Subcanopy Potential Solar Radiation on Day of Year 80 for the Upper East River Derived from 2018 NEON AOP Data - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2021)
This dataset represents potential clear-sky incident solar radiation (in w/m^2) for day of year 265 (fall equinox), taking into account shading from topography, buildings, and vegetation greater than 1m in height. This map was generated with the GRASS GIS program r.sun and a subcanopy solar radiation model from Bode et al. 2014: Bode, C. A., Limm, M. P., Power, M. E., & Finlay, J. C. (2014). Subcanopy Solar Radiation model: Predicting solar radiation across a heavily vegetated landscape using LiDAR and GIS solar radiation models. Remote Sensing of Environment, 154, 387-397. The model assumes deciduous vegetation is in it's leaf-on condition (as is typical on that date).

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, sea surface salinity, temperature and barometric pressure collected from surface underway observations during the racing sailing vessel Seaexplorer (Malizia II) cruises in the Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean from 2020-07-03 to 2021-01-05 (NCEI Accession 0235681) - NCEI (other, 2021)
This dataset includes surface underway data collected during the racing sailing vessel Seaexplorer (Malizia II) cruises in the Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean from 2020-07-03 to 2021-01-05. These data include partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the water, sea surface salinity, sea surface temperature and barometric pressure. The instruments used to collect these data include carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer, Flat membrane (PDMS) equilibrator for autonomous carbon dioxide (CO2) measurement.

Bare-earth Potential Solar Radiation on Day of Year 172 for the Upper East River Derived from 2018 NEON AOP Data - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2021)
This dataset represents potential clear-sky incident solar radiation (in w/m^2) for day of year 172 (summer solstice), taking into account shading from topography and man-made structures, but not vegetation. This map was generated with the GRASS GIS program r.sun.

Vegetation Structure Maps for the Upper East River Domain Derived from 2015 and 2019 LiDAR Data - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2021)
This is a map of various vegetation canopy structure metrics derived from high-density airborne LiDAR scans collected in August - September 2015 and 2019. The different raster bands represent statistical summaries of the normalized LiDAR point cloud. In the normalized point cloud, ground elevations have been subtracted, leaving the Z coordinate to represent heights above the ground surface. T he 14 raster bands represent: 1. "maxht", the maximum height above ground (in m) of points in a raster cell. 2. "meanht",the mean height above ground (in m) of points in a raster cell. 3. "ht99", 99th-percentile height above ground (in m) of points in a raster cell. 4. "ht80", 80th-percentile height above ground (in m) of points in a raster cell. 5. "ht20", 20th-percentile height above ground (in m) of points in a raster cell. 6. "htsd", standard deviation of point heights. 7. "intmean", mean of return intensities. 8. "intmax", maximum of return intensities. 9. "intsd", standard deviation of return intensities. 10. "intcan_ratio", ratio of summed return intensities from the canopy (> 2m height) to total summed intensities. 11. "intund_ratio", ratio of summed return intensities from the understory (0.25 - 2 m height) to total summed intensities below 2m height. 12. "prop_can", ratio of return numbers from the canopy (> 2m height) to total number of returns. 13. "prop_und", ratio of return numbers from the understory (0.25 - 2 m height) to the total number of returns below 2m height. 14. "p_crown", ratio of the number of returns inside vegetation crowns to the total number of returns. Processing summary: Classified LiDAR point clouds from both datasets were re-projected to a common coordinate system (EPSG:32613, WGS84 UTM Zone 13N). A 0.33m canopy height model was constructed for each dataset by triangulating ground returns and subtracting the elevation of the ground surface. Statistical summaries described above were then calculated from the normalized point cloud. All point cloud processing was done using the R package lidR version 2.1. The two summary datasets from the 2015 and 2019 LiDAR datasets were mosaiced to produce a continous dataset, with the 2019 data taking priority where there was coverage (approximately 80% of the domain). Note that this causes visible inconsistencies in return intensity data between the two domains because of the different characteristics of the LiDAR instruments used.

National Assessment of Oil and Gas Project - Uinta-Piceance Province (020) Boundary - U.S. Geological Survey - CERSC Data Management Services Project (other, 2021)
The USGS Central Region Energy Team assesses oil and gas resources of the United States. The onshore and State water areas of the United States comprise 71 provinces. Within these provinces, Total Petroleum Systems are defined and Assessment Units are defined and assessed. Each of these provinces is defined geologically, and most province boundaries are defined by major geologic changes. The Uinta-Piceance Province is located in eastern Utah and western Colorado, encompassing all or parts of Delta, Garfield, Gunnison, Mesa, Moffat, Montrose, Ouray, Rio Blanco, and Routt Counties in Colorado and all or parts of Carbon, Duchesne, Emery, Grand, Sanpete, Sevier, Uintah, Utah, and Wasatch Counties in Utah. The main population centers within [...]

Microclimate observations associated with snowmelt experiment gradient sites, East River, Colorado, 2017 to 2020 (ess_dive, 2021)
The timing of snowmelt in mountain systems is a main driver of vegetation phenology and production, as well as recharge of soil moisture and ground water. Decreases in maximum snowpack and warmer spring temperatures have led to a higher frequency of early snowmelt. This study combines a natural elevation gradient with an experimental manipulation of snowmelt timing to assess the effect of earlier melt on hillslope and watershed ecohydrological processes. This data package includes csv files with plot and sub-plot level observations of soil temperature (SM_ST.csv), soil moisture (SM_SWC.csv), air temperature (SM_AirT.csv), and relative humidity (SM_rH.csv). The date range of this dataset includes a pre-treatment year (2017), two treatment years (2018 and 2019), and a post-treatment year (2020). Location IDs associated with this data package are: ER-LM, WG-UM, WG-LS, ER-US, and XX-AL. Related data packages include: “Colorado Elevation Gradient Snowmelt Manipulation Plant Phenology 2017-2018” and “Sensor-based phenology from snowmelt experiment gradient, East River, Colorado, 2017 to 2020”

Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) of Meteorological Time Series Data for Billy Barr, East River, Colorado USA - Gilberto Pastorello; Deb Agarwal; Charuleka Varadharajan; Boris Faybishenko; Roelof Versteeg; Dipankar Dwivedi (ess_dive, 2021)
A comprehensive Quality Assurance (QA) and Quality Control (QC) statistical framework consists of three major phases: Phase 1—Preliminary raw data sets exploration, including time formatting and combining datasets of different lengths and different time intervals; Phase 2—QA of the datasets, including detecting and flagging of duplicates, outliers, and extreme values; and Phase 3—the development of time series of a desired frequency, imputation of missing values, visualization and a final statistical summary. The time series data collected at the Billy Barr meteorological station (East River Watershed, Colorado) were analyzed. The developed statistical framework is suitable for both real-time and post-data-collection QA/QC analysis of meteorological datasets.The files that are in this data package include one excel file, converted to CSV format (Billy_Barr_raw_qaqc.csv) that contains the raw meteorological data, i.e., input data used for the QA/QC analysis. The second CSV file (Billy_Barr_1hr.csv) is the QA/QC and flagged meteorological data, i.e., output data from the QA/QC analysis. The last file (QAQC_Billy_Barr_2021-03-22.R) is a script written in R that implements the QA/QC and flagging process. The purpose of the CSV data files included in this package is to provide input and output files implemented in the R script.

Subcanopy Potential Solar Radiation on Day of Year 172 for the Upper East River Derived from 2018 NEON AOP Data - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2021)
This dataset represents potential clear-sky incident solar radiation (in w/m^2) for day of year 172 (summer solstice), taking into account shading from topography, buildings, and vegetation greater than 1m in height. This map was generated with the GRASS GIS program r.sun and a subcanopy solar radiation model from Bode et al. 2014: Bode, C. A., Limm, M. P., Power, M. E., & Finlay, J. C. (2014). Subcanopy Solar Radiation model: Predicting solar radiation across a heavily vegetated landscape using LiDAR and GIS solar radiation models. Remote Sensing of Environment, 154, 387-397. The model assumes deciduous vegetation is in it's leaf-off condition (as is typical on that date).

