by notes in adjacent columns to indicate if the value is measured, interpolated, or 'cleaned' (i.e snow depths are set to 0 after the snow depletion date). Note: Grand Mesa was a field site for the NASA SnowEx field campaign in Year 1 (2017), and will be again Year 3 (2019). GMSP is/was within airborne flight domains. Dataset point of contact: S. McKenzie Skiles, Department of Geography, University of Utah (m.skiles@geog.utah.edu)

Forrest_HOBO_data_May2013-Dec2016 - Regan Cross; Jessica R. K. Forrest; Paul J. CaraDonna (other, 2018)
Temperature data from field sites. Please see README file for details.

Grand Mesa Study Plot (other, 2018)
Cleaned (quality checked) and continuous hourly records of snow energy and mass balance variables from Grand Mesa Study Plot (GMSP). GMSP is located in an opening in a pine forest on the northern rim of the Grand Mesa (39.050802, -108.061435) in west central Colorado at 3239 m. The site was funded by the USGS (poc: Jayne Belnap), installed by the Center for Snow and Avalanche Studies (poc: Jeff Derry), and is maintained by the Snow Optics Laboratory at NASA- JPL (poc: Thomas Painter). The study plot is primarily used to assess the spatial variability in the hydrologic impacts of dust on snow (see Skiles et al., 2015, DOI: 10.1002/hyp.10569). Real time data can be retried from MesoWest (station ID: GMSPC). The study plot consists of a snow profile plot that contains a tower holding the instrumentation array. Tower measurements include wind speed and direction, air temperature and relative humidity, snowpack depth, incoming and outgoing broadband (BB; 0.285–2.800 μm) and near-infrared/shortwave-infrared (NIR/SWIR; 0.695–2.800 μm) solar radiation, and incoming longwave radiation values. Precipitation is from the nearby ‘Mesa Lakes’ Snow Telemetry site (SNOTEL; NRCS), which is located approximately 500m north of GMSP at 3048m under the assumption that precipitation is similar at the two sites. Variables are accompanied by notes in adjacent columns to indicate if the value is measured, interpolated, or 'cleaned' (i.e snow depths are set to 0 after the snow depletion date). Note: Grand Mesa was a field site for the NASA SnowEx field campaign in Year 1 (2017), and will be again Year 3 (2019). GMSP is/was within airborne flight domains. Dataset point of contact: S. McKenzie Skiles, Department of Geography, University of Utah (m.skiles@geog.utah.edu)

Iron_Soil_Moisture_Uncalibrated_2013_2017 (other, 2018)
These data are the complete data set from installation through Dec 31, 2017 for AGCI's interactive Roaring Fork Observation Network (iRON). The network consists of 9 stations in the Southern Rockies (Colorado, USA). Descriptions of soil type and site locations can be found at: www.agci.org/iron/stations Please note that these soil moisture data readings are uncalibrated . Measurements taken for rain are recorded via tipping bucket rain gauge and may not be accurate for winter precipitation events (e.g. snow). Blank spaces represent absent or false readings. -888.88, -138.25, or -162.469 represents a sensor error. Sensors used for soil moisture readings are Decagon EC-5 Dielectric probe (5cm/2in depth); Decagon 10-HS (20cm/8in; 50cm/20in depths). All other equipment is Onset, and the logger device is the RX3000 model. Data collection is generally set to every 20 minutes (most stations) or every hour (Independence Pass station), but maintenance resets, etc. may occasionally have contributed to other collection intervals, e.g. every 5 minutes. Conversely, on occasions of logger failure, there may be full days of data absent. A V1 set of the data, planned for release in summer of 2018 will provided cleaned and calibrated versions of the data. Some instruments have been replaced over the life of a station. In 2015, all original U30 logger boxes were replaced with the RX3000 model. For complete metadata or records of instrumentation, please contact project advisor E. Osenga at eliseo at agci.org.

Grand Mesa Study Plot (other, 2018)
Cleaned (quality checked) and continuous hourly records of snow energy and mass balance variables from Grand Mesa Study Plot (GMSP). GMSP is located in an opening in a pine forest on the northern rim of the Grand Mesa (39.050802, -108.061435) in west central Colorado at 3239 m. The site was funded by the USGS (poc: Jayne Belnap), installed by the Center for Snow and Avalanche Studies (poc: Jeff Derry), and is maintained by the Snow Optics Laboratory at NASA- JPL (poc: Thomas Painter). The study plot is primarily used to assess the spatial variability in the hydrologic impacts of dust on snow (see Skiles et al., 2015, DOI: 10.1002/hyp.10569). Real time data can be retried from MesoWest (station ID: GMSPC). The study plot consists of a snow profile plot that contains a tower holding the instrumentation array. Tower measurements include wind speed and direction, air temperature and relative humidity, snowpack depth, incoming and outgoing broadband (BB; 0.285–2.800 μm) and near-infrared/shortwave-infrared (NIR/SWIR; 0.695–2.800 μm) solar radiation, and incoming longwave radiation values. Precipitation is from the nearby ‘Mesa Lakes’ Snow Telemetry site (SNOTEL; NRCS), which is located approximately 500m north of GMSP at 3048m under the assumption that precipitation is similar at the two sites. Variables are accompanied by notes in adjacent columns to indicate if the value is measured, interpolated, or 'cleaned' (i.e snow depths are set to 0 after the snow depletion date). Note: Grand Mesa was a field site for the NASA SnowEx field campaign in Year 1 (2017), and will be again Year 3 (2019). GMSP is/was within airborne flight domains. Dataset point of contact: S. McKenzie Skiles, Department of Geography, University of Utah (m.skiles@geog.utah.edu)

DEFUNCT:_iRON_Soil Moisture_Calibrated_2013 to 2018 (other, 2018)
***An error has been caught in time codes. The time codes currently read GMT-5:00. The CORRECT time code is GMT-7:00 for all datasets. Files with FullRecord in the name are in correct, UTC time codes*** These data are the complete data set from installation through March 15, 2018 for AGCI's interactive Roaring Fork Observation Network (iRON). The network consists of 9 stations in the Southern Rockies (Colorado, USA). Descriptions of soil type and site locations can be found at: www.agci.org/iron/stations Please note: Measurements taken for rain are recorded via tipping bucket rain gauge and may not be accurate for winter precipitation events (e.g. snow). Error readings are represented by -888.88, -138.25, or -162.469 represents a sensor error. Absent data is represented by N/A. Sensors used for soil moisture readings are Decagon EC-5 Dielectric probe (5cm/2in depth); Decagon 10-HS (20cm/8in; 50cm/20in depths). All other equipment is Onset, and the logger device is the RX3000 model. Data collection is generally set to every 20 minutes (most stations) or every hour (Independence Pass station), but maintenance resets, etc. may occasionally have contributed to other collection intervals, e.g. every 5 minutes. Conversely, on occasions of logger failure, there may be full days of data absent. Snow data are available for Northstar Transition Zone and Independence Pass by request. Updated calibrations (V2) are anticipated in the summer of 2018 for the following stations: Glassier Ranch (3), Glenwood Springs (5), Northstar Transition Zone (7), Spring Valley (8) Some instruments have been replaced over the life of a station. In 2015, all original U30 logger boxes were replaced with the RX3000 model. For complete metadata or records of instrumentation, please contact project advisor E. Osenga at eliseo at agci.org. **Glassier Ranch site is a wetland and the soils are often completely saturated (leading to sensor difficulties in taking accurate readings) much of the year.

Grand Mesa Study Plot (other, 2018)
Cleaned (quality checked) and continuous hourly records of snow energy and mass balance variables from Grand Mesa Study Plot (GMSP). GMSP is located in an opening in a pine forest on the northern rim of the Grand Mesa (39.050802, -108.061435) in west central Colorado at 3239 m. The site was funded by the USGS (poc: Jayne Belnap), installed by the Center for Snow and Avalanche Studies (poc: Jeff Derry), and is maintained by the Snow Optics Laboratory at NASA- JPL (poc: Thomas Painter). The study plot is primarily used to assess the spatial variability in the hydrologic impacts of dust on snow (see Skiles et al., 2015, DOI: 10.1002/hyp.10569). Real time data can be retried from MesoWest (station ID: GMSPC). The study plot consists of a snow profile plot that contains a tower holding the instrumentation array. Tower measurements include wind speed and direction, air temperature and relative humidity, snowpack depth, incoming and outgoing broadband (BB; 0.285 2.800 m) and near-infrared/shortwave-infrared (NIR/SWIR; 0.695 2.800 m) solar radiation, and incoming longwave radiation values. Precipitation is from the nearby Mesa Lakes Snow Telemetry site (SNOTEL; NRCS), which is located approximately 500m north of GMSP at 3048m under the assumption that precipitation is similar at the two sites. Variables are accompanied by notes in adjacent columns to indicate if the value is measured, interpolated, or 'cleaned' (i.e snow depths are set to 0 after the snow depletion date). Note: Grand Mesa was a field site for the NASA SnowEx field campaign in Year 1 (2017), and will be again Year 3 (2019). GMSP is/was within airborne flight domains. Dataset point of contact: S. McKenzie Skiles, Department of Geography, University of Utah (m.skiles@geog.utah.edu)

choice_experiment - Ansley McDurmon; Emily Mattoon; Michaela Keefe; Robin Bingham; Priya Vaidya (other, 2018)
This file contains the data for the choice experiment.

Appendix 4 (CSV) - Bente J. Graae; Rebecca M. Dalton; Jacob M. Heiling; Benjamin Blonder (other, 2018)
Complete census data in all plots for years 2014-2017, transformed into format suitable for demographic regression (CSV format with text metadata).

Iron_Soil_Moisture_Uncalibrated_2013_2017 (other, 2018)
These data are the complete data set from installation through Dec 31, 2017 for AGCI's interactive Roaring Fork Observation Network (iRON). The network consists of 9 stations in the Southern Rockies (Colorado, USA). Descriptions of soil type and site locations can be found at: www.agci.org/iron/stations Please note that these soil moisture data readings are uncalibrated . Measurements taken for rain are recorded via tipping bucket rain gauge and may not be accurate for winter precipitation events (e.g. snow). Blank spaces represent absent or false readings. -888.88, -138.25, or -162.469 represents a sensor error. Sensors used for soil moisture readings are Decagon EC-5 Dielectric probe (5cm/2in depth); Decagon 10-HS (20cm/8in; 50cm/20in depths). All other equipment is Onset, and the logger device is the RX3000 model. Data collection is generally set to every 20 minutes (most stations) or every hour (Independence Pass station), but maintenance resets, etc. may occasionally have contributed to other collection intervals, e.g. every 5 minutes. Conversely, on occasions of logger failure, there may be full days of data absent. A V1 set of the data, planned for release in summer of 2018 will provided cleaned and calibrated versions of the data. Some instruments have been replaced over the life of a station. In 2015, all original U30 logger boxes were replaced with the RX3000 model. For complete metadata or records of instrumentation, please contact project advisor E. Osenga at eliseo at agci.org.

Iron_Soil Moisture_Calibrated_2013 To 2018 (other, 2018)
*** An error has been caught in time codes. The time codes currently read GMT-5:00. The CORRECT time code is GMT-7:00 for all datasets . Files with FullRecord in the name are in correct, UTC time codes *** These data are the complete data set from installation through March 15, 2018 for AGCI's interactive Roaring Fork Observation Network (iRON). The network consists of 9 stations in the Southern Rockies (Colorado, USA). Descriptions of soil type and site locations can be found at: www.agci.org/iron/stations Please note: Measurements taken for rain are recorded via tipping bucket rain gauge and may not be accurate for winter precipitation events (e.g. snow). Error readings are represented by -888.88, -138.25, or -162.469 represents a sensor error. Absent data is represented by N/A. Sensors used for soil moisture readings are Decagon EC-5 Dielectric probe (5cm/2in depth); Decagon 10-HS (20cm/8in; 50cm/20in depths). All other equipment is Onset, and the logger device is the RX3000 model. Data collection is generally set to every 20 minutes (most stations) or every hour (Independence Pass station), but maintenance resets, etc. may occasionally have contributed to other collection intervals, e.g. every 5 minutes. Conversely, on occasions of logger failure, there may be full days of data absent. Snow data are available for Northstar Transition Zone and Independence Pass by request. Updated calibrations (V2) are anticipated in the summer of 2018 for the following stations: Glassier Ranch (3), Glenwood Springs (5), Northstar Transition Zone (7), Spring Valley (8) Some instruments have been replaced over the life of a station. In 2015, all original U30 logger boxes were replaced with the RX3000 model. For complete metadata or records of instrumentation, please contact project advisor E. Osenga at eliseo at agci.org. **Glassier Ranch site is a wetland and the soils are often completely saturated (leading to sensor difficulties in taking accurate readings) much of the year.

Osmia_iridis_summer_duration_expt_2014-15 - Regan Cross; Jessica R. K. Forrest; Paul J. CaraDonna (other, 2018)
Please see README file.

Phylogenetics.zip (other, 2018)
Sequence alignment (.fas) and information associated with phylogenetic analysis and ancestral state reconstruction in Kellner et al. 2018.

Osmia_iridis_2016_summer_incubator_expt - Regan Cross; Jessica R. K. Forrest; Paul J. CaraDonna (other, 2018)
Data used to generate Fig. 3C-D. Please see README file for details.