Drone ortho basemap of the Gothic Townsite, November 15th, 2019 - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2021)
<qgis stylecategories="AllStyleCategories" maxscale="0" minscale="1e+08" hasscalebasedvisibilityflag="0" version="3.18.1-Zürich">This is a visible (RGB) orthomosaic derived from UAV imagery via Structure from Motion processing. UAV flights were performed in Sunny conditions on November 15th, 2019, collecting RGB images using the built-in camera on a DJI Mavic 2 Pro. The raw imagery had an approximately 3cm ground sample distance (GSD). Images were processed in Agisoft Metashape Software (version 1.6) to derive a georeferenced dense point cloud and 3D model. Images were orthorectified and combined into a mosaic using the 3D model. This dataset has been georeferenced using 14 ground-control points, but has not been radiometrically calibrated.<blendmode></blendmode></qgis>

Predicting sedimentary bedrock subsurface weathering fronts and weathering rates: Dataset. (ess_dive, 2021)
Although bedrock weathering strongly influences water quality and global carbon and nitrogen budgets, the weathering depths and rates within subsurface are not well understood nor predictable. Determination of both porewater chemistry and subsurface water flow are needed in order to develop more complete understanding and obtain weathering rates. In a long-term field study, we applied a multiphase approach along a mountainous watershed hillslope transect underlain by marine shale. Here we report three findings. First, the deepest extent of the water table determines the weathering front, and the range of annually water table oscillations determines the thickness of the weathering zone. Below the lowest water table, permanently water-saturated bedrock remains reducing, preventing deeper pyrite oxidation. Secondly, carbonate minerals and potentially rock organic matter share the same weathering front depth with pyrite, contrary to models where weathering fronts are stratified. Thirdly, the measurements-based weathering rates from subsurface shale are high, amounting to base cation exports of about 70 kmolc ha−1 y−1, yet consistent with weathering of marine shale. Finally, by integrating geochemical and hydrological data we present a new conceptual model that can be applied in other settings to predict weathering and water quality responses to climate change.

National Assessment of Oil and Gas Project - Denver Basin Province (039) Boundary - U.S. Geological Survey - CERSC Data Management Services Project (other, 2021)
The USGS Central Region Energy Team assesses oil and gas resources of the United States. The onshore and State water areas of the United States comprise 71 provinces. Within these provinces, Total Petroleum Systems are defined and Assessment Units are defined and assessed. Each of these provinces is defined geologically, and most province boundaries are defined by major geologic changes. The Denver Basin Province is located in eastern Colorado, western Nebraska, southern South Dakota, and eastern Wyoming encompassing all or parts of Pueblo, El Paso, Crowley, Lincoln, Kit Carson, Elbert, Teller, Douglas, Jefferson, Denver, Arapahoe, Adams, Washington, Yuma, Morgan, Weld, Broomfield, Boulder, Larimer, Logan, Sedwick, Freemont, and Phillips [...]

Minimally processed AEM, magnetic and radiometric data - Burke J Minsley (other, 2021)
This data release consists of 1,984 line-kilometers of airborne electromagnetic (AEM), magnetic data and radiometric data collected from October to November 2017 in the upper East River and surrounding watersheds in central Colorado. The U.S. Geological Survey contracted Geotech Ltd. to acquire these data as part of regional investigations into the geologic structure and hydrologic framework of the area. The AEM data have been inverted to produce a series of regional cross-sections that constrain the electrical properties of the subsurface to a depth of ~500m. Data were acquired using the VTEM ET time-domain helicopter-borne electromagnetic system along flight lines that cross important geological structures over a 483 square kilometer [...]

Total Dissolved Nitrogen and Ammonia Data for the East River Watershed, Colorado (2015-2022) (ess_dive, 2021)
This data package contains mean values for total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) and ammonia concentrations for water samples taken from the East River Watershed in Colorado. The East River is part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (WFSFA) located in the Upper Colorado River Basin, United States. TDN was analyzed using a Shimadzu Total Nitrogen Module (TNM-1) combined with the TOC-VCSH analyzer (Shimadzu Corporation, Japan). TNM-1 is a non-specific measurement of total nitrogen (TN). All nitrogen species in samples are combusted to nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide, then reacted with ozone to form an excited state of nitrogen dioxide. Upon returning to ground state, light energy is emitted. Then, TDN is measured using a chemiluminescence detector. Ammonia was determined using a Lachat's QuikChem 8500 Series 2 Flow Injection Analysis System (LACHAT Instruments, QuckChem 8500 series 2, Automated Ion Analyzer, Loveland, Colorado). When ammonia in water samples is heated (60 degrees C) with salicylate and hypochlorite in an alkaline phosphate buffer, an emerald green color is produced which is proportional to the ammonia concentration. The color is intensified by the addition of nitroprusside. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is added to the buffer to prevent the interference of metal ions (Ca, Mg, and Fe etc.). Ammonia-N is then determined by LACHAT flow injection and a colorimetric assay at an absorbance wavelength 660 nm. (Reference: LACHAT Instruments: QuickChem Method 90-107-06-3-A, Determination of Ammonia by Flow Injection Analysis (High Throughput, Salicylate Method/DCIC) (Multi Matrix method). Written by Lynn Egan (Application group), February 08, 2011.) All files are labeled by location and variable, and data reported are the mean values upon replicate measurements. All samples were analyzed under a rigorous quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) process as detailed in the methods. This data package contains (1) a zip file (tdn_ammonia_data_2015-2022.zip) containing a total of 224 data files of ammonia and TDN data from across the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (SFA) which is reported in .csv files per location; (2) a file-level metadata (flmd.csv) file that lists each file contained in the dataset with associated metadata; and (3) a data dictionary (dd.csv) file that contains terms/column_headers used throughout the files along with a definition, units, and data type. Update 10/07/2020: Updated the data files to remove times from the timestamps, so that only dates remain. The data values have not changed. Update 4/11/2021: Added Determination of Method Detection Limits (MDLs) for DIC, NPOC and TDN Analyses and Determination of Method Detection Limit for Ammonia and the Interferences by LACHAT Flow Injection Analysis documents, which can be accessed as PDFs or with Microsoft Word.Update on 6/10/2022: versioned updates to this dataset was made along with these changes: (1) updated total dissolved nitrogen and ammonia data for all locations up to 2021-12-31, (2) removal of units from column headers in datafiles, (3) added row underneath headers to contain units of variables, (4) restructure of units to comply with CSV reporting format requirements, (5) added -9999 for empty numerical cells, and (6) the addition of the file-level metadata (flmd.csv) and data dictionary (dd.csv) were added to comply with the File-Level Metadata Reporting Format. Update on 2022-09-09: Updates were made to reporting format specific files (file-level metadata and data dictionary) to correct swapped file names, add additional details on metadata descriptions on both files, add a header_row column to enable parsing, and add version number and date to file names (v2_20220909_flmd.csv and v2_20220909_dd.csv). Update on 2022-12-20: Updates were made to both the data files and reporting format specific files. Units were listed incorrectly, but have been fixed to reflect correct units (ug/L). File level metadata (flmd) and data dictionary (dd) files were updated to reflect the updated versions of these files. Available data was added up until 2022-06-01.

SnowEx20 Grand Mesa Autumn 2019 Gravimetric Soil Moisture, Version 1 (other, 2021)

SnowEx20 Grand Mesa In Situ Dielectric Soil Moisture, Version 1 (other, 2021)

Inverted resistivity and IP models - Burke J Minsley (other, 2021)
This data release consists of 1,984 line-kilometers of airborne electromagnetic (AEM), magnetic data and radiometric data collected from October to November 2017 in the upper East River and surrounding watersheds in central Colorado. The U.S. Geological Survey contracted Geotech Ltd. to acquire these data as part of regional investigations into the geologic structure and hydrologic framework of the area. The AEM data have been inverted to produce a series of regional cross-sections that constrain the electrical properties of the subsurface to a depth of ~500m. Data were acquired using the VTEM ET time-domain helicopter-borne electromagnetic system along flight lines that cross important geological structures over a 483 square kilometer [...]

Processed AEM data - Burke J Minsley (other, 2021)
This data release consists of 1,984 line-kilometers of airborne electromagnetic (AEM), magnetic data and radiometric data collected from October to November 2017 in the upper East River and surrounding watersheds in central Colorado. The U.S. Geological Survey contracted Geotech Ltd. to acquire these data as part of regional investigations into the geologic structure and hydrologic framework of the area. The AEM data have been inverted to produce a series of regional cross-sections that constrain the electrical properties of the subsurface to a depth of ~500m. Data were acquired using the VTEM ET time-domain helicopter-borne electromagnetic system along flight lines that cross important geological structures over a 483 square kilometer [...]

Copper Creek Baseflow Age Experiment using Environmental Gas Tracers in the East River Watershed, CO. (ess_dive, 2021)
Groundwater contributions to streams, or baseflow, represents a mix of numerous flow paths through the subsurface of varying ages that are important to understanding system hydrologic lag and solute export. To better constrain numerical estimates of baseflow age, we used a novel experiment from Sanford et al. (2015) based on stream water concentrations of environmental gases (SF6, N2 and Ar) and an assumed Weibull distribution for a Colorado (CO) River headwater basin, Copper Creek (24 km2). The data package contains steam data collected over a 12-hour period on August 27, 2017 and the finite difference approximation for the mass balance approach.

Drone ortho basemap of the Gothic Townsite, August 27th 2019 - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2021)
This is a visible (RGB) orthomosaic derived from UAV imagery via Structure from Motion processing. UAV flights were performed in Sunny conditions on August 27th, 2019, collecting RGB images using the built-in camera on a DJI Mavic 2 Pro. The raw imagery had an approximately 3cm ground sample distance (GSD). Images were processed in Agisoft Metashape Software (version 1.6) to derive a georeferenced dense point cloud and 3D model. Images were orthorectified and combined into a mosaic using the 3D model. This dataset has been georeferenced using 14 ground-control points, but has not been radiometrically calibrated.

Annual floodplain sediment deposition recorded using feldspar clay marker horizons along the East River, Colorado, 2015-2017. (ess_dive, 2021)
White feldspar clay was placed along 24 transects defining a ~9-km long study reach along the meandering snowmelt-dominated East River in Colorado, USA. Feldspar markers horizons were placed in the fall of 2015 and 2016 along transects with the space between them increasing with distance from the channel. Depths of floodplain deposition were measured the following summers of 2016 and 2017 following annual peak flow after peak snowmelt. This dataset includes individual and average measurements made in the field along with coordinates in NAD 83 UTM Zone 13.

Bare Earth Potential Solar Radiation on Day of Year 80 for the Upper East River Derived from 2018 NEON AOP Data - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2021)
This dataset represents potential clear-sky incident solar radiation (in w/m^2) for day of year 80 (spring equinox), taking into account shading from topography and buildings, but not vegetation. This map was generated with the GRASS GIS program r.sun.

East River Watershed Stable Water Isotope Data in Precipitation, Snowpack and Snowmelt 2016-2020 (ess_dive, 2021)
Stable water isotopes (d18O, d2H and d-excess) are important tracers in hydrologic research to understand water partitioning between vegetation, groundwater, and runoff but are rarely applied to large watersheds with persistent snowpack and complex topopgraphy. Data were collected for the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Watershed Function Science Focus Area supported by the U.S Department of Energy in the East River, CO Hydrologic Unit Code (140200010) with limited data also collected in adjacent watersheds Ohio Creek and Taylor River. Data are provided in csv and includes isotopic information for precipitation (years 2014-2016), snowmelt (years 2016-2017) and snowpits (years 2016-2020). Snowpit data contain depth resolved information at 10 cm intervals for density, snow water equivalent (SWE) and stable water isotopes. Bulk isotopic data for 86 snowpits contain depth, SWE, density and SWE-weighted isotope values. Sampling locations and elevations are provided within the data files, while kmz files are provided to view sampling locations using Google Earth software.

Bare Earth Potential Solar Radiation on Day of Year 355 for the Upper East River Derived from 2018 NEON AOP Data - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2021)
This dataset represents potential clear-sky incident solar radiation (in w/m^2) for day of year 355 (winter solstice), taking into account shading from topography and buildings, but not vegetation. This map was generated with the GRASS GIS program r.sun.

Appendix C. Relationships between temperature and arrival of Broad-tailed Hummingbirds and flowering onset in its early-season nectar resources at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory in Colorado, USA. - C. David Bertelsen; Amy M. McKinney; David William Inouye; Billy Barr; Paul J. CaraDonna; Nickolas M. Waser (other, 2021)
Phenological advancements driven by climate change are especially pronounced at higher latitudes, so that migrants from lower latitudes may increasingly arrive at breeding grounds after the appearance of seasonal resources. To explore this possibility, we compared dates of first arrival of Broad-tailed Hummingbirds (Selasphorus platycercus) to dates of flowering of plants they visit for nectar. Near the southern limit of the breeding range, neither hummingbird arrival nor first flowering dates have changed significantly over the past few decades. At a nearby migration stopover site, first flowering of a major food plant has advanced, but peak flowering has not. Near the northern limit of the breeding range, first and peak flowering of early-season food plants have shifted to earlier dates, resulting in a shorter interval between appearance of first hummingbirds and first flowers. If phenological shifts continue at current rates, hummingbirds will eventually arrive at northern breeding grounds after flowering begins, which could reduce their nesting success. These results support the prediction that migratory species may experience the greatest phenological mismatches at the poleward limits of their migration. A novel hypothesis based on these results posits that the poleward limit for some species may contract toward lower latitudes under continued warming.

Rainbow trout diet and invertebrate drift data from 2012-2015 for the Colorado River, Grand Canyon, Arizona (other, 2021)
These data were compiled to explore the foraging ecology of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the Colorado River, Grand Canyon, Arizona. These data represent samples characterizing the availability of drifting invertebrate prey (hereafter, drift) and use of these invertebrate prey by rainbow trout determined by gut samples (hereafter, diets). Drift and diet sampling occurred in five distinct reaches downstream of Glen Canyon Dam (river kilometer (rkm) from the dam): (I) rkm 16.3-21.7; (II) rkm 52.8-58.3; (III) rkm 86.6-91.9; (IV) rkm 122.0-123.6; and (V) rkm 127.1-129.6. Samples were taken on 12 trips in April, July, September and January from April 2012 through January 2015. The aquatic prey base consists of 5 primary taxa; two [...]

Drone ortho basemap of the Gothic Townsite, June 17th, 2019 - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2021)
This is a visible (RGB) orthomosaic derived from UAV imagery via Structure from Motion processing. UAV flights were performed in sunny conditions on June 17th 2019, collecting RGB images using the built-in camera on a DJI Mavic 2 Pro. The raw imagery had an approximately 3cm ground sample distance (GSD). Images were processed in Agisoft Metashape Software (version 1.6) to derive a georeferenced dense point cloud and 3D model. Images were orthorectified and combined into a mosaic using the 3D model. This dataset has been georeferenced using 14 ground-control points, but has not been radiometrically calibrated.

Lek Disturbance Buffer Analysis data, Western Colorado, Derived from Gunnison Sage Grouse Location Data 2010 - 2014 (other, 2021)
This data release consists of three files (Crawford_and_WGB_Location_Data_S1.csv, Lek_Dist_S2.csv, and Home_Range_Area_S3.csv). The first data set represents specifics about each GPS location representing temporal and spatial relationships used in our analysis including the Month, day and year and local time each location was collected along with distance between locations, elevation in meters, distance to nearest lek and corresponding Buffer designation. The second data set represents the distance for each of the Leks, by population, used in our analysis to the nearest active lek. Distance measure in meters. The third data set provides area in hectares for minimum convex polygon (MCP) seasonal home ranges by population. The "All" category represents the MCP for the entire GPS location data set for each population.