Grand Mesa Study Plot (other, 2018)
Cleaned (quality checked) and continuous hourly records of snow energy and mass balance variables from Grand Mesa Study Plot (GMSP). GMSP is located in an opening in a pine forest on the northern rim of the Grand Mesa (39.050802, -108.061435) in west central Colorado at 3239 m. The site was funded by the USGS (poc: Jayne Belnap), installed by the Center for Snow and Avalanche Studies (poc: Jeff Derry), and is maintained by the Snow Optics Laboratory at NASA- JPL (poc: Thomas Painter). The study plot is primarily used to assess the spatial variability in the hydrologic impacts of dust on snow (see Skiles et al., 2015, DOI: 10.1002/hyp.10569). Real time data can be retried from MesoWest (station ID: GMSPC). The study plot consists of a snow profile plot that contains a tower holding the instrumentation array. Tower measurements include wind speed and direction, air temperature and relative humidity, snowpack depth, incoming and outgoing broadband (BB; 0.285–2.800 μm) and near-infrared/shortwave-infrared (NIR/SWIR; 0.695–2.800 μm) solar radiation, and incoming longwave radiation values. Precipitation is from the nearby ‘Mesa Lakes’ Snow Telemetry site (SNOTEL; NRCS), which is located approximately 500m north of GMSP at 3048m under the assumption that precipitation is similar at the two sites. Variables are accompanied by notes in adjacent columns to indicate if the value is measured, interpolated, or 'cleaned' (i.e snow depths are set to 0 after the snow depletion date). Note: Grand Mesa was a field site for the NASA SnowEx field campaign in Year 1 (2017), and will be again Year 3 (2019). GMSP is/was within airborne flight domains. Dataset point of contact: S. McKenzie Skiles, Department of Geography, University of Utah (m.skiles@geog.utah.edu)

Grand Mesa Study Plot (other, 2018)
Cleaned (quality checked) and continuous hourly records of snow energy and mass balance variables from Grand Mesa Study Plot (GMSP). GMSP is located in an opening in a pine forest on the northern rim of the Grand Mesa (39.050802, -108.061435) in west central Colorado at 3239 m. The site was funded by the USGS (poc: Jayne Belnap), installed by the Center for Snow and Avalanche Studies (poc: Jeff Derry), and is maintained by the Snow Optics Laboratory at NASA- JPL (poc: Thomas Painter). The study plot is primarily used to assess the spatial variability in the hydrologic impacts of dust on snow (see Skiles et al., 2015, DOI: 10.1002/hyp.10569). Real time data can be retried from MesoWest (station ID: GMSPC). The study plot consists of a snow profile plot that contains a tower holding the instrumentation array. Tower measurements include wind speed and direction, air temperature and relative humidity, snowpack depth, incoming and outgoing broadband (BB; 0.285–2.800 μm) and near-infrared/shortwave-infrared (NIR/SWIR; 0.695–2.800 μm) solar radiation, and incoming longwave radiation values. Precipitation is from the nearby ‘Mesa Lakes’ Snow Telemetry site (SNOTEL; NRCS), which is located approximately 500m north of GMSP at 3048m under the assumption that precipitation is similar at the two sites. Variables are accompanied by notes in adjacent columns to indicate if the value is measured, interpolated, or 'cleaned' (i.e snow depths are set to 0 after the snow depletion date). Note: Grand Mesa was a field site for the NASA SnowEx field campaign in Year 1 (2017), and will be again Year 3 (2019). GMSP is/was within airborne flight domains. Dataset point of contact: S. McKenzie Skiles, Department of Geography, University of Utah (m.skiles@geog.utah.edu)

Iron_Soil_Moisture_Uncalibrated_2013_2017 (other, 2018)
These data are the complete data set from installation through Dec 31, 2017 for AGCI's interactive Roaring Fork Observation Network (iRON). The network consists of 9 stations in the Southern Rockies (Colorado, USA). Descriptions of soil type and site locations can be found at: www.agci.org/iron/stations Please note that these soil moisture data readings are uncalibrated . Measurements taken for rain are recorded via tipping bucket rain gauge and may not be accurate for winter precipitation events (e.g. snow). Blank spaces represent absent or false readings. -888.88, -138.25, or -162.469 represents a sensor error. Sensors used for soil moisture readings are Decagon EC-5 Dielectric probe (5cm/2in depth); Decagon 10-HS (20cm/8in; 50cm/20in depths). All other equipment is Onset, and the logger device is the RX3000 model. Data collection is generally set to every 20 minutes (most stations) or every hour (Independence Pass station), but maintenance resets, etc. may occasionally have contributed to other collection intervals, e.g. every 5 minutes. Conversely, on occasions of logger failure, there may be full days of data absent. A V1 set of the data, planned for release in summer of 2018 will provided cleaned and calibrated versions of the data. Some instruments have been replaced over the life of a station. In 2015, all original U30 logger boxes were replaced with the RX3000 model. For complete metadata or records of instrumentation, please contact project advisor E. Osenga at eliseo at agci.org.

Iron_Soil Moisture_Calibrated_2013 To 2018 (other, 2018)
*** An error has been caught in time codes. The time codes currently read GMT-5:00. The CORRECT time code is GMT-7:00 for all datasets .*** These data are the complete data set from installation through March 15, 2018 for AGCI's interactive Roaring Fork Observation Network (iRON). The network consists of 9 stations in the Southern Rockies (Colorado, USA). Descriptions of soil type and site locations can be found at: www.agci.org/iron/stations Please note: Measurements taken for rain are recorded via tipping bucket rain gauge and may not be accurate for winter precipitation events (e.g. snow). Error readings are represented by -888.88, -138.25, or -162.469 represents a sensor error. Absent data is represented by N/A. Sensors used for soil moisture readings are Decagon EC-5 Dielectric probe (5cm/2in depth); Decagon 10-HS (20cm/8in; 50cm/20in depths). All other equipment is Onset, and the logger device is the RX3000 model. Data collection is generally set to every 20 minutes (most stations) or every hour (Independence Pass station), but maintenance resets, etc. may occasionally have contributed to other collection intervals, e.g. every 5 minutes. Conversely, on occasions of logger failure, there may be full days of data absent. Snow data are available for Northstar Transition Zone and Independence Pass by request. Updated calibrations (V2) are anticipated in the summer of 2018 for the following stations: Glassier Ranch (3), Glenwood Springs (5), Northstar Transition Zone (7), Spring Valley (8) Some instruments have been replaced over the life of a station. In 2015, all original U30 logger boxes were replaced with the RX3000 model. For complete metadata or records of instrumentation, please contact project advisor E. Osenga at eliseo at agci.org. **Glassier Ranch site is a wetland and the soils are often completely saturated (leading to sensor difficulties in taking accurate readings) much of the year.

DEFUNCT:_iRON_Soil Moisture_Calibrated_2013 to 2018 (other, 2018)
***An error has been caught in time codes. The time codes currently read GMT-5:00. The CORRECT time code is GMT-7:00 for all datasets. Files with FullRecord in the name are in correct, UTC time codes*** These data are the complete data set from installation through March 15, 2018 for AGCI's interactive Roaring Fork Observation Network (iRON). The network consists of 9 stations in the Southern Rockies (Colorado, USA). Descriptions of soil type and site locations can be found at: www.agci.org/iron/stations Please note: Measurements taken for rain are recorded via tipping bucket rain gauge and may not be accurate for winter precipitation events (e.g. snow). Error readings are represented by -888.88, -138.25, or -162.469 represents a sensor error. Absent data is represented by N/A. Sensors used for soil moisture readings are Decagon EC-5 Dielectric probe (5cm/2in depth); Decagon 10-HS (20cm/8in; 50cm/20in depths). All other equipment is Onset, and the logger device is the RX3000 model. Data collection is generally set to every 20 minutes (most stations) or every hour (Independence Pass station), but maintenance resets, etc. may occasionally have contributed to other collection intervals, e.g. every 5 minutes. Conversely, on occasions of logger failure, there may be full days of data absent. Snow data are available for Northstar Transition Zone and Independence Pass by request. Updated calibrations (V2) are anticipated in the summer of 2018 for the following stations: Glassier Ranch (3), Glenwood Springs (5), Northstar Transition Zone (7), Spring Valley (8) Some instruments have been replaced over the life of a station. In 2015, all original U30 logger boxes were replaced with the RX3000 model. For complete metadata or records of instrumentation, please contact project advisor E. Osenga at eliseo at agci.org. **Glassier Ranch site is a wetland and the soils are often completely saturated (leading to sensor difficulties in taking accurate readings) much of the year.

no_choice_experiment - Emily Mattoon; Ansley McDurmon; Priya Vaidya; Robin Bingham; Michaela Keefe (other, 2018)
This file contains the data for the no choice experiment

Appendix 2 (CSV) - Bente J. Graae; Rebecca M. Dalton; Jacob M. Heiling; Benjamin Blonder (other, 2018)
Functional trait values (means and standard deviations) for species occurring in the plots (CSV format with text metadata).

Iron_Soil Moisture_Calibrated_2013 To 2018 (other, 2018)
*** An error has been caught in time codes. The time codes currently read GMT-5:00. The CORRECT time code is GMT-7:00 for all datasets .*** These data are the complete data set from installation through March 15, 2018 for AGCI's interactive Roaring Fork Observation Network (iRON). The network consists of 9 stations in the Southern Rockies (Colorado, USA). Descriptions of soil type and site locations can be found at: www.agci.org/iron/stations Please note: Measurements taken for rain are recorded via tipping bucket rain gauge and may not be accurate for winter precipitation events (e.g. snow). Error readings are represented by -888.88, -138.25, or -162.469 represents a sensor error. Absent data is represented by N/A. Sensors used for soil moisture readings are Decagon EC-5 Dielectric probe (5cm/2in depth); Decagon 10-HS (20cm/8in; 50cm/20in depths). All other equipment is Onset, and the logger device is the RX3000 model. Data collection is generally set to every 20 minutes (most stations) or every hour (Independence Pass station), but maintenance resets, etc. may occasionally have contributed to other collection intervals, e.g. every 5 minutes. Conversely, on occasions of logger failure, there may be full days of data absent. Snow data are available for Northstar Transition Zone and Independence Pass by request. Updated calibrations (V2) are anticipated in the summer of 2018 for the following stations: Glassier Ranch (3), Glenwood Springs (5), Northstar Transition Zone (7), Spring Valley (8) Some instruments have been replaced over the life of a station. In 2015, all original U30 logger boxes were replaced with the RX3000 model. For complete metadata or records of instrumentation, please contact project advisor E. Osenga at eliseo at agci.org. **Glassier Ranch site is a wetland and the soils are often completely saturated (leading to sensor difficulties in taking accurate readings) much of the year.

Iron_Soil Moisture_Calibrated_2013 To 2018 (other, 2018)
*** An error has been caught in time codes. The time codes currently read GMT-5:00. The CORRECT time code is GMT-7:00 for all datasets .*** These data are the complete data set from installation through March 15, 2018 for AGCI's interactive Roaring Fork Observation Network (iRON). The network consists of 9 stations in the Southern Rockies (Colorado, USA). Descriptions of soil type and site locations can be found at: www.agci.org/iron/stations Please note: Measurements taken for rain are recorded via tipping bucket rain gauge and may not be accurate for winter precipitation events (e.g. snow). Error readings are represented by -888.88, -138.25, or -162.469 represents a sensor error. Absent data is represented by N/A. Sensors used for soil moisture readings are Decagon EC-5 Dielectric probe (5cm/2in depth); Decagon 10-HS (20cm/8in; 50cm/20in depths). All other equipment is Onset, and the logger device is the RX3000 model. Data collection is generally set to every 20 minutes (most stations) or every hour (Independence Pass station), but maintenance resets, etc. may occasionally have contributed to other collection intervals, e.g. every 5 minutes. Conversely, on occasions of logger failure, there may be full days of data absent. Snow data are available for Northstar Transition Zone and Independence Pass by request. Updated calibrations (V2) are anticipated in the summer of 2018 for the following stations: Glassier Ranch (3), Glenwood Springs (5), Northstar Transition Zone (7), Spring Valley (8) Some instruments have been replaced over the life of a station. In 2015, all original U30 logger boxes were replaced with the RX3000 model. For complete metadata or records of instrumentation, please contact project advisor E. Osenga at eliseo at agci.org. **Glassier Ranch site is a wetland and the soils are often completely saturated (leading to sensor difficulties in taking accurate readings) much of the year.

Iron_Soil Moisture_Calibrated_2013 To 2018 (other, 2018)
*** An error has been caught in time codes. The time codes currently read GMT-5:00. The CORRECT time code is GMT-7:00 for all datasets . Files with FullRecord in the name are in correct, UTC time codes *** These data are the complete data set from installation through March 15, 2018 for AGCI's interactive Roaring Fork Observation Network (iRON). The network consists of 9 stations in the Southern Rockies (Colorado, USA). Descriptions of soil type and site locations can be found at: www.agci.org/iron/stations Please note: Measurements taken for rain are recorded via tipping bucket rain gauge and may not be accurate for winter precipitation events (e.g. snow). Error readings are represented by -888.88, -138.25, or -162.469 represents a sensor error. Absent data is represented by N/A. Sensors used for soil moisture readings are Decagon EC-5 Dielectric probe (5cm/2in depth); Decagon 10-HS (20cm/8in; 50cm/20in depths). All other equipment is Onset, and the logger device is the RX3000 model. Data collection is generally set to every 20 minutes (most stations) or every hour (Independence Pass station), but maintenance resets, etc. may occasionally have contributed to other collection intervals, e.g. every 5 minutes. Conversely, on occasions of logger failure, there may be full days of data absent. Snow data are available for Northstar Transition Zone and Independence Pass by request. Updated calibrations (V2) are anticipated in the summer of 2018 for the following stations: Glassier Ranch (3), Glenwood Springs (5), Northstar Transition Zone (7), Spring Valley (8) Some instruments have been replaced over the life of a station. In 2015, all original U30 logger boxes were replaced with the RX3000 model. For complete metadata or records of instrumentation, please contact project advisor E. Osenga at eliseo at agci.org. **Glassier Ranch site is a wetland and the soils are often completely saturated (leading to sensor difficulties in taking accurate readings) much of the year.

Iron_Soil Moisture_Calibrated_2013 To 2018 (other, 2018)
*** An error has been caught in time codes. The time codes currently read GMT-5:00. The CORRECT time code is GMT-7:00 for all datasets .*** These data are the complete data set from installation through March 15, 2018 for AGCI's interactive Roaring Fork Observation Network (iRON). The network consists of 9 stations in the Southern Rockies (Colorado, USA). Descriptions of soil type and site locations can be found at: www.agci.org/iron/stations Please note: Measurements taken for rain are recorded via tipping bucket rain gauge and may not be accurate for winter precipitation events (e.g. snow). Error readings are represented by -888.88, -138.25, or -162.469 represents a sensor error. Absent data is represented by N/A. Sensors used for soil moisture readings are Decagon EC-5 Dielectric probe (5cm/2in depth); Decagon 10-HS (20cm/8in; 50cm/20in depths). All other equipment is Onset, and the logger device is the RX3000 model. Data collection is generally set to every 20 minutes (most stations) or every hour (Independence Pass station), but maintenance resets, etc. may occasionally have contributed to other collection intervals, e.g. every 5 minutes. Conversely, on occasions of logger failure, there may be full days of data absent. Snow data are available for Northstar Transition Zone and Independence Pass by request. Updated calibrations (V2) are anticipated in the summer of 2018 for the following stations: Glassier Ranch (3), Glenwood Springs (5), Northstar Transition Zone (7), Spring Valley (8) Some instruments have been replaced over the life of a station. In 2015, all original U30 logger boxes were replaced with the RX3000 model. For complete metadata or records of instrumentation, please contact project advisor E. Osenga at eliseo at agci.org. **Glassier Ranch site is a wetland and the soils are often completely saturated (leading to sensor difficulties in taking accurate readings) much of the year.

Spin: A Docker-based Platform for Deploying Science Gateways at NERSC - Shreyas Cholia; Stefan Lasiewski; Valerie Hendrix; Cory Snavely; Gonzalo Alvarez (other, 2018)
This demonstration presents Spin, a Docker-based, on-premise cloud platform at NERSC that enables researchers to design, build, and manage their own science gateways and other services using container technology. After explaining the rationale behind building Spin and describing its basic architecture, staff will show how simple services can be created in a few minutes using basic tools. A discussion of science gateways that have been implemented with Spin will follow.