Diversity and abundance of phyllosphere bacteria are linked to insect herbivory - Parris T Humphrey; Martha M Villalobos; Trang T Nguyen; Noah K Whiteman (other, 2021)
Simultaneous or sequential attack by herbivores and microbes is common in plants. Many seed plants exhibit a defence trade-off against chewing herbivorous insects and leaf-colonizing (‘phyllosphere’) bacteria, which arises from cross-talk between the phytohormones jasmonic acid (JA, induced by many herbivores) and salicylic acid (SA, induced by many bacteria). This cross-talk may promote reciprocal susceptibility in plants between phyllosphere bacteria and insect herbivores. In a population of native bittercress (Cardamine cordifolia, Brassicaceae), we tested whether simulating prior damage with JA or SA treatment induced resistance or susceptibility (respectively) to chewing herbivores. In parallel, we conducted culture-dependent surveys of phyllosphere bacteria to test the hypothesis that damage by chewing herbivores correlates positively with bacterial abundance in leaves. Finally, we tested whether bacterial infection induced susceptibility to herbivory by a major chewing herbivore of bittercress, Scaptomyza nigrita (Drosophilidae). Overall, our results suggest that reciprocal susceptibility to herbivory and microbial attack occurs in bittercress. We found that JA treatment reduced and SA treatment increased S. nigrita herbivory in bittercress in the field. Bacterial abundance was higher in herbivore-damaged vs. undamaged leaves (especially Pseudomonas syringae). However, Pedobacter spp. and Pseudomonas fluorescens infections were negatively associated with herbivory. Experimental Pseudomonas spp. infections increased S. nigrita herbivory in bittercress. Thus, plant defence signalling trade-offs can have important ecological consequences in nature that may be reflected in a positive correlation between herbivory and phyllosphere bacterial abundance and diversity. Importantly, the strength and direction of this association varies within and among prevalent bacterial groups.

East River Surface and Pore Water FTICR-MS Data Associated with “Implications of sample treatment on characterization of the riverine environmental metabolome” (ess_dive, 2021)
Surface and pore water samples were collected from distributed locations around Meander A in East River (Crested Butte, CO, USA) during the summer of 2018. This dataset consists of the characterization of dissolved organic matter using 12 Tesla Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS; in .xml format) analyzed through the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL; https://www.pnnl.gov/environmental-molecular-sciences-laboratory) using two different sample pre-treatment methods (solid phase extraction, no solid phase extraction) and two electrospray ionization methods (ESI-positive, ESI-negative) to identify the impacts of these choices on the final dataset. This study aimed to understand how the different sample processing methods influence the resulting FTICR-MS dataset. Any published work that utilizes data presented in this dataset should cite the dataset using the DOI number. If using the dataset, please acknowledge the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science (BER) Subsurface Biogeochemical Research (SBR) program, the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), and Worldwide Hydrobiogeochemical Observation Network for Dynamic River Systems (WHONDRS). The publication DOI will be added to this abstract when available.

An examination of synchrony between insect emergence and flowering in Rocky Mountain meadows. - James D. Thomson; Jessica R. K. Forrest (other, 2021)
One possible effect of climate change is the generation of a mismatch in the seasonal timing of interacting organisms, owing to species-specific shifts in phenology. Despite concerns that plants and pollinators might be at risk of such decoupling, there have been few attempts to test this hypothesis using detailed phenological data on insect emergence and flowering at the same localities. In particular, there are few data sets on pollinator flight seasons that are independent of flowering phenology, because pollinators are typically collected at flowers. To address this problem, we established standardized nesting habitat (trap nests) for solitary bees and wasps at sites along an elevational gradient in the Rocky Mountains, and monitored emergence during three growing seasons. We also recorded air temperatures and flowering phenology at each site. Using a reciprocal transplant experiment with nesting bees, we confirmed that local environmental conditions are the primary determinants of emergence phenology. We were then able to develop phenology models to describe timing of pollinator emergence or flowering, across all sites and years, as a function of accumulated degree-days. Although phenology of both plants and insects is well described by thermal models, the best models for insects suggest generally higher threshold temperatures for development or diapause termination than those required for plants. In addition, degree-day requirements for most species, both plants and insects, were lower in locations with longer winters, indicating either a chilling or vernalization requirement that is more completely fulfilled at colder sites, or a critical photoperiod before which degree-day accumulation does not contribute to development. Overall, these results suggest that phenology of plants and trap-nesting bees and wasps is regulated in similar ways by temperature, but that plants are more likely than insects to advance phenology in response to springtime warming. We discuss the implications of these results for plants and pollinators, and suggest that phenological decoupling alone is unlikely to threaten population persistence for most species in our study area.

Multi-year census of arthropod abundance on the plant Ligusticum porteri near Crested Butte, CO - M. L. Mullins; James H Den Uyl; Emily H Mooney (other, 2021)
The purpose of this study was to track year-to-year variation in aphid abundance on the host plant Ligusticum porteri (Apiaceae). We censused arthropod abundance on the flowering stalks of L. porteri weekly in June-August from 2017 to 2020. The censuses took place in ten L. porteri populations near Crested Butte, CO. The sites were by Brush Creek, Lake Irwin, and Washington Gulch. While the same populations were used across years, we randomly selected ten flowering plants in each population in each year (N = 100 plants per year). Observations focused on colonization by the aphid Aphis asclepiadis, its mutualist ants, and natural enemies. When found, we counted other arthropods as well, identifying them to Family or Order in the field. We also counted the number of host plant flowering stalks and inflorescences (umbel). We tracked flowering phenology using a numerical score (0-8). To track senescence, we used a qualitative score (TB=turning brown and AB=all brown) for terminal and primary umbels.

Geochemical analyses of surface water, groundwater and springs surrounding Mount Emmons near Crested Butte, Colorado (ver. 2.0, September 2020) - Michaela Johnson (other, 2021)
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Colorado Division of Reclamation, Mining and Safety (DRMS), and Coal Creek Watershed Coalition (CCWC) working independently, have intermittently collected samples of surface- and groundwater and springs around Mount Emmons, near Crested Butte, Colorado. This data release is a compilation of the comprehensive inorganic chemical analyses conducted as a result of that sampling. The earliest samples were collected in the summer of 1997, and subsequent sampling has continued through 2019. Water samples collected in the Elk Creek basin, sample identifiers starting with EC, have been previously published in three U.S. Geological Survey reports; Verplanck and others, 2007, Manning and others, 2008, and Verplanck and others, 2010. These reports contain figures showing locations of samples including samples from underground in the Standard Mine. The geochemical analyses for this compilation were conducted by several analytical laboratories, so potential users of the data should be aware of uncertainties introduced by direct comparison of data from more than one lab. Nevertheless, these data serve as a record of potential changes and trends in water chemistry over a 20-plus year period that may be useful for evaluation of long-term environmental changes. Mount Emmons is interesting because it is host to a number of mineral deposits of various types, including polymetallic vein systems (primarily Pb-Zn deposits) and porphyry Mo deposit(s). If these deposits are exposed to the oxygenated weathering environment, they may produce acidic waters that are rich in heavy metals such as Zn, Cd, Pb, and other elements. The alteration halos surrounding the mineralized areas also can be weathered to mobilize heavy metals in the environment. Acidic, metal-rich waters typical of these environments are found around Mount Emmons, some of which are natural and some of which are of anthropogenic origin.

Hydrologic and geophysical data from high-elevation boreholes in Redwell Basin near Crested Butte, Colorado - Lyndsay B Ball (other, 2021)
Four boreholes (MW1, MW1UZ, MW2, MW2.1) were drilled in the fall of 2017 and summer of 2018 in upper Redwell Basin, a headwater catchment underlain by hydrothermally altered sedimentary rock in the Elk Mountains near the town of Crested Butte, Colorado. The boreholes were continuously cored using a wireline HQ-sized coring system and sample a combination of Quaternary-aged surficial colluvium and the Cretaceous-aged Mesaverde Formation. In-situ injection-based hydraulic tests were performed in MW1 and MW2 during drilling while advancing using a single-packer apparatus in tandem with an in-line flow meter and interval pressure monitoring. Borehole geophysical logging was performed in MW1, MW1UZ, and MW2.1 in the open holes. The boreholes were completed as vertically discrete nested monitoring wells. Pressure transducers have been deployed in selected wells to monitor groundwater level and fluid temperature over time. This data release includes borehole location and well completion information as well as related hydrologic and geophysical data. The borehole geophysical data directory contains borehole geophysical logs. The hydraulic test data directory contains in-situ packer test data and laboratory permeability/porosity results from selected core samples. The hydrologic monitoring data directory contains groundwater level and temperature data for selected wells.