NOAA_CB_DD12_1950-2015_by_day - Regan Cross; Jessica R. K. Forrest; Paul J. CaraDonna (other, 2018)
Data used to generate Fig. 5. Please see README file for details.

Cross-Section Geometry and Sediment-Size Distribution Data from Muddy Creek and North Fork Gunnison River below Paonia Reservoir, Colorado, 2015 - Cory A. Williams; Rodney J Richards; Mark F Henneberg (other, 2017)
This data set contains cross-section geometry and sediment-size distribution data collected in the fall of 2015 from Muddy Creek and North Fork Gunnison River below Paonia Reservoir, Colorado. Six cross-sections were surveyed using Real-Time Kinematic Global Navigation Satellite System (RTK-GNSS) methods to document channel geometry below the reservoir. One cross-section was surveyed on Muddy Creek below Paonia Reservoir, and five cross-sections were surveyed from North Fork Gunnison River below Paonia Reservoir. All six cross-sections are incorporated in this data release within one shapefile. Pebble-counts were performed at each of the six cross-sections to document sediment-size distributions downstream from the reservoir. Four transects were located in the vicinity of each cross-section, where sediment size was measured and recorded. Transect locations were based on bankfull channel width; with transect 1 located one bankfull channel width upstream from the surveyed cross-section, transect 2 at the surveyed cross-section, and transects 3 and 4 located one and two bankfull channel widths downstream from the surveyed cross-section, respectively. All of the sediment-size distribution data are presented in .CSV files, with one file for each cross-section location incorporating all of the data for each of the four transects at that location.

Data from: Genomic single-nucleotide polymorphisms confirm that Gunnison and Greater sage-grouse are genetically well differentiated and that the Bi-State population is distinct - Jennifer A. Fike; Kenneth L. Jones (other, 2017)
Sage-grouse are iconic, declining inhabitants of sagebrush habitats in western North America, and their management depends on an understanding of genetic variation across the landscape. Two distinct species of sage-grouse have been recognized, Greater (Centrocercus urophasianus) and Gunnison sage-grouse (C. minimus), based on morphology, behavior, and variation at neutral genetic markers. A parapatric group of Greater Sage-Grouse along the border of California and Nevada ("Bi-State") is also genetically distinct at the same neutral genetic markers, yet not different in behavior or morphology. Because delineating taxonomic boundaries and defining conservation units is often difficult in recently diverged taxa and can be further complicated by highly skewed mating systems, we took advantage of new genomic methods that improve our ability to characterize genetic variation at a much finer resolution. We identified thousands of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among Gunnison, Greater, and Bi-State sage-grouse and used them to comprehensively examine levels of genetic diversity and differentiation among these groups. The pairwise multilocus fixation index (FST) was high (0.49) between Gunnison and Greater sage-grouse, and both principal coordinates analysis and model-based clustering grouped samples unequivocally by species. Standing genetic variation was lower within the Gunnison Sage-Grouse. The Bi-State population was also significantly differentiated from Greater Sage-Grouse, albeit more weakly (FST = 0.09), and genetic clustering results were consistent with reduced gene flow with Greater Sage-Grouse. No comparable genetic divisions were found within the Greater Sage-Grouse sample, which spanned the southern half of the range. Thus, we provide much stronger genetic evidence supporting the recognition of Gunnison Sage-Grouse as a distinct species with low genetic diversity. Further, our work confirms that the Bi-State population is differentiated from other Greater Sage-Grouse. The level of differentiation is much less than the divergence between Greater and Gunnison sage-grouse, supporting the idea that the Bi-State represents a unique population within the Greater Sage-Grouse. New genomic methods like the restriction-site-associated DNA (RAD-tag) method used here illustrate how increasing the number of markers and coverage of the genome can better characterize patterns of genetic variation, particularly among recently diverged taxa, providing vital information for conservation and management.

Data from: Trait-mediated community assembly: distinguishing the signatures of biotic and abiotic filters - Deirdre Loughnan; Benjamin Gilbert (other, 2017)
Conflicting hypotheses predict how traits mediate species establishment and community assembly. Traits of newly establishing individuals are predicted to converge, or be more similar to the resident, preexisting community, when the biotic or abiotic environment favors a single best phenotype, but are predicted to diverge when trait differences reduce competitive interactions. We tested these competing hypotheses using transplant seedlings in an old-field environment, and assessed the contribution of inter- and intra-specific transplant trait variation to community-level patterns. Using a soil moisture gradient and resident plant removals, we determined when traits of newly-establishing plants converge or diverge from the resident community by calculating community weighted mean traits for transplant and resident communities. We saw evidence of environmentally- and competitively-driven trait shifts that resulted in both trait convergence and divergence from the resident community, whose traits reflect the combined effects of both drivers. Leaf dry matter content (LDMC) of transplants diverged in the presence of competition, whereas plant height and stem-specific density (SSD) showed the opposite pattern, converging with the resident community in their presence. Specific leaf area (SLA) shifted with competition but did not reflect resident community SLA. All transplant traits were influenced by soil moisture, often in an interaction with competition, indicating that the strength of convergence or divergence is contingent on the abiotic environment. Intraspecific differences in transplant traits among treatments were evident in three of four traits; intraspecific height and SLA trends mirrored transplant community-level trends, whereas intraspecific shifts in SSD were distinct from community-level trends. Our study shows competition between plant species may cause traits of newly establishing plants to converge with the resident community, as frequently as it selects for trait divergence. These opposing effects of competition suggest that it plays a pervasive role in both intraspecific and species-level trait differences among communities.

Cross-Section Geometry and Sediment-Size Distribution Data from Muddy Creek and North Fork Gunnison River below Paonia Reservoir, western Colorado, 2017 - Rodney J Richards; Mark F Henneberg (other, 2017)
This data set contains cross-section geometry and sediment-size distribution data collected in the fall of 2017 from Muddy Creek and North Fork Gunnison River below Paonia Reservoir, western Colorado. Six cross-sections were surveyed using Real-Time Kinematic Global Navigation Satellite System (RTK-GNSS) methods to document channel geometry below the reservoir in 2015. Those same cross-sections were re-surveyed using the same methods in 2016 and 2017 to document any changes. One cross-section was surveyed on Muddy Creek below Paonia Reservoir, and five cross-sections were surveyed from North Fork Gunnison River below Paonia Reservoir. All six cross-sections are incorporated in this data release within one shapefile. Pebble counts were performed at each of the six cross-sections to document sediment-size distributions downstream from the reservoir. Four transects were located in the vicinity of each cross-section, where sediment size was measured and recorded. All of the sediment-size distribution data are presented in .CSV files, with one file for each cross-section location incorporating all of the data for each of the four transects at that location.

Cross-Section Geometry and Sediment-Size Distribution Data from Muddy Creek and North Fork Gunnison River below Paonia Reservoir, Colorado, 2016 - Cory A. Williams; Rodney J Richards; Mark F Henneberg (other, 2017)
This data set contains cross-section geometry and sediment-size distribution data collected in the fall of 2016 from Muddy Creek and North Fork Gunnison River below Paonia Reservoir, Colorado. Six cross-sections were surveyed using Real-Time Kinematic Global Navigation Satellite System (RTK-GNSS) methods to document channel geometry below the reservoir in 2015. Those same cross-sections were re-surveyed using the same methods in 2016 to document any changes. One cross-section was surveyed on Muddy Creek below Paonia Reservoir, and five cross-sections were surveyed from North Fork Gunnison River below Paonia Reservoir. All six cross-sections are incorporated in this data release within one shapefile. Pebble-counts were performed at each of the six cross-sections to document sediment-size distributions downstream from the reservoir. Four transects were located in the vicinity of each cross-section, where sediment size was measured and recorded. Transect locations were based on bankfull channel width; with transect 1 located one bankfull channel width upstream from the surveyed cross-section, transect 2 at the surveyed cross-section, and transects 3 and 4 located one and two bankfull channel widths downstream from the surveyed cross-section, respectively. All of the sediment-size distribution data are presented in .CSV files, with one file for each cross-section location incorporating all of the data for each of the four transects at that location.

Data from: Experimental species removals impact the architecture of pollination networks - Kyle Niezgoda; Heather M. Briggs (other, 2017)
Mutualistic networks are key for the creation and maintenance of biodiversity, yet are threatened by global environmental change. Most simulation models assume that network structure remains static after species losses, despite theoretical and empirical reasons to expect dynamic responses. We assessed the effects of experimental single bumblebee species removals on the structure of entire flower visitation networks. We hypothesized that network structure would change following processes linking interspecific competition with dietary niche breadth. We found that single pollinator species losses impact pollination network structure: resource complementarity decreased, while resource overlap increased. Despite marginally increased connectance, fewer plant species were visited after species removals. These changes may have negative functional impacts, as complementarity is important for maintaining biodiversity–ecological functioning relationships and visitation of rare plant species is critical for maintaining diverse plant communities.

Expected-heterozygosity-FST-between-species - Kenneth L. Jones; Jennifer A. Fike (other, 2017)
Excel spreadsheet comparing expected heterozygosity and FST at SNP loci, along with actual base counts from reads. Comparison is between the Greater Sage-grouse and Gunnison Sage-grouse samples, ie it does not include the Bi-state population for this analysis.

Argon data for Poncha Pass Map (other, 2017)
This dataset accompanies publication: Minor, S.A., Caine, J.S., Ruleman, C.A., Fridrich, C.J., Chan, C.F., Brandt, T.R., Morgan,L.E., Cosca, M.A., and Grauch, V.J.S., in prep, Geologic map of the Poncha Pass area, Chaffee, Fremont, and Saguache Counties, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map (in revision), 2 plates, 27 ms. p, 1:24,000 scale.

Selected water-level data for the shallow aquifer system in the Lower Gunnison River Basin, Colorado (other, 2017)
This point dataset contains water-level information concerning depth to water, potentiometric-surface altitude, and saturated thickness for the shallow groundwater system at selected well and borehole locations in the Lower Gunnison River Basin in Delta, Montrose, Ouray, and Gunnison Counties, Colorado. Depth-to-water data were compiled from measurements reported by the Colorado Division of Water Resources, U.S. Geological Survey, and Bureau of Reclamation. Potentiometric-surface altitude values were computed from the potentiometric-surface altitude raster dataset (potalt). Saturated-thickness values were computed from the saturated-thickness raster dataset (satthk). The U.S. Geological Survey prepared this dataset in cooperation with the Colorado Water Conservation Board.

Potentiometric-surface altitude contours for the shallow groundwater system in the Lower Gunnison River Basin, Colorado (other, 2017)
This dataset consists of contours showing the generalized altitude of the potentiometric surface for the shallow groundwater system in the Lower Gunnison River Basin in Delta, Montrose, Ouray, and Gunnison Counties, Colorado. Potentiometric-surface altitude was contoured from values in the raster dataset potalt. The U.S. Geological Survey prepared this dataset in cooperation with the Colorado Water Conservation Board.

Selected water-level data for the shallow aquifer system in the Lower Gunnison River Basin, Colorado (other, 2017)
This point dataset contains water-level information concerning depth to water, potentiometric-surface altitude, and saturated thickness for the shallow groundwater system at selected well and borehole locations in the Lower Gunnison River Basin in Delta, Montrose, Ouray, and Gunnison Counties, Colorado. Depth-to-water data were compiled from measurements reported by the Colorado Division of Water Resources, U.S. Geological Survey, and Bureau of Reclamation. Potentiometric-surface altitude values were computed from the potentiometric-surface altitude raster dataset (potalt). Saturated-thickness values were computed from the saturated-thickness raster dataset (satthk). The U.S. Geological Survey prepared this dataset in cooperation with the Colorado Water Conservation Board.

Data from: A global test for phylogenetic signal in shifts in flowering time under climate change - Nicole E. Rafferty; Paul D. Nabity (other, 2017)
1.Shifts in the timing of flowering are a conspicuous biological signal of climate change. These shifts have been documented across the globe for diverse communities. Although many species are flowering earlier, others have exhibited no shifts or delays in flowering. 2.How species respond phenologically will shape interactions both with other community members and with the abiotic environment, altering fitness, abundance, and ultimately persistence. 3.To understand if variability in phenological response is influenced by evolutionary history, we tested for phylogenetic signal in shifts in flowering onset for thirteen communities representing 116 families across the Northern Hemisphere. We compared the fit of models of neutral evolution (Brownian Motion) with models that incorporate selection (Ornstein-Uhlenbeck). 4.We found significant signal in whether species had shifted and the magnitude of response, with both traits conforming to an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model of trait evolution. 5.Synthesis. These results show there is global phylogenetic signal in the direction and magnitude of shifts in flowering onset and indicate selection has shaped flowering time responses of related species under climate change; thus, environmentally determined optima may constrain whether and to what degree species respond phenologically to climate change. Our findings further demonstrate the value of testing for phylogenetic signal across multiple communities and comparing multiple models of trait evolution.

Leaf trait data - Jordan Stark; Lake Crawford; Rebecca Lehman; Brian J. Enquist; Benjamin Blonder (other, 2017)
Leaf wet weight (g), dry weight (g) and area (square cm) used to calculate leaf traits.

Data from: Plasticity in plant functional traits is shaped by variability in neighbourhood species composition - Anu Lepik; Kristjan Zobel; Maria Abakumova; Marina Semchenko (other, 2017)
Plant functional traits can vary widely as a result of phenotypic plasticity to abiotic conditions. Trait variation may also reflect responses to the identity of neighbours, although not all species are equally responsive to their biotic surroundings. We hypothesized that responses to neighbours are shaped by spatial community patterns and resulting variability in neighbour composition. More precisely, we tested the theoretical prediction that plasticity is most likely to evolve if alternative environments (in this case, different neighbour species) are common and encountered at similar frequencies. We estimated the frequencies of encountering different neighbour species in the field for 27 grassland species and measured the aboveground morphological responses of each species to conspecific vs heterospecific neighbours in a common garden. Responses to neighbour identity were dependent on how frequently the experimental neighbours were encountered by the focal species in their home community, with the greatest plasticity observed in species that encountered both neighbours (conspecific and heterospecific) with high and even frequency. Biotic interactions with neighbouring species can impose selection on plasticity in functional traits, which may feed back through trait divergence and niche differentiation to influence species coexistence and community structure.

Data from: Aboveground resilience to species loss but belowground resistance to nitrogen addition in a montane plant community - Quentin D Read (other, 2017)
Data from: Aboveground resilience to species loss but belowground resistance to nitrogen addition in a montane plant community, Read, Quentin D., Henning, Jeremiah A., Classen, Aimée T., Sanders, Nathan J. Journal of Plant Ecology. DOI: 10.1093/jpe/rtx015 Data are contained in comma-separated value (CSV) files.Please see readme.txt for column metadata.