Hydrogeochemical data for the characterization of stream, groundwater, and beaver-induced floodplain exchange in the East River Science Focus Area, Crested Butte, CO - Martin Briggs (other, 2021)
The U.S. Geological Survey, along with scientists from Rutgers University, collected water chemistry, electromagnetic, redox-potential, dissolved oxygen, water flow rate, and water temperature data along stream and river corridors in multiple sub-watersheds of the East River Science Focus Area (SFA) near Crested Butte, CO. The concept of ‘river corridor’ science recognizes that the quality of flowing surface waters is intrinsically linked to their contributing catchments through hydrologic connectivity, including lower terrestrial hillslopes, floodplains, and riparian zones. Bidirectional river-floodplain exchange in particular can be critical to basin water storage and nutrient transformation dynamics, yet floodplain hydrologic exchange flows are often driven primarily by episodic high-flow events or relatively slow-exchanging, long hyporheic flowpaths. Beaver (Castor canadensis) disrupt these abiotic floodplain exchange drivers by actively diverting large quantities of channel water laterally using an engineered series of dams, impacting both wet and dry season floodplain connection. As beaver ponds and seepage zones accompanying beaver activity often exhibit suboxic to hypoxic conditions, there is the potential to mobilize reduced metals from alluvial sediments to streams and rivers. The data contained in this release can be used to assess beaver-induced physical and chemical river-floodplain exchange.

SnowEx20 Grand Mesa IOP BSU 1 GHz Multi-polarization GPR CMP Snow Water Equivalent, Version 1 (other, 2021)

A composite high resolution canopy height map for the Upper East River domain - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2021)
This dataset represents a 1/3 m resolution vegetation canopy height model for the upper East River Watershed in Western Colorado. Source datasets include August 2015 and August 2019 discrete-return LiDAR point clouds collected by Quantum Geospatial for terrain mapping purposes on behalf of the Colorado Hazard Mapping Program and the Colorado Water Conservation Board. Both datasets adhere to the USGS QL2 quality standard. The point cloud data were processed using the R package lidR to generate a canopy height model representing maximum vegetation height above the ground surface, using a pit-free algorithm. The file "UER_canopy_ht_33cm_v2.tif" contains gridded canopy height data, with canopy height measured in meters. This dataset is distinct from, but covers overlapping geographic areas as, LiDAR datasets collected as part of the 2018 NEON Aerial Observation Platform campaign in the Upper East River (Goulden T ; Hass B ; Brodie E ; Chadwick K D ; Falco N ; Maher K ; Wainwright H ; Williams K (2020): NEON AOP Survey of Upper East River CO Watersheds: LAZ Files, LiDAR Surface Elevation, Terrain Elevation, and Canopy Height Rasters. Watershed Function SFA. doi:10.15485/1617203), and the 2015 LiDAR scan contracted by the Department of Energy for the East River and Washington Gulch (Wainwright H ; Williams K (2017): LiDAR collection in August 2015 over the East River Watershed, Colorado, USA. Watershed Function SFA. doi:10.21952/WTR/1412542). The current dataset has a higher point density (9.4 points / square meter) than the 2018 NEON AOP data, and covers a larger geographic area than the 2015 DOE data. The original point cloud data, processing scripts, and other supporting documents can be found in the ESS-DIVE repository (following the DOI link).

Digital Data from Mineral Investigation of Sangre de Cristo Wilderness Study Area, Alamosa, Custer, Fremont, Huerfano, and Saguache Counties, Colorado, USA (other, 2021)
This Data Release provides tabular and geospatial data digitized by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) from a U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBoM) report titled Mineral Investigation of Sangre de Cristo Wilderness Study Area, Alamosa, Custer, Fremont, Huerfano, and Saguache Counties, Colorado. The original preliminary paper report, numbered Mineral Land Assessment 65-83 (MLA 65-83; Ellis and others, 1983), presented the results of a mineral resource potential survey of areas in and around the Sangre de Cristo Range flanking the northeastern extent of San Luis Valley in south-central Colorado. Included in this Data Release are georeferenced scans of the regional plate maps, digitized sample site locations, analytical chemistry, and structural [...]

SnowEx20 Grand Mesa IOP BSU 1 GHz Multi-polarization GPR CMP Snow Water Equivalent, Version 1 (other, 2021)

Unsaturated and Saturated Hydraulic Parameters of Soils at the East River Watershed, Colorado Calculated using the Pedotransfer Function Method (ess_dive, 2021)
The purpose of the data package is to present the results of calculations of the following unsaturated-saturated hydraulic parameters of soils of the East River Watershed, Colorado: fully saturated water content (Qs), residual saturation (Qr), van genuchten parameters alpha and n, field capacity (FC), and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks). Calculations were conducted for the following soil texture types: sandy_loam, loam, silty_clay_loam, clay_loam, silt loam; the particle size distribution included the percentage of sand, silt, clay, and the bulk density (BD) of soils. Calculations were conducted for the following areas - Lower_Subalpine (6 samples), - Lower_Montane_lower_hillslope (7 samples), - Floodplain_at_base_of_lower_montane_hillslope, (11 samples), - PLM-0 (10 samples), - PLM-1 (10 samples), and - PLM-3 (13 samples) Calculations were conducted using the Pedotransfer Function Method developed by Tóth et al. (2014) with the application of the code ”euptf” in Rstudio. The data are being summarized in the Excel file ”Unsaturated_Saturated_Hydraulic_Parameters_PTF_calculated_EASt_EIver.xls" including two worksheets: “full_data_EAST_RIVER” which includes (a) the input data used for calculations, the soil texture triangle, and the plots of the water retention curves and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity for several types of soil texture, and (b) the summary table with the averaged parameters for each area. The the texture triangle was plotted using the Rstudio "soiltexture." Microsoft Excel software is required to open the Excel file. The metadata and a list of references to the Rstudio libraries used for calculations and data visualization are giving in the Word Readme file.

Data release for Surficial Geology of the Northern San Luis Valley, Saguache, Fremont, Custer, Alamosa, Rio Grande, Conejos, and Costilla Counties, Colorado (other, 2021)
The San Luis Valley and associated underlying basin of south-central Colorado and north-central New Mexico is the largest structural and hydrologic basin of the Rio Grande Rift and fluvial system. The surrounding San Juan and Sangre de Cristo Mountains reveal evidence of widespread volcanism and transtensional tectonism beginning in the Oligocene and continuing to the present, as seen in fault displacement of Pleistocene to Holocene deposits along the eastern basin-bounding Sangre de Cristo fault system and fault zones along the western margin of the basin. The San Luis basin can generally be subdivided into northern and southern basins at the structural and physiographic high terrain of the San Luis Hills in the center of the basin, proximal to the Colorado-New Mexico stateline. The northern San Luis Valley can be subdivided into two subbasins at approximately the latitude of the Great Sand Dunes and San Luis Lakes, where the endorheic northern subbasin surface and subsurface flow currently accumulate in a series of playa lakes. To the south of this playa region, the Rio Grande has captured basin hydrology into a through-going fluvial system cutting through the San Luis Hills, carving the Rio Grande gorge, and ultimately flowing into the Gulf of Mexico. This surficial geologic map of the northern San Luis Valley, paired with the Alamosa, CO 1:100,000-scale geologic map (U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3342) provides new and compiled geologic mapping that characterizes basin deposits and locates the traces of active faults, with the goal to provide geospatial data for future investigations related to western North American neotectonics, Pleistocene paleoclimate, and related geomorphic processes. In addition, present natural and anthropogenic water bodies have been located and updated for hydrologic modeling and water-usage investigations.