Saturated-thickness contours for the shallow groundwater system in the Lower Gunnison River Basin, Colorado - Colorado Water Science Center (other, 2017)
This dataset consists of contours showing the generalized saturated thickness of the shallow groundwater system in the Lower Gunnison River Basin in Delta, Montrose, Ouray, and Gunnison Counties, Colorado. Saturated thickness was contoured from values in the raster dataset satthk. The U.S. Geological Survey prepared this dataset in cooperation with the Colorado Water Conservation Board.

Data from: How persistent are the impacts of logging roads on Central African forest vegetation? - Frédéric Mortier; Plinio Sist; Fritz Kleinschroth; John R. Healey; Sylvie Gourlet-Fleury (other, 2017)
1. Logging roads can trigger tropical forest degradation by reducing the integrity of the ecosystem and providing access for encroachment. Therefore, road-management is crucial in reconciling selective logging and biodiversity conservation. Most logging roads are abandoned after timber harvesting, however little is known about their long-term impacts on forest vegetation and accessibility, especially in Central Africa. 2. In 11 logging concessions in the Congo Basin we field-sampled a chronosequence of roads that, judged by satellite images, had been abandoned between 1985 and 2015. We assessed recovery of timber resources, tree diversity and above-ground biomass in three zones: the road track, the road edge (where forest had been cleared during road construction) and the adjacent logged forest. 3. The density of commercial timber species ≤ 15 cm DBH was almost three times higher in the road track (327 individuals ha-1) and edge (278) than in the logged adjacent forest (111). Over time, tree species diversity converged to a comparable level between roads and adjacent forests, along with decreasing soil compaction and increasing canopy closure. 4. The average width of forest clearing for road construction was 20 m, covering a total 0.76% of the forest area inside concessions. After 15 years following abandonment, road tracks had recovered 24 Mg ha-1 of above-ground woody biomass, which was 6% of that in the adjacent forest, while road edges had accumulated 167 Mg ha-1 (42%). Ten years after abandonment, roads were no longer penetrable by poachers on motorcycles. Exotic herb species were fully replaced by dominant Marantaceae that have even higher abundance in the adjacent forest. 5. Synthesis and applications. Our evidence of vegetation recovery suggests that logging roads are mostly transient elements in forest landscapes. However, given the slow recovery of biomass on abandoned road tracks, we advocate both reducing the width of forest clearing for road construction and reopening old logging roads for future harvests, rather than building new roads in intact forests. Road edges seem suitable for post-logging silviculture which needs to be assisted by removing dominant herbs during the early years after abandonment while the road track is still accessible

Regolith-thickness contours for the shallow groundwater system in the Lower Gunnison River Basin, Colorado - Colorado Water Science Center (other, 2017)
This dataset consists of isopach contours showing the generalized thickness of regolith sediments (alluvium, colluvium, and weathered bedrock) overlying well-consolidated bedrock in the Lower Gunnison River Basin in Delta, Montrose, Ouray, and Gunnison Counties, Colorado. Regolith thickness was contoured manually on the basis of regolith-thickness values in the point dataset geologic_data. The U.S. Geological Survey prepared this dataset in cooperation with the Colorado Water Conservation Board.

Depth-to-water contours for the shallow groundwater system in the Lower Gunnison River Basin, Colorado - Colorado Water Science Center (other, 2017)
This dataset consists of contours showing the generalized depth to water for the shallow groundwater system in the Lower Gunnison River Basin in Delta, Montrose, Ouray, and Gunnison Counties, Colorado. Depth to water was contoured from values in the raster dataset dtw. The U.S. Geological Survey prepared this dataset in cooperation with the Colorado Water Conservation Board.

Data from: Evidence of local adaptation to fine- and coarse-grained environmental variability in Poa alpina in the Swiss Alps - Elena Hamann; Jürg Stöcklin; Georg F. J. Armbruster; J. F. Scheepens; Halil Kesselring (other, 2017)
In the alpine landscape, characterized by high spatiotemporal heterogeneity and barriers, divergent selection is likely to lead to local adaptation of plant populations either through adaptive genetic differentiation or through phenotypic plasticity. The relative importance of these processes has rarely been investigated in relation to the spatial scale of environmental heterogeneity. In this study, we used reciprocal transplantation experiments of populations across nearby and distant field sites to shed light on these complementary processes. We reciprocally transplanted populations of the widespread alpine grass, Poa alpina, within and across regions in the Swiss Alps. We inferred local adaptation at the metapopulation level by comparing fitness of plants transplanted to their site of origin and to nearby or distant novel sites. Additionally, we measured specific leaf area (SLA) and performed selection analyses to investigate directional selection on mean trait value at each field site and on the degree of plasticity of this trait to assess whether plastic responses were adaptive. In parallel, all populations were genotyped with microsatellite markers to assess neutral molecular differentiation. Molecular differentiation was high among populations within and among regions, indicating restricted gene flow among P. alpina populations. Reproductive biomass was highest in individuals grown in their region of origin, revealing local adaptation to coarse-grained environmental variability. Similarly, inflorescence height, associated with reproductive biomass, reflected adaptation to fine- and coarse-grained environmental variability. Furthermore, we found evidence that plasticity in SLA across coarse-grained habitats was correlated with plant fitness, suggesting that plasticity in this trait is adaptive. Synthesis. Our results revealed adaptive genetic differentiation between P. alpina populations in the Swiss Alps reflecting local adaptation. Furthermore, high phenotypic plasticity in SLA contributed to the maintenance of fitness homoeostasis across habitats. Hence, adaptive genetic differentiation and phenotypic plasticity play a complementary role for adaption of P. alpina to environmental heterogeneity in the Swiss Alps and both may be critical to mitigate local extinction risk under rapid climate change.

Data from: Is plant fitness proportional to seed set? An experiment and a spatial model - George Aldridge; Alison K. Brody; Mary V. Price; Nickolas M. Waser; Diane R. Campbell (other, 2017)
Individual differences in fecundity often serve as proxies for differences in overall fitness, especially when it is difficult to track the fate of an individual's offspring to reproductive maturity. Using fecundity may be biased, however, if density-dependent interactions between siblings affect survival and reproduction of offspring from high- and low-fecundity parents differently. To test for such density-dependent effects in plants, we sowed seeds of the wildflower Ipomopsis aggregata (scarlet gilia) to mimic partially-overlapping seed shadows of pairs of plants, one of which produced twice as many seeds. We tested for differences in offspring success using a genetic marker to track offspring to flowering multiple years later. Without density dependence the high-fecundity parent should produce twice as many surviving offspring. We also developed a model that considered the geometry of seed shadows and assumed limited survivors so that number of juvenile recruits is proportional to area. Rather than a ratio of 2:1 offspring success from high- vs. low-fecundity parents, our model predicted a ratio of 1.42 to 1, which would translate into weaker selection. Empirical ratios of juvenile offspring and of flowers produced conformed well to the model's prediction. Extending the model shows how spatial relationships of parents and seed dispersal patterns modify inferences about relative fitness based solely on fecundity.

Data from: Foraging strategy predicts foraging economy in a facultative secondary nectar robber - Rebecca E. Irwin (other, 2017)
In mutualistic interactions, the decision whether to cooperate or cheat depends on the relative costs and benefits of each strategy. In pollination mutualisms, secondary nectar robbing is a facultative behavior employed by a diverse array of nectar-feeding organisms, and is thought to be a form of cheating. Primary robbers create holes in floral tissue through which they feed on nectar, whereas secondary robbers, which often lack chewing mouthparts, feed on nectar through existing holes. Because primary robbers make nectar more readily available to secondary robbers, primary robbers facilitate the behaviors of secondary robbers. However, the net effect of facilitation on secondary robber fitness has not been empirically tested: it is unknown whether the benefit secondary robbers receive is strong enough to overcome the cost of competing with primary robbers for a shared resource. We conducted foraging experiments using the bumble bee Bombus bifarius, which can alternatively forage ‘legitimately’ (from the floral opening) or secondary-rob. We measured the relative foraging efficiencies (handling time per flower, flowers visited per minute, proportion of foraging bout spent consuming nectar) of these alternative behaviors, and tested whether the frequency of primary robbing and nectar standing crop in primary-robbed flowers of Linaria vulgaris (Plantaginaceae) affected foraging efficiency. Surprisingly, there was no effect of primary robbing frequency on the foraging efficiency of secondary-robbing B. bifarius. Instead, foraging strategy was a major predictor of foraging efficiency, with legitimate foraging being significantly more efficient than secondary robbing. Legitimate foraging was the more common strategy used by B. bifarius in our study; however, it is rarely used by B. bifarius foraging on L. vulgaris in nature, despite indications that it is more efficient. Our results suggest the need for deeper investigations into why bees adopt secondary robbing as a foraging strategy, specifically, the environmental contexts that promote the behavior.

Data from: The mechanical defence advantage of small seeds - Evan C. Fricke; S. Joseph Wright (other, 2017)
Seed size and toughness affect seed predators, and size-dependent investment in mechanical defence could affect relationships between seed size and predation. We tested how seed toughness and mechanical defence traits (tissue density and protective tissue content) are related to seed size among tropical forest species. Absolute toughness increased with seed size. However, smaller seeds had higher specific toughness both within and among species, with the smallest seeds requiring over 2000 times more energy per gram to break than the largest seeds. Investment in mechanical defence traits varied widely but independently of the toughness-mass allometry. Instead, a physical scaling relationship confers a toughness advantage on small seeds independent of selection on defence traits and without a direct cost. This scaling relationship may contribute to seed size diversity by decreasing fitness differences among large and small seeds. Allometric scaling of toughness reconciles predictions and conflicting empirical relationships between seed size and predation.

Argon data for Poncha Pass Geologic Map (other, 2017)
This dataset was collected by Leah E. Morgan and Michael A. Cosca in the Argon Geochronology Laboratory of the USGS in Denver, Colorado in 2015. The dataset contains full raw argon isotopic data for samples presented in: Geologic Map of the Poncha Map Area, Chaffee, Fremont, and Saguache Counties, Colorado.

Data from: Facilitated exploitation of pollination mutualisms: fitness consequences for plants - Cherie J. Nelson; Rebecca E. Irwin (other, 2017)
Mutualisms are only rarely one-to-one interactions: each species generally interacts with multiple mutualists. Exploitation is ubiquitous in mutualisms, and we would therefore expect that each mutualist interacts with multiple exploiters as well. Exploiter species may also interact with one another. For example, the action of one exploiter species might open the opportunity for exploitation by a second species. Exploitation is common in many plant–pollinator mutualisms: 'primary' nectar robbers feed through holes they make in flowers, which can be subsequently used by 'secondary' nectar robbers unable to create holes themselves. The overall effect of nectar robbing on plant fitness is often (although not always) negative. No study has separated the effects of interacting with primary vs. secondary robbers. Here, we examine the effects of primary vs. secondary nectar robbing on pollinator visitation rate and female fitness in Ipomopsis aggregata. Manipulating the type of nectar robbing that flowers experienced, we found that secondary nectar robbing inflicted fitness costs to plants beyond that inflicted by primary robbing alone. Secondary nectar robbing significantly reduced pollen receipt to flowers, as well as fruit and seed production. Although the causes are elusive, the effect may be attributed to changes in pollinator behaviour at these plants. Synthesis. Our findings provide evidence that interacting with multiple exploiters can lead to increased negative effects for mutualists, and highlight the importance of incorporating multiple exploiters into the conceptual framework of mutualism.

Data from: Strong social relationships are associated with decreased longevity in a facultatively social mammal - Dana M. Williams; Alexandra N. Lim; Svenja B. Kroeger; Julien G. A. Martin; Daniel T. Blumstein (other, 2017)
Humans in strong social relationships are more likely to live longer because social relationships may buffer stressors and thus have protective effects. However, a shortcoming of human studies is that they often rely on self-reporting of these relationships. By contrast, observational studies of nonhuman animals permit detailed analyses of the specific nature of social relationships. Thus, discoveries that some social animals live longer and healthier lives if they are involved in social grooming, forage together, or have more affiliative associates emphasizes the potential importance of social relationships on health and longevity. Previous studies have focused on the impact of social metrics on longevity in obligately social species. However, if sociality indeed has a key role in longevity, we might expect that affiliative relationships should also influence longevity in less social species. We focused on socially flexible yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventer) and asked whether female longevity covaries with the specific nature of social relationships. We quantified social relationships with social network statistics that were based on affiliative interactions, and then estimated the correlation between longevity and sociality using bivariate models. We found a significant negative phenotypic correlation between affiliative social relationship strength and longevity; marmots with greater degree, closeness, and those with a greater negative average shortest path length died at younger ages. We conclude that sociality plays an important role in longevity, but how it does so may depend on whether a species is obligately or facultatively social.

Geospatial datasets of regolith thickness, bedrock altitude, depth to water, potentiometric-surface altitude, and saturated thickness for the shallow groundwater system in the Lower Gunnison River Basin, Delta, Montrose, Ouray, and Gunnison Counties, Colorado - Larry R. Arnold (other, 2017)
Thirteen geospatial datasets were developed to characterize the shallow groundwater system in the Lower Gunnison River Basin, Colorado. These geospatial datasets provide information about regolith thickness and altitude of the bedrock surface underlying regolith and display, in vector and raster formats, the generalized extent and thickness of regolith sediments that comprise the shallow groundwater system in the Lower Gunnison River Basin; display, in raster and vector format, the generalized altitude and configuration of the bedrock surface that comprises the base of the shallow groundwater system in the Lower Gunnison River Basin; provide information about depth to water, altitude of the potentiometric surface, and saturated thickness of the shallow groundwater system and display, in raster and vector format, the generalized depth to water, altitude and configuration of the potentiometric surface and generalized extent saturated thickness for the shallow groundwater system in the Lower Gunnison River Basin; and define and display the boundary extent used for datasets of regolith thickness, bedrock altitude, depth to water, potentiometric-surface altitude, and saturated thickness in the Lower Gunnison River Basin, Colorado.

Soil moisure values - Jordan Stark; Lake Crawford; Rebecca Lehman; Brian J. Enquist; Benjamin Blonder (other, 2017)

Argon data for Poncha Pass Map (other, 2017)
This dataset accompanies publication: Minor, S.A., Caine, J.S., Ruleman, C.A., Fridrich, C.J., Chan, C.F., Brandt, T.R., Morgan,L.E., Cosca, M.A., and Grauch, V.J.S., in prep, Geologic map of the Poncha Pass area, Chaffee, Fremont, and Saguache Counties, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map (in revision), 2 plates, 27 ms. p, 1:24,000 scale.

Data from: Growth and carbon relations of mature Picea abies trees under 5 years of free-air CO2 enrichment - Christian Koerner; Tamir Klein; Patrick Schleppi; Martin K. F. Bader; Manuel Mildner; Sebastian Leuzinger; Rolf T. W. Siegwolf (other, 2017)
Are mature forests carbon limited? To explore this question, we exposed ca. 110-year-old, 40-m tall Picea abies trees to a 550-ppm CO2 concentration in a mixed lowland forest in NW Switzerland. The site receives substantial soluble nitrogen (N) via atmospheric deposition, and thus, trees are unlikely N-limited. We used a construction crane to operate the free-air CO2 release system and for canopy access. Here, we summarize the major results for growth and carbon (C) fluxes. Tissue 13C signals confirmed the effectiveness of the CO2 enrichment system and permitted tracing the continuous flow of new C in trees. Tree responses were individually standardized by pre-treatment signals. Over the five experimental years, needles retained their photosynthetic capacity and absorbed up to 37% more CO2 under elevated (E) compared to ambient (A) conditions. However, we did not detect an effect on stem radial growth, branch apical growth and needle litter production. Neither stem nor soil CO2 efflux was stimulated under elevated CO2. The rate at which fine roots filled soil ingrowth cores did not significantly differ between A- and E-trees. Since trees showed no stomatal responses to elevated CO2, sap flow remained unresponsive, both in the long run as well as during short-term CO2 on–off experiments. As a consequence, soil moisture remained unaffected. We trapped significantly more nitrate in the root sphere of E-trees suggesting a CO2-stimulated breakdown of soil organic matter, presumably induced by extra carbohydrate exudation (‘priming’). Synthesis. The lack of a single enhanced C sink to match the increased C uptake meant a missing C sink. Increased C transport to below-ground sinks was indicated by C transfer to ectomycorrhiza and on to neighbouring trees and by increased C export to soil. We conclude that these tall Picea abies trees are not C limited at current CO2 concentrations and further atmospheric CO2 enrichment will have at most subtle effects on growth, despite enhanced N availability.

Data from: Evidence for enemy release and increased seed production and size for two invasive Australian acacias - Susana Rodríguez-Echeverría; Kristine French; Daniel Montesinos; Marta Correia (other, 2017)
Invasive plants are hypothesized to have higher fitness in introduced areas due to their release from pathogens and herbivores and the relocation of resources to reproduction. However, few studies have tested this hypothesis in native and introduced regions. A biogeographical approach is fundamental to understanding the mechanisms involved in plant invasions and to detect rapid evolutionary changes in the introduced area. Reproduction was assessed in native and introduced ranges of two invasive Australian woody legumes, Acacia dealbata and A. longifolia. Seed production, pre-dispersal seed predation, seed and elaiosome size and seedling size were assessed in 7–10 populations from both ranges, taking into account the effect of differences in climate. There was a significantly higher percentage of fully developed seeds per pod, a lower proportion of aborted seeds and the absence of pre-dispersal predation in the introduced range for both Acacia species. Acacia longifolia produced more seeds per pod in the invaded range, whereas A. dealbata produced more seeds per tree in the invaded range. Seeds were bigger in the invaded range for both species, and elaiosome: seed ratio was smaller for A. longifolia in the invaded range. Seedlings were also larger in the invaded range, suggesting that the increase in seed size results into greater offspring growth. There were no differences in the climatic conditions of sites occupied by A. longifolia in both regions. Minimum temperature was higher in Portuguese A. dealbata populations, but this difference did not explain the increase in seed production and seed size in the introduced range. It did have, however, a positive effect on the number of pods per tree. Synthesis. Acacia dealbata and A. longifolia escape pre-dispersal predation in the introduced range and display a higher production of fully developed seeds per fruit and bigger seeds. These differences may explain the invasion of both species because they result in an increased seedling growth and the production of abundant soil seedbanks in the introduced area.

Flowering phenology and abundance, Gothic, CO, USA, 1973-present - Jane E. Ogilvie; David William Inouye (other, 2017)
Prof. David Inouye has been collecting data on the abundance and timing of flowers that fall within permanent plots at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory (RMBL), in Gothic, Colorado, USA, from 1973 to present. During the growing season, flowers of each species are counted approximately every other day, though in some years the start and/or end of flowering were missed, and data were not collected in 1978 and 1990. A core set of 23 2 x 2 m plots have been followed 1974-present (excluding 1978 and 1990), and additional plots have been added through the years (two in 1985, three in 1998, and two in 2004). Data are now collected in a total of 30 plots and up to 135 plant species have been recorded in the plots.

Potentiometric-surface altitude contours for the shallow groundwater system in the Lower Gunnison River Basin, Colorado (other, 2017)
This dataset consists of contours showing the generalized altitude of the potentiometric surface for the shallow groundwater system in the Lower Gunnison River Basin in Delta, Montrose, Ouray, and Gunnison Counties, Colorado. Potentiometric-surface altitude was contoured from values in the raster dataset potalt. The U.S. Geological Survey prepared this dataset in cooperation with the Colorado Water Conservation Board.

Data from: Integrating viability and fecundity selection to illuminate the adaptive nature of genetic clines - S. Caroline Daws; Susana M. Wadgymar (other, 2017)
Genetically-based trait variation across environmental gradients can reflect adaptation to local environments. However, natural populations that appear well-adapted often exhibit directional, not stabilizing, selection on ecologically-relevant traits. Temporal variation in the direction of selection could lead to stabilizing selection across multiple episodes of selection, which might be overlooked in short-term studies that evaluate relationships of traits and fitness under only one set of conditions. Furthermore, non-random mortality prior to trait expression can bias inferences about trait evolution if viability selection opposes fecundity selection. Here, we leveraged fitness and trait data to test whether phenotypic clines are genetically based and adaptive, whether temporal variation in climate imposes stabilizing selection, and whether viability selection acts on adult phenotypes. We monitored transplants of the subalpine perennial forb, Boechera stricta (Brassicaceae), in common gardens at two elevations over 2-3 years that differed in drought intensity, quantifying viability and fecundity fitness components for four heritable traits: specific leaf area, integrated water-use efficiency, height at first flower, and flowering phenology. Our results indicate that genetic clines are maintained by selection, but their expression is context dependent, as they do not emerge in all environments. Moreover, selection varied spatially and temporally. Stabilizing selection was most pronounced when we integrated data across years. Finally, viability selection prior to trait expression targeted adult phenotypes (age and size at flowering). Indeed, viability selection for delayed flowering opposed fecundity selection for accelerated flowering, demonstrating that neglecting to account for viability selection could lead to inaccurate conclusions that populations are maladapted. Our results suggest that reconciling clinal trait variation with selection requires data collected across multiple spatial scales, time frames, and life history stages.

Selected geologic data for the shallow groundwater system in the Lower Gunnison River Basin, Colorado (other, 2017)
This point dataset contains geologic information concerning regolith thickness and top-of-bedrock altitude at selected well and test-hole locations in the Lower Gunnison River Basin in Delta, Montrose, Ouray, and Gunnison Counties, Colorado. Regolith-thickness data were compiled from lithologic logs of wells and boreholes reported by the Colorado Division of Water Resources, U.S. Geological Survey, and Bureau of Reclamation. Bedrock-altitude values were computed from the bedrock altitude raster dataset (bralt). The U.S. Geological Survey prepared this dataset in cooperation with the Colorado Water Conservation Board.

Data from: Vegetation as self-adaptive coastal protection: reduction of current velocity and morphologic plasticity of a brackish marsh pioneer - Meiman, Paul; Jana Carus; Boris Schröder (other, 2017)
By reducing current velocity, tidal marsh vegetation can diminish storm surges and storm waves. Conversely, currents often exert high mechanical stresses onto the plants and hence affect vegetation structure and plant characteristics. In our study, we aim at analysing this interaction from both angles. On the one hand, we quantify the reduction of current velocity by Bolboschoenus maritimus, and on the other hand, we identify functional traits of B. maritimus’ ramets along environmental gradients. Our results show that tidal marsh vegetation is able to buffer a large proportion of the flow velocity at currents under normal conditions. Cross-shore current velocity decreased with distance from the marsh edge and was reduced by more than 50% after 15 m of vegetation. We were furthermore able to show that plants growing at the marsh edge had a significantly larger diameter than plants from inside the vegetation. We found a positive correlation between plant thickness and cross-shore current which could provide an adaptive value in habitats with high mechanical stress. With the adapted morphology of plants growing at the highly exposed marsh edge, the entire vegetation belt is able to better resist the mechanical stress of high current velocities. This self-adaptive effect thus increases the ability of B. maritimus to grow and persist in the pioneer zone and may hence better contribute to ecosystem-based coastal protection by reducing current velocity.

Data from: Evolutionary radiations of Proteaceae are triggered by the interaction between traits and climates in open habitats - Hervé Sauquet; Peter H. Weston; H. Peter Linder; Yanis Bouchenak-Khelladi; Raymond J. Carpenter; Gregory J. Jordan; Renske E. Onstein; Ian J. Wright (other, 2017)
Aim: Ecologically driven diversification can create spectacular diversity in both species numbers and form. However, the prediction that the match between intrinsic (e.g. functional trait) and extrinsic (e.g. climatic niche) variables may lead to evolutionary radiation has not been critically tested. Here, we test this hypothesis in the Southern Hemisphere plant family Proteaceae, which shows a spectacular diversity in open mediterranean shrublands in the Southwest Australian Floristic Region (SWAFR) and the Cape Floristic Region (CFR). Species in the Proteaceae family occupy habitats ranging from tropical rain forests to deserts and are remarkably variable in leaf morphology. Location: Southern Hemisphere. Methods: We built a phylogenetic tree for 337 Proteaceae species (21% of the total), representing all main clades, climatic tolerances and morphologies, and collected leaf functional traits (leaf area, sclerophylly, leaf shape) for 261 species and climatic niche data for 1645 species. Phylogenetic generalized least squares regression and quantitative-trait evolutionary model testing were used to investigate the evolutionary pathways of traits and climatic niches, and their effect on diversification rates. Results: We found that divergent selection may have caused lineages in open vegetation types to evolve towards trait and climatic niche optima distinct from those in closed forests. Furthermore, we show that the interaction between open habitats, dry, warm and/or mediterranean climates, and small, sclerophyllous, toothed leaves increases net diversification rates in Proteaceae. Main conclusions: Our results suggest that the evolution of specific leaf adaptations may have allowed Proteaceae to adapt to variable climatic niches and diversify extensively in open ecosystems such as those in the CFR and SWAFR. This match between morphology and environment may therefore more generally lead to evolutionary radiation.

Plant height and species information - Lake Crawford; Jordan Stark; Rebecca Lehman; Brian J. Enquist; Benjamin Blonder (other, 2017)

Cottonwood Lake Study Area - Invertebrate Counts - Ned Euliss; Matthew Solensky; David M. Mushet (other, 2017)
This dataset contains macroinvertebrate sampling data for the wetlands in the Cottonwood Lake Study Area, Stutsman County, North Dakota. This dataset is part of the Missouri Coteau Wetland Ecosystem Observatory database that is a collection of abiotic and biotic data documenting biotic and abiotic responses to long-term climate and land-use change in the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of the U.S. The PPR has a naturally dynamic climate that is characterized by extended wet and dry periods, and its wetlands have spatially variable hydrologic and biotic traits. The Cottonwood Lake Study Area in Stutsman County, North Dakota contains wetlands representative of multiple positions along a hydrologic continuum, from groundwater recharge to discharge. The extensive history of data collection in the Cottonwood Lakes Study Area provides a unique opportunity to assess the impact of climate variability on ecosystem health and productivity.

Data from: Observed forest sensitivity to climate implies large changes in 21st century North American forest growth - Margaret E. K. Evans; Valerie M. Trouet; Flurin Babst; Noah D. Charney; David Frank; Benjamin Poulter; Brian J. Enquist; Sydne Record (other, 2017)
Predicting long-term trends in forest growth requires accurate characterisation of how the relationship between forest productivity and climatic stress varies across climatic regimes. Using a network of over two million tree-ring observations spanning North America and a space-for-time substitution methodology, we forecast climate impacts on future forest growth. We explored differing scenarios of increased water-use efficiency (WUE) due to CO2-fertilisation, which we simulated as increased effective precipitation. In our forecasts: (1) climate change negatively impacted forest growth rates in the interior west and positively impacted forest growth along the western, southeastern and northeastern coasts; (2) shifting climate sensitivities offset positive effects of warming on high-latitude forests, leaving no evidence for continued ‘boreal greening’; and (3) it took a 72% WUE enhancement to compensate for continentally averaged growth declines under RCP 8.5. Our results highlight the importance of locally adapted forest management strategies to handle regional differences in growth responses to climate change.

Catchment-flowline network and selected model inputs for an enhanced and updated spatially referenced statistical assessment of dissolved-solids load sources and transport in streams of the Upper Colorado River Basin - Susan G Buto (other, 2017)
This USGS data release consists of the synthetic stream network and associated catchments used to develop spatially referenced regressions on watershed attributes (SPARROW) model of dissolved-solids sources and transport in the Upper Colorado River Basin as well as geology and selected Basin Characterization Model (BCM) data used as input to the model.

Temperature data - Jordan Stark; Rebecca Lehman; Lake Crawford; Brian J. Enquist; Benjamin Blonder (other, 2017)
Half-hour resolution temperature data (degrees C) collected by iButtons

Docility data - Enrico Pirottay; Matthew B. Petellez; Julien G. A. Martin; Daniel T. Blumstein (other, 2017)
Data including docility scores, trial number (scaled), day of the year (scaled), time of the day (0: AM; 1:PM), age (0:juveniles, 1: yearlings; 2:adults), year and individual identity

Pedigree - Enrico Pirottay; Matthew B. Petellez; Julien G. A. Martin; Daniel T. Blumstein (other, 2017)
Pruned pedigree including only individuals with docility data and their ancestors.

Argon data for Poncha Pass Geologic Map (other, 2017)
This dataset was collected by Leah E. Morgan and Michael A. Cosca in the Argon Geochronology Laboratory of the USGS in Denver, Colorado in 2015. The dataset contains full raw argon isotopic data for samples presented in: Geologic Map of the Poncha Map Area, Chaffee, Fremont, and Saguache Counties, Colorado.

Data from: Sex-specific responses to climate change in plants alter population sex ratio and performance - Tom E. X. Miller; David William Inouye; Ana Chicas-Mosier; Judith D. Soule; Amy M. Iler; William K. Petry; Kailen A. Mooney (other, 2017)
Males and females are ecologically distinct in many species, but whether responses to climate change are sex-specific is unknown. We document sex-specific responses to climate change in the plant Valeriana edulis (valerian) over four decades and across its 1800m elevation range. Increased elevation was associated with increased water availability and female frequency, likely due to sex-specific water use efficiency and survival. Recent aridification caused male frequency to move up-slope at 175 m/decade, a rate of trait shift outpacing reported species range shifts by an order of magnitude. This increase in male frequency reduced pollen limitation and increased seedset. Coupled with previous studies reporting sex-specific arthropod communities, these results underscore the importance of ecological differences between the sexes in mediating biological responses to climate change.