3 m Resolution 20th Percentile Canopy Height Estimates for the Upper Gunnison Basin derived from 2015 and 2019 LiDAR Data - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2021)
This is a map of 20th percentile canopy height above the ground for the Upper Gunnison River Basin based on 2015 and 2019 LiDAR data. Height is measured in meters. This dataset was generated from the terrain-normalized point clouds using functions in the R package lidR. The ground-classified points were first used to generate a bare-earth surface, which was subtracted from the point cloud elevation to generate a terrain-normalized point cloud. 80th percentile heights were calculated for the LiDAR returns in each pixel using a kernel density method implemented using the quantile() R function. Artifacts from steep topography and structures have not been removed from this dataset.

met.b1 (2021)
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Chemical and geophysical data collected along Oh-be-joyful Creek, Gunnison National Forest, Colorado - Martin Briggs (other, 2021)
As part of their Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (SFA), Berkeley Lab and its collaborating institutions (e.g., USGS) have established a "Community Watershed" in the headwaters of the East River near Crested Butte, Colorado (USA), designed to quantify processes impacting the ability of mountainous systems to retain and release water, nutrients, carbon, and metals. The ongoing research spans a range of scales from hillslope to catchment to basin, with surface water and groundwater linking multiple geomorphic compartments. A major goal of this SFA research is to generate a transferable understanding of mountain hillslope to river dissolved nutrient, carbon, and metals transport, integrating extensive and novel field observations with fully coupled numerical models. The mountain headwater Oh-Be-Joyful Creek is part of the East River SFA located approximately 6 km northwest of the town of Crested Butte and is a key tributary of the Slate River. The creek is generally incised into bedrock (predominantly Mancos Shale) and many steeper sections have little to no bed sediment. Banks range from bedrock walls to avalanche and rock slide deposits. At an elevation of approximately 2900 m A.S.L., the regional Peeler fault intersects Oh-Be-Joyful Creek from the south creating a preferential groundwater discharge zone. This data release presents various water quality data collected along the Oh-be-joyful Creek from the main channel, groundwater discharge points, and small tributaries, including data collected during a constant rate dye injection near the Peeler fault zone.

East River Surface and Pore Water FTICR-MS Data Associated with “Implications of sample treatment on characterization of the riverine environmental metabolome” (ess_dive, 2021)
Surface and pore water samples were collected from distributed locations around Meander A in East River (Crested Butte, CO, USA) during the summer of 2018. This dataset consists of the characterization of dissolved organic matter using 12 Tesla Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS; in .xml format) analyzed through the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL; https://www.pnnl.gov/environmental-molecular-sciences-laboratory) using two different sample pre-treatment methods (solid phase extraction, no solid phase extraction) and two electrospray ionization methods (ESI-positive, ESI-negative) to identify the impacts of these choices on the final dataset. This study aimed to understand how the different sample processing methods influence the resulting FTICR-MS dataset. Any published work that utilizes data presented in this dataset should cite the dataset using the DOI number. If using the dataset, please acknowledge the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science (BER) Subsurface Biogeochemical Research (SBR) program, the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), and Worldwide Hydrobiogeochemical Observation Network for Dynamic River Systems (WHONDRS). The publication DOI will be added to this abstract when available.

Styled 2018 snow depth basemap of the Upper East River domain - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2021)
This is a styled basemap showing snow depth on March 31st, 2018 derived from repeat LiDAR data collection by the Airborne Snow Observatory. This dataset is derived directly from: Painter, T. 2018. ASO L4 Lidar Snow Depth 3m UTM Grid, Version 1. Boulder, Colorado USA. NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center. doi: https://doi.org/10.5067/KIE9QNVG7HP0. Small areas outside of the UER region, but within the extent of this map had missing data. These gaps were filled with linear regression relating 2018 and 2019 ASO snow depths (where one map was available), or regressions related snow depth to elevation (where neither 2018 nor 2019 data was available). Peak snow depths in 2018 were near the 20th percentile of the long-term average estimated from the Butte SNOTEL station. The color scale ranges from <20 cm (gray), through red (20 - 100 cm), yellow (100 - 200 cm), green (200 - 300 cm), and blue (300 - 400+ cm).

Biomass Inventories at Harvard Forest EMS Tower since 1993 - William Munger; Steven Wofsy (other, 2021)
In 1993, we installed 40 circular, 10 m radius biometric plots in the footprint of the EMS tower on Prospect Hill. We randomly placed the plots within 100 m increments along ten 500 m transects that extend from the tower in the northwest and southwest directions. In 2001, we removed three plots (G3, H3, H4) from the datasets and ceased measurements there due to their inundation by a beaver pond. In 1999, we installed 6 additional circular, 10 m radius biometric plots on the Simes Lot, adjacent to Prospect Hill to study the effects of a selective harvest that occurred there in the winter of 2000-01. In the summer of 2001, we expanded the harvested plots in size to 15 m radius and ceased measurements at one plot (X4) because it was unaffected by the harvest. The harvest also affected three of the original tower plots (A4, A5, B5), which were expanded in size as a part of the harvest plot group. Consequently, there are 34 tower plots and 8 harvest plots. We have taken the following ecological measurements at each site: tree growth, woody debris, litter, leaf area increment (LAI), leaf chemistry, and soil respiration and moisture.

Styled hillshade basemap for the Upper Gunnison domain - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2021)
This dataset is a styled basemap depicting topography the Upper Gunnison domain as a hillshade with contour lines, optimized for fast display on web maps and mobile devices. The underlying datasets are available as part of Release 3 of the RMBL Spatial Data Platform. Hillshade topography mimics the look of the landscape as if the surface topography was a homogeneous gray color and illuminated from the southwest. The contour intervals depicting topography are at 20 m spacing for light lines, and 100 m spacing for dark lines.

End-Member Mixing Analysis Data Package for the East River Watershed, CO USA. (ess_dive, 2021)
The data package consolidates water year 2016 stream, rain, snow and groundwater data used by Carroll et al. (2018) for end-member mixing analysis to isolate seasonal stream source within the East River, CO. Stream concentration and daily discharge are provided for the 11 sub-basins of the East River. The Inouye well defines deep groundwater. Weekly rain is collected at Bradley, Forest, LMWL and 403. Snow pits and snow melt chemistry are defined at multiple sites across the East River. Solutes provided include Mg, Ca, Sr, U, Cl, SO4, DIC, d2H and d18O. Carroll, R., Bearup, L., Brown, W., Dong, W., Bill, M., and K.H. Williams. 2018. Factors controlling groundwater and solute flux from snow-dominated basins. Hydrological Processes. Special Issue Water in the Critical Zone. 1-6. DOI:10.1002/hyp.13151.

NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology - Woodhouse - Cochetopa Dome - PIPO - ITRDB CO594 (other, 2021)
This archived Paleoclimatology Study is available from the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), under the World Data Service (WDS) for Paleoclimatology. The associated NCEI study type is Tree Ring. The data include parameters of tree ring with a geographic location of Colorado, United States Of America. The time period coverage is from 513 to -52 in calendar years before present (BP). See metadata information for parameter and study location details. Please cite this study when using the data.

East River Surface and Pore Water FTICR-MS Data Associated with “Implications of sample treatment on characterization of the riverine environmental metabolome” (ess_dive, 2021)
Surface and pore water samples were collected from distributed locations around Meander A in East River (Crested Butte, CO, USA) during the summer of 2018. This dataset consists of the characterization of dissolved organic matter using 12 Tesla Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS; in .xml format) analyzed through the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL; https://www.pnnl.gov/environmental-molecular-sciences-laboratory) using two different sample pre-treatment methods (solid phase extraction, no solid phase extraction) and two electrospray ionization methods (ESI-positive, ESI-negative) to identify the impacts of these choices on the final dataset. This study aimed to understand how the different sample processing methods influence the resulting FTICR-MS dataset. Any published work that utilizes data presented in this dataset should cite the dataset using the DOI number. If using the dataset, please acknowledge the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science (BER) Subsurface Biogeochemical Research (SBR) program, the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), and Worldwide Hydrobiogeochemical Observation Network for Dynamic River Systems (WHONDRS). The publication DOI will be added to this abstract when available.