Selected geologic data for the shallow groundwater system in the Lower Gunnison River Basin, Colorado (other, 2017)
This point dataset contains geologic information concerning regolith thickness and top-of-bedrock altitude at selected well and test-hole locations in the Lower Gunnison River Basin in Delta, Montrose, Ouray, and Gunnison Counties, Colorado. Regolith-thickness data were compiled from lithologic logs of wells and boreholes reported by the Colorado Division of Water Resources, U.S. Geological Survey, and Bureau of Reclamation. Bedrock-altitude values were computed from the bedrock altitude raster dataset (bralt). The U.S. Geological Survey prepared this dataset in cooperation with the Colorado Water Conservation Board.

Data from: Interannual bumble bee abundance is driven by indirect climate effects on floral resource phenology. - Sean R. Griffin; Zachariah J. Gezon; N. C. Underwood; Jane E. Ogilvie; Brian D. Inouye; Rebecca E. Irwin; David William Inouye (other, 2017)
This is an archive of the data used in the publication: Ogilvie JE, Griffin SR, Gezon ZJ, Inouye BD, Underwood N, Inouye DW, Irwin RE. 2017. Interannual bumble bee abundance is driven by indirect climate effects on floral resource phenology. Ecology Letters, doi: 10.1111/ele.12854 DATA DESCRIPTION Bombus_floral_climate_data_for_SEMs.csv This file has the 2009-2016 data used in the structural equation models. peak.bee.count is the annual peak number of bumble bees netted from flowers on a sampling day. sampling.time.hr is the amount of time in hours that a site was sampled on the peak abundance sampling day. floral.sum is the sum of flowers from first flower accumulated to 80% of the season's total flower count. number.floral.days is the number of days above a low flower threshold of 0.75 flowers/m 2 (or 3 flowers per 2 x 2 m plot). Flowers were counted within 30 2 x 2 m plots (120 m 2 ) every two days. may.to.july.precip.cm is the amount of precipitation (snow and rain) from May 1 through to the end of July in cm water content (measured at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, RMBL). snowmelt.doy is the day of year that a 5 x 5 m plot was bare of snow. Longterm_climate_floral_data.csv This file has the data used to examine long-term trends in the climate and floral variables, 1974-2016. snowmelt.doy is the day of year that a 5 x 5 m plot was bare of snow. may.to.july.precip.cm is the amount of precipitation (snow and rain) from May 1 through to the end of July in cm water content (measured at Crested Butte). floral.sum is the sum of flowers from first flower accumulated to 80% of the season's total flower count. number.floral.days is the number of days above a low flower threshold of 0.75 flowers/m 2 (or 3 flowers per 2 x 2 m plot). Flowers were counted within 23 2 x 2 m plots (92 m 2 ) every two days. There are separate floral variables for the three bumble bee species. Please see the original paper for additional details.

Focal female locations 2015 - David W. Inouye; Judith D. Soule; William K. Petry; Ana Chicas-Mosier; Amy M. Iler; Kailen A. Mooney; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
This .zip archive contains a shapefile (including .shp, .shx, .dbf, and .prj components) that describes the locations of focal females used in 2015 in the study of the effect of neighborhood operational sex ratio on seed set rates in Valeriana edulis.

Data from: Quantifying direct vs. indirect effects of nectar robbers on male and female components of plant fitness - Candace Galen; P. E. Howell; Rebecca E. Irwin (other, 2016)
1. Plants interact simultaneously with both mutualists and antagonists. While webs of plant-animal interactions in natural systems can be highly complex, most interactions can be simplified into those that are either direct (mediated through pairwise interactions) or indirect (mediated through third-party species). Mechanistic studies of the direct and indirect pathways by which foliar herbivores affect plants have been well explored; however, mechanistic explorations of how floral herbivores, such as nectar robbers, affect total plant fitness via direct vs. indirect pathways have received less attention. 2. The goal of this study was to assess the importance of direct vs. pollinator-mediated indirect effects of a floral antagonist on female and male components of plant fitness. We focused on the hummingbird-pollinated plant scarlet gilia, Ipomopsis aggregata, which is nectar-robbed by the bumble bee Bombus occidentalis. Prior studies have found evidence for pollinator-mediated indirect effects of robbing on female and male components of I. aggregata fitness, but the mechanisms by which these indirect effects occur, and experimental evidence supporting or refuting direct effects of robbing, have been lacking. 3. We found no evidence for direct effects of robbing on plant fitness. Robbers did not act as pollinators of I. aggregata nor did they directly affect seed production by making nectar-robber holes or removing nectar in hand-pollinated flowers. Moreover, robbing had no direct effect on pollen production per flower or the ability of pollen from robbed flowers to sire seeds in hand-pollinations. 4. However, nectar robbing had indirect effects on plant reproduction mediated through per-visit pollinator effectiveness at depositing pollen in robbed vs. unrobbed flowers. A simple model of a plant-robber-pollinator system suggested that robbing effects in general may occur through more indirect mechanisms when nectar removal by robbers is high relative to nectar replenishment, and that compensation for robbing is then more profitable through the production of additional flowers. 5. Synthesis. Our results highlight the importance of indirect effects in mediating the fitness consequences of species interactions.

Data from: The effect of repeated, lethal sampling on wild bee abundance and diversity - John S. Ascher; Zachariah J. Gezon; Eli S. Wyman; Rebecca E. Irwin; David William Inouye (other, 2016)
1. Bee pollinators provide a critical ecosystem service to wild and agricultural plants but are reported to be declining world-wide due to anthropogenic change. Long-term data on bee abundance and diversity are scarce, and the need for additional quantitative sampling using repeatable methods has been emphasized. Recently, monitoring programmes have begun using a standardized method that employs a combination of pan traps and sweep netting, resulting in lethal sampling of bees. This standardized method can remove a large number of bees from sites during each sampling day, raising concern that the sampling itself could have a negative effect on bee populations. 2. We conducted an experiment to assess whether lethal sampling for bees using pan traps and netting affected bee abundance and diversity when done every two weeks throughout a season and over multiple years. We compared bee abundance, richness, evenness and functional group composition between sites that had been sampled every two weeks from 2009 to 2012 to similar sites not previously sampled. 3. We found that the standardized method for sampling bees, with specimens from 132 morphospecies, did not affect bee communities in terms of abundance, rarefied richness, evenness, or functional group composition. Thus, our results indicate that the bee communities we sampled are robust to such sampling efforts, despite removing an average of 2862 bees per season. 4. We discuss several explanations for why sampling did not affect bee abundance or community structure, including a density-dependent response to reduced competition for resources. 5. These results suggest that bee monitoring programmes sampling once every two weeks with pan traps and netting will not affect bee community structure. We urge researchers monitoring bees to utilize standardized protocols so that results can be compared across space and time.

Appendix A. List of the graminoid species in the experimental warming meadow, Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Gunnison County, Colorado, USA. (other, 2016)
List of the graminoid species in the experimental warming meadow, Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Gunnison County, Colorado, USA.

Long-term individual-level population dynamics of a native desert chamaephyte (2016)
[object Object]

Snowmelt dates 1978-2014 - Ana Chicas-Mosier; William K. Petry; David W. Inouye; Judith D. Soule; Kailen A. Mooney; Amy M. Iler; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
Long-term snowmelt data (1978-2014) collected at one mid-elevation location near the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory by billy barr. See README.txt for column descriptions.

Appendix A. The environmental settings of the 59 plots on the Uncompahgre Plateau in western Colorado. (other, 2016)
The environmental settings of the 59 plots on the Uncompahgre Plateau in western Colorado.

Integrated water use efficiency by sex in four population of Valeriana edulis - David W. Inouye; Judith D. Soule; Ana Chicas-Mosier; William K. Petry; Amy M. Iler; Kailen A. Mooney; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
Carbon isotope ratios of Valeriana edulis leaf samples used to test for sex differences in integrated water use efficiency. See README.txt for column descriptions.

Sex- and size-specific rates of growth and survival in Valeriana edulis - David W. Inouye; Judith D. Soule; Ana Chicas-Mosier; William K. Petry; Kailen A. Mooney; Amy M. Iler; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
Annual rates of sex- and size-specific growth and survival from tagged plants at four populations (1978-1981). See README.txt for column descriptions.

Climate analyses (R script) - Judith D. Soule; William K. Petry; Ana Chicas-Mosier; David W. Inouye; Amy M. Iler; Kailen A. Mooney; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
Analyses of climate change over elevation and time in the study area.

Soil moisture across the elevation range of Valeriana edulis - David W. Inouye; Ana Chicas-Mosier; William K. Petry; Judith D. Soule; Kailen A. Mooney; Amy M. Iler; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
Climate station data from the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory to test for effect of elevation on soil moisture. See README.txt for column descriptions.

Metadata for data and analysis scripts - William K. Petry; Judith D. Soule; Ana Chicas-Mosier; David W. Inouye; Kailen A. Mooney; Amy M. Iler; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
Describes all data files and R analysis scripts.

Operational sex ratios of Valeriana edulis populations - Ana Chicas-Mosier; Judith D. Soule; William K. Petry; David W. Inouye; Amy M. Iler; Kailen A. Mooney; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
Operational sex ratios across the elevation range of Valeriana edulis from 1978 and 2011. See README.txt for column descriptions.

Dispersal of pollen analogue by Valeriana edulis pollinators - Ana Chicas-Mosier; William K. Petry; David W. Inouye; Judith D. Soule; Amy M. Iler; Kailen A. Mooney; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
Pollen analogue (fluorescent dye) transfer by Valeriana edulis pollinators from dyed males to surrounding females. See README.txt for column descriptions.

Operational sex ratio analyses (R script) - Judith D. Soule; Ana Chicas-Mosier; David W. Inouye; William K. Petry; Amy M. Iler; Kailen A. Mooney; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
Analyses of Valeriana edulis operational sex ratios across the species' elevation range and over time (1978-2011).

Flower number calibration dataset - Ana Chicas-Mosier; Judith D. Soule; William K. Petry; David W. Inouye; Amy M. Iler; Kailen A. Mooney; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
Calibration dataset to measure and correct for individual observer effects on estimated numbers of flowers. See README.txt for column descriptions.

Reproductive life expectancy (R script) - William K. Petry; Ana Chicas-Mosier; David W. Inouye; Judith D. Soule; Kailen A. Mooney; Amy M. Iler; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
Analysis of sex differences in Valeriana edulis life expectancy upon reaching sexual maturity and population operational sex ratios.

Water use efficiency (R script) - Judith D. Soule; Ana Chicas-Mosier; David W. Inouye; William K. Petry; Kailen A. Mooney; Amy M. Iler; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
Analysis of Valeriana edulis sex differences in integrated water use efficiency and population operational sex ratios.

Valeriana edulis spatial dispersion plot - Judith D. Soule; William K. Petry; David W. Inouye; Ana Chicas-Mosier; Kailen A. Mooney; Amy M. Iler; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
This .zip archive contains a shapefile (including .shp, .shx, .dbf, and .prj components) that describes the boundary of a representative plot of Valeriana edulis plants growing at Emerald Lake.

Data from: Leaf traits of African woody savanna species across climate and soil fertility gradients: evidence for conservative vs. acquisitive resource use strategies - Benjamin J. Wigley; William J. Bond; Sandra Diaz; Corli Coetsee; Jasper A. Slingsby; Herve Fritz (other, 2016)
1. Establishing trade-offs among traits and the degree to which they co-vary along environmental gradients has become a key focal point in the effort to develop community ecology into a predictive science. While there is evidence for these relationships across global datasets, they are often too broad in scale, and do not consider the particularities of local to regional species pools. This decreases their usefulness for developing predictive models at scales relevant for conservation and management. 2. We tested for trade-offs between traits and relationships with environmental gradients in trees and shrubs sampled across southern African savannas and explored evidence for acquisitive vs. conservative resource use strategies using a phylogenetically explicit approach. 3. We found a distinct trade-off between two major poles of specialization indicative of acquisitive (high leaf nitrogen concentration (LNC), leaf phosphorus concentration (LPC), leaf N:P, specific leaf area (SLA) and average leaf area (ALA)) and conservative resource use strategies (high leaf carbon to nitrogen ratios (C:N), tensile strength (TS) and leaf dry matter content (LDMC)). Although we found that trait variance and species occurrence were constrained by phylogeny, phylogenetically informed analyses did not contradict non-phylogenetic analyses, strengthening relationships in most cases. 4. The high intra-site trait variability and weak relationships with soils and climate may in part be explained by the high levels of deciduousness and disturbance (i.e. fire and herbivory) inherent in African savannas. 5. Synthesis: The relationships between traits and between traits and environmental gradients were far weaker than, and often contradictory to, broad scale studies that compare these relationships across biomes and growth forms, cautioning against making generalizations about relationships at specific sites based on broad scale analyses.

Snowmelt dates across the elevation range of Valeriana edulis - Judith D. Soule; William K. Petry; Ana Chicas-Mosier; David W. Inouye; Amy M. Iler; Kailen A. Mooney; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
Snowmelt data used to test for an effect of elevation on snowmelt date. See README.txt for column descriptions.

Spatial dispersion of Valeriana edulis plants in four populations - Judith D. Soule; Ana Chicas-Mosier; David W. Inouye; William K. Petry; Amy M. Iler; Kailen A. Mooney; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
GPS coordinates of Valeriana edulis plants in four populations and their sex. See README.txt for column descriptions.

Data from: The oldest, slowest forests in the world? Exceptional biomass and slow carbon dynamics of Fitzroya cupressoides temperate rainforests in southern Chile - Rocio B. Urrutia-Jalabert; Antonio Lara; Yadvinder Malhi (other, 2016)
Old-growth temperate rainforests are, per unit area, the largest and most long-lived stores of carbon in the terrestrial biosphere, but their carbon dynamics have rarely been described. The endangered Fitzroya cupressoides forests of southern South America include stands that are probably the oldest dense forest stands in the world, with long-lived trees and high standing biomass. We assess and compare aboveground biomass, and provide the first estimates of net primary productivity (NPP), carbon allocation and mean wood residence time in medium-age stands in the Alerce Costero National Park (AC) in the Coastal Range and in old-growth forests in the Alerce Andino National Park (AA) in the Andean Cordillera. Aboveground live biomass was 113–114 Mg C ha-1 and 448–517 Mg C ha-1 in AC and AA, respectively. Aboveground productivity was 3.35–3.36 Mg C ha-1 year-1 in AC and 2.22–2.54 Mg C ha-1 year-1 in AA, values generally lower than others reported for temperate wet forests worldwide, mainly due to the low woody growth of Fitzroya. NPP was 4.21–4.24 and 3.78–4.10 Mg C ha-1 year-1 in AC and AA, respectively. Estimated mean wood residence time was a minimum of 539–640 years for the whole forest in the Andes and 1368–1393 years for only Fitzroya in this site. Our biomass estimates for the Andes place these ecosystems among the most massive forests in the world. Differences in biomass production between sites seem mostly apparent as differences in allocation rather than productivity. Residence time estimates for Fitzroya are the highest reported for any species and carbon dynamics in these forests are the slowest reported for wet forests worldwide. Although primary productivity is low in Fitzroya forests, they probably act as ongoing biomass carbon sinks on long-term timescales due to their low mortality rates and exceptionally long residence times that allow biomass to be accumulated for millennia.

Supplement 1. Temperature and light data recorded at trap-nest sites, 2007–2010. - James D. Thomson; James D. Thomson; Jessica R. K. Forrest; Jessica R. K. Forrest (other, 2016)
File List temp_data.txt light_data.txt Description Both files are tab-delimited text files. Temperatures (in degrees Celsius) were recorded in 2007–2008 using LogTag data-loggers, and in 2008–2010 using HOBO data-loggers. Light intensities (in lux) were recorded in 2008–2010 only, using HOBO data-loggers. Column definitions: 1 = Date (as month/day/year) 2 = Time 3–17 (temp) or 3–14 (light) = Readings for each site Readings were taken exactly hourly, but the recorded time is approximate (i.e., readings were taken within 30 minutes of the recorded times). Readings are missing for Brush Creek II from 9 June to 29 July 2009. Temperature data for this site in this time period were estimated based on regression on Cement Creek values. Temperature data from Kebler Clearing from 29 January to 17 May 2008 were estimated by regression on Splain’s Gulch values. Some sites were used only in one or two of three years; data are available only for those years. No data were recorded for Mt. Crested Butte and South Gothic after 15 August 2009. Summed values for the data columns of the temp file are: 28392, 43952, 55221, 15973, 80330, 39066, 30501, 60154, 17183, 18883, 49978, 47573, 71088, 98163, 55691 Summed values for the data columns of the light file are: 92165014, 42158964, 89745126, 24987620, 94314584, 25272394, 75036913, 117798095, 68286899, 99209764, 34132375

Data from: Seed source impacts germination and early establishment of dominant grasses in prairie restorations - Stuart Wagenius; M. Kate Gallagher (other, 2016)
Land managers choose seed from a variety of provenances for restoration projects. By selecting seed of the local ecotype, managers can increase establishment in the short term and prevent the disruption of local adaptations and genetic swamping in the long term. However, local seed may be disadvantageous if populations are inbred or maladapted to managed restoration environments. Seed selection may be further confounded by propagation methods. Three dominant C4 grasses, Andropogon gerardii, Bouteloua curtipendula and Sorghastrum nutans, from three types of seed provenances (remnant, restoration and nursery) were planted as seeds and plugs into experimental plots at three established tallgrass prairie restorations in western Minnesota, USA. Using a common garden design, we tested whether (i) provenance and (ii) site of planting influence germination and first-season survival and growth both (iii) for seeds directly planted in the field and for transplants (plugs). Seed provenance impacted germination and seedling survival in all cases, except S. nutans seeded directly in the field. Andropogon gerardii and B. curtipendula nursery seedlings were consistently taller than those of the other provenance types. When directly seeded, germination, survival and vigour differed among restoration sites; however, the results were species specific. Sorghastrum nutans germination varied among sites depending on provenance, indicating that this species may be particularly sensitive to environmental conditions. Germination was 3–12 times greater for plugs than for seeds directly planted in the field in summer, but mortality after planting in the field was low for both groups. Synthesis and applications. Provenance and restoration site had varying effects among species, indicating that the dominant C4 grasses used in this study ought not to be considered ecological equivalents. While we found little evidence of local adaptation, use of local remnant seeds diminishes the risk of spreading maladapted genotypes. Germination limited establishment when sowing seeds directly in summer. Supplemental use of plugs may increase species diversity in restorations.

Pollination neighborhood survey data - Ana Chicas-Mosier; Judith D. Soule; David W. Inouye; William K. Petry; Kailen A. Mooney; Amy M. Iler; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
Characteristics of the pollination neighborhoods within a 10m radius of focal females. See README.txt for column descriptions.

Data from: Biotic and abiotic variables influencing plant litter breakdown in streams: a global study - Mark Gessner; Javier Perez; Cang Hui; A. S. Flecker; Richard Pearson; Andrew Boulton; Russell Death; Charles M'Erimba; Andrea Encalada; Marcelo Moretti; Tajang Jinggut; Tomoya Iwata; et al. (other, 2016)
Plant litter breakdown is a key ecological process in terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. Streams and rivers, in particular, have high rates of carbon dioxide evasion and they contribute substantially to global carbon fluxes. However, there is little information available on the relative roles of different drivers of plant litter breakdown in fresh waters, particularly at large scales. We present a global-scale study of litter breakdown in streams to compare the roles of biotic, climatic and other environmental factors on breakdown rates. We conducted an experiment in 24 streams encompassing latitudes from 47.8ºN to 42.8ºS, using litter mixtures of local species differing in quality and phylogenetic diversity, and alder (Alnus glutinosa) to control for variation in litter traits. Our models revealed that breakdown of alder was driven by climate, with some influence of pH, while variation in breakdown of litter mixtures was explained mainly by litter quality and phylogenetic diversity. The influence of these litter variables and pH was modulated by temperature, indicating that different mechanisms may operate at different latitudes. These results reflect global variability caused by multiple factors, but unexplained variance points to the need for expanded global-scale comparisons.

Focal female data - Judith D. Soule; William K. Petry; David W. Inouye; Ana Chicas-Mosier; Amy M. Iler; Kailen A. Mooney; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
Measurements of focal females, including proportion of flowers that successfully produced seed. See README.txt for column descriptions.

Data from: Biotic resistance to tropical ornamental invasion - Matthew H. Lurie; Jennifer L. Bufford; Curtis C. Daehler (other, 2016)
We examined invasive, casual (found occasionally outside cultivation) and non-invasive (found only in cultivation) species to investigate the role of species traits and two forms of biotic resistance (plant neighbours and herbivores) in limiting invasion in Hawaiian lowlands. Seeds of 21 species of common woody ornamentals from three plant families (Acanthaceae, Apocynaceae, Bignoniaceae) that are non-invasive, casual or invasive in Hawai'i were outplanted at two field sites. We measured germination of seeds and growth and survival of seedlings for one year in plots with and without neighbours from the naturally-assembled community. The presence of neighbours reduced survival in some species, mostly non-invasive or casual species and completely excluded two non-invasive species from community plots. Damage from the existing community of herbivores was correlated with lower survival in the Acanthaceae and Bignoniaceae, but not the Apocynaceae. Non-invasive and casual species had lower survival and growth rates than invasive species and lower photosynthetic rates in the presence of neighbours than invasive species. Non-invasives without neighbours also had lower specific leaf area than invasives and casuals. We found evidence for barriers to invasion in some non-invasive and casual species, including low growth rate, low survival, or low survival in the presence of neighbours. By contrast, five of the six invasives flowered and three began setting fruit within the duration of the experiment, as did one of the casual species. Synthesis: Our research demonstrates biotic resistance, presumably as a result of competition. Neighbouring plants reduced survival and growth for most species. For non-invasive species with low survival and growth even without competition from neighbouring plants, this resulted in complete exclusion from community plots or such low growth rates that exclusion over longer time frames was likely. We also provide evidence for traits-based barriers to invasion in non-invasive and casual species. However, no single barrier to invasion was shared across all non-invasive and casual species.

Data from: Does one model fit all? patterns of beech mortality in natural forests of three European regions - Harald K.M. Bugmann; Brigitte Commarmot; Peter Brang; Peter Meyer; Lisa Hülsmann; Stephan Zimmermann (other, 2016)
Large uncertainties characterize forest development under global climate change. Although recent studies have found widespread increased tree mortality, the patterns and processes associated with tree death remain poorly understood, thus restricting accurate mortality predictions. Yet, projections of future forest dynamics depend critically on robust mortality models, preferably based on empirical data rather than theoretical, not well-constrained assumptions. We developed parsimonious mortality models for individual beech (Fagus sylvatica) trees and evaluated their potential for incorporation in Dynamic Vegetation Models (DVMs). We used inventory data from nearly 19′000 trees from unmanaged forests in Switzerland, Germany and Ukraine, representing the largest dataset used to date for calibrating such models. Tree death was modelled as a function of size and growth, i.e., stem diameter (dbh) and relative basal area increment (relBAI), using generalized logistic regression accounting for unequal re-measurement intervals. To explain the spatial and temporal variability in mortality patterns, we considered a large set of environmental and stand characteristics. Validation with independent datasets was performed to assess model generality. Our results demonstrate strong variability in beech mortality that was independent of environmental or stand characteristics. Mortality patterns in Swiss and German strict forest reserves were dominated by competition processes as indicated by J-shaped mortality over tree size and growth. The Ukrainian primeval beech forest was additionally characterized by windthrow and a U-shaped size-mortality function. Unlike the mortality model based on Ukrainian data, the Swiss and German models achieved good discrimination and acceptable transferability when validated against each other. We thus recommend these two models to be incorporated and examined in DVMs. Their mortality predictions respond to climate change via tree growth, which is sufficient to capture the adverse effects of water availability and competition on the mortality probability of beech under current conditions.

Data from: Environmental controls on canopy foliar N distributions in a neotropical lowland forest - Stephen Porder; Christopher S. Balzotti; Gregory P. Asner; Megan Nasto; Cory C. Cleveland; Brooke B. Osborne; Alan R. Townsend; Philip G. Taylor; Rebecca A. Cole; Roberta E. Martin (other, 2016)
Distributions of foliar nutrients across forest canopies can give insight into their plant functional diversity and improve our understanding of biogeochemical cycling. We used airborne remote sensing and Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) to quantify canopy foliar nitrogen (N) across ~164 km2 of wet lowland tropical forest in the Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica. We determined the relative influence of climate and topography on the observed patterns of canopy foliar N using a gradient boosting model (GBM) technique. At a local scale, where climate and substrate where constant, we explored the influence of slope position on canopy N by quantifying canopy N on remnant terraces, their adjacent slopes and knife edged ridges. In addition, we climbed and sampled 540 trees and analyzed foliar N in order to quantify the role of species identity (phylogeny) and environmental factors in predicting canopy N. Observed canopy N heterogeneity reflected environmental factors working at multiple spatial scales. Across the larger landscape, elevation and precipitation had the highest relative influence on predicting canopy foliar N (30 and 24%), followed by soils (15%), site exposure (9%), compound topographic index (8%), substrate (6%), and landscape dissection (6%). Phylogeny explained ~75% of the variation in the filed collected foliar N data, suggesting that phylogeny largely underpins the response to the environmental factors. Taken together, these data suggest that a large fraction of the variance in canopy N across the landscape is proximately driven by species composition, though ultimately this is likely a response to abiotic factors such as climate and topography. Future work should focus on the mechanisms and feedbacks involved, and how shifts in climate may translate to changes in forest function.

Data from: A cost of being amicable in a hibernating marmot - Wei Jenny Yang; Adriana A. Maldonado-Chaparro; Daniel T. Blumstein (other, 2016)
Amicable social interactions can enhance fitness in many species, have negligible consequences for some, and reduce fitness in others. For yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris), a facultatively social rodent species with demonstrable costs of social relationships during the active season, the effects of sociality on overwinter survival have yet to be fully investigated. Here, we explored how summer social interactions, quantified as social network attributes, influenced marmot survival during hibernation. Using social data collected from 2002 to 2012 on free-living yellow-bellied marmots, we calculated 8 social network measures (in-degree, out-degree, in-closeness, out-closeness, in-strength, out-strength, embeddedness, and clustering coefficient) for both affiliative and agonistic interactions. We performed a principal component analysis (PCA) to reduce those attributes to 3 affiliative (connectedness, strength, and clustering) and 4 agonistic (submissiveness, bullying, strength, and clustering) components. Then, we fitted a generalized linear mixed model to explain variation in overwinter survival as a function of these social components, along with body mass, sex, age, weather conditions, hibernation group size, and hibernation group composition. We found that individuals with stronger amicable relationships were more likely to die during hibernation. This suggests that social relationships, even affiliative ones, need not be beneficial; for yellow-bellied marmots, they can even be fatal.

Meta-analysis of montane plant elevation range shifts in response to climate change - Ana Chicas-Mosier; William K. Petry; Judith D. Soule; David W. Inouye; Amy M. Iler; Kailen A. Mooney; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
Rates of elevation range shift in montane plants due to climate change collected from the literature. See README.txt for column descriptions.

Data from: Size-related scaling of tree form and function in a mixed-age forest - Valentine Herrmann; William J. McShea; Amy C. Bennett; Kristina J. Anderson-Teixeira; Norman A. Bourg; Jennifer C. McGarvey; Sean M. McMahon; Helene C. Muller-Landau; Jonathan R. Thompson; Janice Y. Park; Erika B. Gonzalez-Akre; Christopher V. So (other, 2016)
Many morphological, physiological and ecological traits of trees scale with diameter, shaping the structure and function of forest ecosystems. Understanding the mechanistic basis for such scaling relationships is key to understanding forests globally and their role in Earth's changing climate system. Here, we evaluate theoretical predictions for the scaling of nine variables in a mixed-age temperate deciduous forest (CTFS-ForestGEO forest dynamics plot at the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Virginia, USA) and compare observed scaling parameters to those from other forests world-wide. We examine fifteen species and various environmental conditions. Structural, physiological and ecological traits of trees scaled with stem diameter in a manner that was sometimes consistent with existing theoretical predictions – more commonly with those predicting a range of scaling values than a single universal scaling value. Scaling relationships were variable among species, reflecting substantive ecological differences. Scaling relationships varied considerably with environmental conditions. For instance, the scaling of sap flux density varied with atmospheric moisture demand, and herbivore browsing dramatically influenced stem abundance scaling. Thus, stand-level, time-averaged scaling relationships (e.g., the scaling of diameter growth) are underlain by a diversity of species-level scaling relationships that can vary substantially with fluctuating environmental conditions. In order to use scaling theory to accurately characterize forest ecosystems and predict their responses to global change, it will be critical to develop a more nuanced understanding of both the forces that constrain stand-level scaling and the complexity of scaling variation across species and environmental conditions.