Qinayan/Soil-thickness: Soil thickness estimation - Qina (other, 2021)
This release includes Python codes and associated field sampling and remote sensing data for the estimation of the spatial distribution of soil thickness in two hillslopes in the Pump House area in the East River Watershed in the CO., the U.S.

1 m Resolution Multiscale Height-above-stream Wetness Index for the Upper Gunnison Domain - Hodnett L. A.; Cuartas A. D.; Rodrigues C. D.; Nobre; S. R. Saleska; Rennó; Silveira G. (s3, 2021)
This map is a soil moisture proxy derived from analysis of the UG 1m hydrologically corrected digital elevation model. The intuition behind this map is that areas that have flat topography and are near the elevation of local streams are likely to have high soil moisture. This index builds on the work of Nobre, A. D., Cuartas, L. A., Hodnett, M., Rennó, C. D., Rodrigues, G., Silveira, A., & Saleska, S. (2011). Height Above the Nearest Drainage–a hydrologically relevant new terrain model. Journal of Hydrology, 404(1-2), 13-29. The map was generated with a multi-step procedure. First, a binary map of streams was generated from the 1m DEM using the GRASS GIS r.waterhsed module with a multi-flow-direction algorithm. Then the SAGA GIS module "Height Above Stream Network" was used to interpolate stream elevations and subtract from terrain elevations, producing a map of the vertical distance above the nearest stream. This procedure was repeated 4 times with different flow accumulation thresholds for defining the stream network (8k, 32k, 128k, and 512k squre meters), and the resulting height above stream maps were averaged to get a multiscale height above stream measure. This map was then combined with an estimate of local slope to get the toographic index I, defined as: ln(1/(H + 5) + 1.1) /  (S + 50) where H is the height above local streams and S is the local slope. The resulting map was scaled to the range 0 to 1.

Geochemical exports to river from the intrameander hyporheic zone under transient hydrologic conditions, Water Resources Research: Dataset. (ess_dive, 2021)
To understand how redox processes influence carbon, nitrogen, and iron cycling within the intrameander hyporheic zone, we developed a biotic and abiotic reaction network and incorporated it into the reactive transport simulator PFLOTRAN. Two dimensional reactive flow and transport simulations were performed (1) to evaluate how transient hydrological conditions control the lateral redox zonation within an intrameander region of the East River in Colorado and (2) to quantify the impact of a single meander on subsurface exports of carbon and other geochemical species to the river. This data package includes simulated hydrologic and geochemical data from 23 Oct 2015 to 22 Oct 2016.

East River Surface and Pore Water FTICR-MS Data Associated with “Implications of sample treatment on characterization of the riverine environmental metabolome” (ess_dive, 2021)
Surface and pore water samples were collected from distributed locations around Meander A in East River (Crested Butte, CO, USA) during the summer of 2018. This dataset consists of the characterization of dissolved organic matter using 12 Tesla Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS; in .xml format) analyzed through the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL; https://www.pnnl.gov/environmental-molecular-sciences-laboratory) using two different sample pre-treatment methods (solid phase extraction, no solid phase extraction) and two electrospray ionization methods (ESI-positive, ESI-negative) to identify the impacts of these choices on the final dataset. This study aimed to understand how the different sample processing methods influence the resulting FTICR-MS dataset. Any published work that utilizes data presented in this dataset should cite the dataset using the DOI number. If using the dataset, please acknowledge the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science (BER) Subsurface Biogeochemical Research (SBR) program, the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), and Worldwide Hydrobiogeochemical Observation Network for Dynamic River Systems (WHONDRS). The publication DOI will be added to this abstract when available.

1 m Resolution NDVI for the Upper Gunnison Basin derived from September 2019 NAIP Imagery - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2021)
This is a 1m resolution map of Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI) derived from resampled 0.6m 4-band orthoimagery collected as part of the USDA National Aerial Imagery Program. The NAIP tiles were mosaiced and bilinearly resampled to the standard UG 1m grid before calculating NDVI as (NIR-Red) / (NIR+Red). The NAIP Imagery for this area was collected on September 14th, 2019.

POLLEN ANALYSIS AT 5GN817, CHANCE GULCH, COLORADO WITH SUPPORTING ARCHAEOCLIMATE MODELS FROM GUNNISON, COLORADO. - R.A. Varney (other, 2021)
The Chance Gulch site, 5GN817, is an 8000 year old camp located about 2.5 miles southeast of the town of Gunnison, Colorado. The site is situated within the sagebrush community, though pine and aspen trees are within view. Nine stratigraphic samples were analyzed to determine paleovegetation and paleoenvironment in the site area and potential plant resources that might have been available to the paleoindian occupants of the camp. Three pollen washes of groundstone artifacts were analyzed to determine the potential use of plants at the site. An existing archaeoclimate model based on the 1961 to 1990 monthly climate normals from the Gunnison weather station compared to the stratigraphic pollen signatures noted in this analysis. The single dated stratum, the black mat, at 9560RCYBP will be compared to the modeled precipitation and temperature for Gunnison at 9600 BP, and the date of the cultural occupation will be used to anchor samples to be compared to the model at 8000 BP.

Phenological responses to multiple environmental drivers under climate change: insights from a long-term observational study and a manipulative field experiment - Wadgymar; Schulze M. (other, 2021)
Climate change has induced pronounced shifts in the reproductive phenology of plants, yet we know little about which environmental factors contribute to interspecific variation in responses and their effects on fitness. • We integrate data from a 43-year record of first flowering for six species in subalpine Colorado meadows with a 3-year snow manipulation experiment on the perennial forb Boechera stricta (Brassicaceae) from the same site. We analyze shifts in the onset of flowering in relation to environmental drivers known to influence phenology: the timing of snowmelt, the accumulation of growing degree days, and photoperiod.• Variation in responses to climate change depended on the sequence in which species flowered, with early-flowering species reproducing faster, at a lower heat sum, and under increasingly disparate photoperiods relative to later-flowering species. Early snow removal treatments confirm that the timing of snowmelt governs observed trends in flowering phenology of B. stricta and that climate change can reduce the probability of flowering, thereby depressing fitness. • Our findings suggest that climate change is decoupling historical combinations of photoperiod and temperature and outpacing phenological changes for our focal species. Accurate predictions of biological responses to climate change require a thorough understanding of the factors driving shifts in phenology.

Appendix B. Phenological shifts and phenological sensitivity to snowmelt date and summer temperature data used in analyses. - David William Inouye; Paul J. CaraDonna (other, 2021)
Phylogenetic relationships may underlie species-specific phenological sensitivities to abiotic variation and may help to predict these responses to climate change. Although shared evolutionary history may mediate both phenology and phenological sensitivity to abiotic variation, few studies have explicitly investigated whether this is the case. We explore phylogenetic signal in flowering phenology and in phenological sensitivity to temperature and snowmelt using a 39-year record of flowering from the Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA that includes dates of first, peak, and last flowering, and flowering duration for 60 plant species in a subalpine plant community. Consistent with other studies, we found evidence in support of phylogenetic signal in first flowering date. However, the strength and significance of that signal were inconsistent across other measures of flowering in this plant community: peak flowering date exhibited the strongest phylogenetic signal, followed by first flowering date; last flowering date and duration of flowering exhibited patterns indistinguishable from random trait evolution. In contrast to first and peak flowering date, phenological sensitivities of all flowering measures to temperature and snowmelt did not exhibit a phylogenetic signal. These findings show that within ecological communities, phylogenetic signal in phenology does not necessarily imply phylogenetic signal in phenological sensitivities to abiotic variation. Part of larger data set (see: Phenological responses to climate change do not exhibit phylogenetic signal in a subalpine plant community)

Arthropod abundance censused on the host plant Ligusticum porteri near Gothic, CO. - Emily H Mooney (other, 2021)
The objective of this study is to understand how climate cues affect the abundance and phenology of aphids and the arthropods with which they interact. These data were collected in 20 populations of the host plant (Ligusticum porteri) along an elevation gradient near Gothic, CO, USA. We randomly-selected ten host plants in each populations to serve as subjects of the monitoring. Using weekly censuses, we recorded flowering stalk abundance, flowering stalk phenology and arthropod abundance on flowering stalks over nine weeks in 2017 and ten weeks in 2018. We scored the flowering phenology of the terminal and primary umbels using an index published in Robinson et al. (2017). The primary herbivore observed in this system is the sunflower aphid, Aphis helianthi. These aphids are tended by several species of ants. Other arthropods common on inflorescences include adults and nymphs of the family Miridae, chiefly those belonging to the genus Lygus.