Data from: Effects of increased flight on the energetics and life history of the butterfly Speyeria mormonia - Kristjan Niitepõld; Carol L. Boggs (other, 2016)
Movement uses resources that may otherwise be allocated to somatic maintenance or reproduction. How does increased energy expenditure affect resource allocation? Using the butterfly Speyeria mormonia, we tested whether experimentally increased flight affects fecundity, lifespan or flight capacity. We measured body mass (storage), resting metabolic rate and lifespan (repair and maintenance), flight metabolic rate (flight capacity), egg number and composition (reproduction), and food intake across the adult lifespan. The flight treatment did not affect body mass or lifespan. Food intake increased sufficiently to offset the increased energy expenditure. Total egg number did not change, but flown females had higher early-life fecundity and higher egg dry mass than control females. Egg dry mass decreased with age in both treatments. Egg protein, triglyceride or glycogen content did not change with flight or age, but some components tracked egg dry mass. Flight elevated resting metabolic rate, indicating increased maintenance costs. Flight metabolism decreased with age, with a steeper slope for flown females. This may reflect accelerated metabolic senescence from detrimental effects of flight. These effects of a drawdown of nutrients via flight contrast with studies restricting adult nutrient input. There, fecundity was reduced, but flight capacity and lifespan were unchanged. The current study showed that when food resources were abundant, wing-monomorphic butterflies living in a continuous meadow landscape resisted flight-induced stress, exhibiting no evidence of a flight-fecundity or flight-longevity trade-off. Instead, flight changed the dynamics of energy use and reproduction as butterflies adopted a faster lifestyle in early life. High investment in early reproduction may have positive fitness effects in the wild, as long as food is available. Our results help to predict the effect of stressful conditions on the life history of insects living in a changing world.

Data from: Modelling short-rotation coppice and tree planting for urban carbon management – a city-wide analysis - Odhran S. O’Sullivan; Nicola McHugh; Jill L. Edmondson; Kevin J. Gaston; Jonathan R. Leake; Odhran S. O'Sullivan (other, 2016)
1. The capacity of urban areas to deliver provisioning ecosystem services is commonly overlooked and underutilized. Urban populations have globally increased fivefold since 1950, and they disproportionately consume ecosystem services and contribute to carbon emissions, highlighting the need to increase urban sustainability and reduce environmental impacts of urban dwellers. Here, we investigated the potential for increasing carbon sequestration, and biomass fuel production, by planting trees and short-rotation coppice (SRC), respectively, in a mid-sized UK city as a contribution to meeting national commitments to reduce CO2 emissions. 2. Iterative GIS models were developed using high-resolution spatial data. The models were applied to patches of public and privately owned urban greenspace suitable for planting trees and SRC, across the 73 km2 area of the city of Leicester. We modelled tree planting with a species mix based on the existing tree populations, and SRC with willow and poplar to calculate biomass production in new trees, and carbon sequestration into harvested biomass over 25 years. 3. An area of 11 km2 comprising 15% of the city met criteria for tree planting and had the potential over 25 years to sequester 4200 tonnes of carbon above-ground. Of this area, 5·8 km2 also met criteria for SRC planting and over the same period this could yield 71 800 tonnes of carbon in harvested biomass. 4. The harvested biomass could supply energy to over 1566 domestic homes or 30 municipal buildings, resulting in avoided carbon emissions of 29 236 tonnes of carbon over 25 years when compared to heating by natural gas. Together with the net carbon sequestration into trees, a total reduction of 33 419 tonnes of carbon in the atmosphere could be achieved in 25 years by combined SRC and tree planting across the city. 5. Synthesis and applications. We demonstrate that urban greenspaces in a typical UK city are underutilized for provisioning ecosystem services by trees and especially SRC, which has high biomass production potential. For urban greenspace management, we recommend that planting SRC in urban areas can contribute to reducing food–fuel conflicts on agricultural land and produce renewable energy sources close to centres of population and demand.

Focal female locations 2014 - William K. Petry; Ana Chicas-Mosier; David W. Inouye; Judith D. Soule; Kailen A. Mooney; Amy M. Iler; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
This .zip archive contains a shapefile (including .shp, .shx, .dbf, and .prj components) that describes the locations of focal females used in 2014 in the study of the effect of neighborhood operational sex ratio on seed set rates in Valeriana edulis.

Data from: Burn or rot: leaf traits explain why flammability and decomposability are decoupled across species - Saskia Grootemaat; William K. Cornwell; Ian J. Wright; Peter M. van Bodegom; Johannes H. C. Cornelissen (other, 2016)
In fire-prone ecosystems, two important alternative fates for leaves are burning in a wildfire (when alive or as litter) or they get consumed (as litter) by decomposers. The influence of leaf traits on litter decomposition rate is reasonably well understood. In contrast, less is known about the influence of leaf traits on leaf and litter flammability. The aim of this study was twofold: (a) to determine which morphological and chemical leaf traits drive flammability; and (b) to determine if different (combinations of) morphological and chemical leaf traits drive interspecific variation in decomposition and litter flammability and, in turn, help us understand the relationship between decomposability and flammability. To explore the relationships between leaf traits and flammability of individual leaves, we used 32 evergreen perennial plant species from eastern Australia in standardised experimental burns on three types of leaf material (i.e. fresh, dried and senesced). Next, we compared these trait-flammability relationships to trait-decomposability relationships as obtained from a previous decomposition experiment (focusing on senesced leaves only). Among the three parameters of leaf flammability that we measured, interspecific variation in time to ignition was mainly explained by specific leaf area and moisture content. Flame duration and smoulder duration were mostly explained by leaf dry mass and to a lesser degree by leaf chemistry, i.e. nitrogen, phosphorus and tannin concentrations. The variation in the decomposition constant across species was unrelated to our measures of flammability. Moreover, different combinations of morphological and chemical leaf properties underpinned the interspecific variation in decomposability and flammability. In contrast to litter flammability, decomposability was driven by lignin and phosphorus concentrations. The decoupling of flammability and decomposability leads to three possible scenarios for species’ influence on litter fates: (I) fast-decomposing species for which flammability is irrelevant because there will not be enough litter to support a fire; (II) species with slow-decomposing leaves and a high flammability; and (III) species with slow-decomposing leaves and a low flammability. We see potential for making use of the decoupled trait – decomposition – flammability relationships when modelling carbon and nutrient fluxes. Including information on leaf traits in models can improve the prediction of fire behaviour. Herbivory is another key fate for leaves, but this study was focused on fire and decomposition.

Data from: Genetic parameters in subtropical pine F1 hybrids: heritabilities, between-trait correlations and genotype-by-environment interactions - Pomerayi Mutete; Washington J. Gapare; Ruramai Murepa (other, 2016)
Growth and stem straightness traits of 29 Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis × Pinus tecunumanii (PCH × PTEC) and 26 P. caribaea var. hondurensis × Pinus oocarpa (PCH × POOC) hybrid pair-crosses plus a total of 16 intraspecific families were assessed at ages 5, 8 and 15 years from planting at two sites. The PCH × PTEC hybrid was the most productive, yielding 37 % more than a Pinus elliottii local control and was 21 % superior to either parental species in DBH growth. PCH × POOC hybrid was, on average, 16 % superior to either parental species for DBH. Narrow-sense heritability estimates were low to moderate for growth traits (average of 0.27) and stem straightness (0.16). The estimated additive genetic correlations between growth traits and ages within traits were high (>0.8) and positive, providing confidence in early selection based on diameter at breast height. The high proportion of estimated additive genetic variance compared to dominance variance in the F1 pine hybrids suggests that breeding strategies that maximize the use of additive genetic variance may be effective. The ranking of the 11 PCH parents based on general hybridizing ability predictions (estimated breeding values as hybrids) was somewhat inconsistent between PTEC and POOC hybrid crosses for all traits (r 9 d.f. = 0.38–0.45; p ∼0.15–0.25). There was no evidence of practically important G × E interaction for the hybrids except for PCH × PTEC height growth. This study suggests that a single, multi-hybrid breeding population seems appropriate in Zimbabwe if the trial sites are representative of the planting target zone.

Data from: Relationships between resprouting ability, species traits, and resource allocation patterns in woody species in a temperate forest - Rei Shibata; Mitsue Shibata; Takashi Masaki; Hiroko Kurokawa; Hiroshi Tanaka; Tohru Nakashizuka; Shigeo Iida (other, 2016)
Many woody plants resprout to restore above-ground biomass after disturbances or to survive in stressful environments. Resprouting requires carbohydrate storage, but the general relationship between resource allocation patterns and resprouting ability remains unclear because it can be influenced by the disturbance regime to which species have adapted. We studied deciduous broadleaved trees that coexist in a Japanese cool-temperate forest to investigate the relationships among the biomass and total non-structural carbohydrate (TNC) allocation patterns of saplings, resprouting ability and functional traits. The study species comprised 16 single-stemmed species that only resprout when above-ground biomass loss occurs and eight multi-stemmed species that resprout regardless of whether above-ground damage occurs or not. Single-stemmed species with better juvenile resprouting ability had larger roots, whereas multi-stemmed species with better juvenile resprouting ability did not necessarily depend on below-ground reserves. Species that retain their ability to resprout until a larger size had a higher root TNC content as saplings, suggesting that they can survive major disturbances such as fire and coppicing by resprouting supported by TNC stored in their roots. Species with shade-tolerant traits (i.e. low foliar nitrogen indicating low photosynthetic capacity, high wood density indicating high defensive investment) had small below-ground TNC reserves irrespective of resprouting types. On the other hand, multi-stemmed species with high wood density and high LMA (indicating high photosynthetic capacity) had small above-ground TNC reserves. Contrary to our hypothesis, a species’ maximum size did not relate to the size of its below-ground reserves. By considering the differences in resprouting types, we suggest more complex control of resprouting than was formerly proposed. Variation in the resprouting ability of single-stemmed species was based on a trade-off between below-ground reserves for resprouting and shade-tolerant traits. However, multi-stemmed species can vigorously resprout irrespective of the size of its below-ground reserves. Their multi-stemmed architecture, well-defended wood, high photosynthetic capacity or large above-ground carbohydrate reserves seem to respectively contribute to their persistence. Such variation in the resprouting strategy based on a trade-off between shade tolerance and resource storage would promote species coexistence under a range of disturbance regimes and light environments.

Valeriana edulis spatial dispersion plants - Ana Chicas-Mosier; William K. Petry; David W. Inouye; Judith D. Soule; Kailen A. Mooney; Amy M. Iler; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
This .zip archive contains a shapefile (including .shp, .shx, .dbf, and .prj components) that describes the locations of all Valeriana edulis plants in a representative 200m^2 plot at Emerald Lake.

Map data and Unmanned Aircraft System imagery from the May 25, 2014 West Salt Creek rock avalanche in western Colorado (other, 2016)
On May 25, 2014, a rain-on-snow induced rock avalanche occurred in the West Salt Creek Valley on the northern flank of Grand Mesa in western Colorado. The avalanche traveled 4.6 km down the confined valley, killing 3 people. The avalanche was rare for the contiguous U.S. because of its large size (54.5 Mm3) and long travel distance. To understand the avalanche failure sequence, mechanisms, and mobility, we mapped landslide structures, geology, and ponds at 1:1000-scale. We used high-resolution, Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) imagery from July 2014 as a base for our field mapping. Here we present the map data and UAS imagery. The data accompany an interpretive paper published in the journal Geosphere. The full citation for this interpretive journal paper is: Coe, J.A., Baum, R.L., Allstadt, K.E., Kochevar, B.F., Schmitt, R.G., Morgan, M.L., White, J.L., Stratton, B.T., Hayashi, T.A., and Kean, J.W., 2016, Rock avalanche dynamics revealed by large-scale field mapping and seismic signals at a highly mobile avalanche in the West Salt Creek Valley, western Colorado: Geosphere, v. 12, no. 2, p. 607-631, doi:10.1130/GES01265.1.

Data from: Relative impacts of environmental variation and evolutionary history on the nestedness and modularity of tree-herbivore networks. - Céline Hauzy; Benedicte R. Albrectsen; Kathryn M. Robinson; Nicolas Loeuille (other, 2016)
Nestedness and modularity are measures of ecological networks whose causative effects are little understood. We analyzed antagonistic plant–herbivore bipartite networks using common gardens in two contrasting environments comprised of aspen trees with differing evolutionary histories of defence against herbivores. These networks were tightly connected owing to a high level of specialization of arthropod herbivores that spend a large proportion of the life cycle on aspen. The gardens were separated by ten degrees of latitude with resultant differences in abiotic conditions. We evaluated network metrics and reported similar connectance between gardens but greater numbers of links per species in the northern common garden. Interaction matrices revealed clear nestedness, indicating subsetting of the bipartite interactions into specialist divisions, in both the environmental and evolutionary aspen groups, although nestedness values were only significant in the northern garden. Variation in plant vulnerability, measured as the frequency of herbivore specialization in the aspen population, was significantly partitioned by environment (common garden) but not by evolutionary origin of the aspens. Significant values of modularity were observed in all network matrices. Trait-matching indicated that growth traits, leaf morphology, and phenolic metabolites affected modular structure in both the garden and evolutionary groups, whereas extra-floral nectaries had little influence. Further examination of module configuration revealed that plant vulnerability explained considerable variance in web structure. The contrasting conditions between the two gardens resulted in bottom-up effects of the environment, which most strongly influenced the overall network architecture, however, the aspen groups with dissimilar evolutionary history also showed contrasting degrees of nestedness and modularity. Our research therefore shows that, while evolution does affect the structure of aspen–herbivore bipartite networks, the role of environmental variations is a dominant constraint.

Data from: Closing a gap in tropical forest biomass estimation: taking crown mass variation into account in pantropical allometries - John Katembo Mukirania; Pierre Couteron; Maxime Réjou-Méchain; Raphaël Pélissier; David Kenfack; Faustin Boyemba Bosela; Nicholas Barbier; Mathieu Henry; Adeline Fayolle; Narcisse Guy Kamdem; Vincent Droissart; Pierre Ploton; et al. (other, 2016)
Accurately monitoring tropical forest carbon stocks is an outstanding challenge. Allometric models that consider tree diameter, height and wood density as predictors are currently used in most tropical forest carbon studies. In particular, a pantropical biomass model has been widely used for approximately a decade, and its most recent version will certainly constitute a reference in the coming years. However, this reference model shows a systematic bias for the largest trees. Because large trees are key drivers of forest carbon stocks and dynamics, understanding the origin and the consequences of this bias is of utmost concern. In this study, we compiled a unique tree mass dataset on 673 trees measured in five tropical countries (101 trees > 100 cm in diameter) and an original dataset of 130 forest plots (1 ha) from central Africa to quantify the error of biomass allometric models at the individual and plot levels when explicitly accounting or not accounting for crown mass variations. We first showed that the proportion of crown to total tree aboveground biomass is highly variable among trees, ranging from 3 to 88 %. This proportion was constant on average for trees < 10 Mg (mean of 34 %) but, above this threshold, increased sharply with tree mass and exceeded 50 % on average for trees ≥ 45 Mg. This increase coincided with a progressive deviation between the pantropical biomass model estimations and actual tree mass. Accounting for a crown mass proxy in a newly developed model consistently removed the bias observed for large trees (> 1 Mg) and reduced the range of plot-level error from −23–16 to 0–10 %. The disproportionally higher allocation of large trees to crown mass may thus explain the bias observed recently in the reference pantropical model. This bias leads to far-from-negligible, but often overlooked, systematic errors at the plot level and may be easily corrected by accounting for a crown mass proxy for the largest trees in a stand, thus suggesting that the accuracy of forest carbon estimates can be significantly improved at a minimal cost.