East River Surface and Pore Water FTICR-MS Data Associated with “Implications of sample treatment on characterization of the riverine environmental metabolome” - Jacqueline Wells; Michael J. Wilkins; Nikola Tolic; Lupita Renteria; C. M. Saup; Jacqueline Wells; Annika S. Nelson; Jason G. Toyoda; Michael J. Wilkins; Vanessa A. Garayburu-Caruso; Annika S. Nelson; Robert E. Danczak; et al. (ess_dive, 2021)
Surface and pore water samples were collected from distributed locations around Meander A in East River (Crested Butte, CO, USA) during the summer of 2018. This dataset consists of the characterization of dissolved organic matter using 12 Tesla Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS; in .xml format) analyzed through the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL; https://www.pnnl.gov/environmental-molecular-sciences-laboratory) using two different sample pre-treatment methods (solid phase extraction, no solid phase extraction) and two electrospray ionization methods (ESI-positive, ESI-negative) to identify the impacts of these choices on the final dataset. This study aimed to understand how the different sample processing methods influence the resulting FTICR-MS dataset. Any published work that utilizes data presented in this dataset should cite the dataset using the DOI number. If using the dataset, please acknowledge the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science (BER) Subsurface Biogeochemical Research (SBR) program, the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), and Worldwide Hydrobiogeochemical Observation Network for Dynamic River Systems (WHONDRS). The publication DOI will be added to this abstract when available.

Why are some plant—nectar robber interactions commensalisms? - Heiling; Jacob M. (other, 2021)
Many plants that bear hidden or recessed floral nectar experience nectar robbing, the removal of nectar by a floral visitor through holes pierced in the corolla. Although robbing can reduce plant reproductive success, many studies fail to find such effects. We outline three mechanistic hypotheses that can explain when interactions between plants and nectar-robbers should be commensilistic rather than antagonistic: the non-discrimination (pollinators do not avoid robbed flowers), visitor prevalence (robber visitation is rare relative to pollinator visitation), and pollen saturation (stigmas receive sufficient pollen to fertilize all ovules with one or very few pollinator visits) hypotheses. We then explore these mechanisms in the North American subalpine, bumble bee-pollinated and nectar-robbed plant Corydalis caseana (Fumariaceae). We first confirmed that the effects of nectar robbing on female reproductive success were neutral in C. caseana. We then tested the three mechanisms underlying neutral effects using a combination of observational studies and experiments. We found evidence for all three mechanisms. First, consistent with the non-discrimination hypothesis, pollinators failed to discriminate against experimentally robbed flowers or inflorescences even though naturally robbed flowers offered significantly lower nectar rewards than unrobbed flowers. Second, C. caseana was more commonly visited by pollinators than by nectar robbers, in accordance with the visitor prevalence hypothesis. Third, stigmas of virgin (unvisited) flowers as well as those visited once by pollinators were saturated with pollen, with all stigmas bearing pollen loads several orders of magnitude higher than the number of ovules per fruit, consistent with the pollen saturation hypothesis. Our investigation of the mechanisms driving the commensal outcome of nectar robbing in this system deepens our understanding of the ecology of nectar robbing and contributes to a more general understanding of the variation in the outcomes of interactions between species.

Genome-resolved metagenomics and metatranscriptomics of microbial communities in three meander-bound floodplain soils along the East River, Colorado. (ess_dive, 2021)
This dataset comprises paired environmental and genomic data for soil samples collected across meander-bound floodplains G (ERMG), L (ERML) and Z (ERMZ). A total of 96 soil samples (32 per floodplain) from the ~ 10-25 cm layer were collected in September 2015, during base flow conditions. An additional 32 soil samples were collected from ERML in September 2016, including three samples from a depth just above the water table. A subset of samples (14) collected in 2016 were used for metatranscriptomics as well as metagenomics. The data package includes: 1) A spread sheet with sample names, location and depth by meander-bound floodplain. 2) Total organic carbon (TOC), total inorganic carbon (TIC), total carbon (TC = TOC + TIC), total nitrogen (TN), and the TOC to TN ratio (TOC:N) from 2015 subsamples. 3) Soil chemistry for 2016 subsamples. 4) A spread sheet with elevation, Easting, Northing, and topographic position index (TPI) for each site sampled in 2015. 5) A kml file, which can be viewed in Google Earth, with the locations of the 96 soil sampling sites along the East River Watershed Floodplain in Colorado. Metagenomics and metatranscriptomics data, as well as reconstructed genomes, are available elsewhere (see data package methods and bioRxiv preprint for links to the data). 6) Two sets of reconstructed genomes with overlapping members (see bioRxiv preprint for description and associated data). Metagenomes and metatranscriptomes are available elsewhere (see data package methods and bioRxiv preprint). To view tar.gz files, the following software can be used: https://www.gnu.org/software/tar/, https://www.7-zip.org/.

1 m Resolution Basic Landcover Map for the Upper Gunnison Domain Derived from NAIP Imagery and LiDAR - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2021)
This is 1 meter resolution landcover map developed for the RMBL Spatial Data Platform. Source datasets include 2017 and 2019 4-band imagery from the National Aerial Imagery Program, and 2019 LiDAR data collected by Quantum Geospatial for the Colorado Hazard Mapping Program. The numeric codes for the dataset area as follows: 1=evergreen trees and shrubs 2=deciduous trees greater than 2m tall 3=meadow, grassland and subshrub 4=persistent open water 5=persistent snow and ice 6=rock, bare soil, and sparse vegetation 7=building or structure 8=paved or other impervious surface 9=irrigated pasture and other cultivated lands 10=deciduous shrubs up to 2m tall 11=evergreen forest understory and small gap 12=deciduous forest understory and small gap

Microclimate observations associated with snowmelt experiment gradient sites, East River, Colorado, 2017 to 2020 (ess_dive, 2021)
The timing of snowmelt in mountain systems is a main driver of vegetation phenology and production, as well as recharge of soil moisture and ground water. Decreases in maximum snowpack and warmer spring temperatures have led to a higher frequency of early snowmelt. This study combines a natural elevation gradient with an experimental manipulation of snowmelt timing to assess the effect of earlier melt on hillslope and watershed ecohydrological processes. This data package includes csv files with plot and sub-plot level observations of soil temperature (SM_ST.csv), soil moisture (SM_SWC.csv), air temperature (SM_AirT.csv), and relative humidity (SM_rH.csv). The date range of this dataset includes a pre-treatment year (2017), two treatment years (2018 and 2019), and a post-treatment year (2020). Location IDs associated with this data package are: ER-LM, WG-UM, WG-LS, ER-US, and XX-AL. Related data packages include: “Colorado Elevation Gradient Snowmelt Manipulation Plant Phenology 2017-2018” and “Sensor-based phenology from snowmelt experiment gradient, East River, Colorado, 2017 to 2020”

1 m Resolution topographic aspect "westness" for the Upper Gunnison Basin derived from 2015 and 2019 LiDAR data - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2021)
This is a 1 m resolution map of the relative "westness" of topographic aspect, computed from the cosine of the topographic aspect using the equation: cos(aspect_radians) * -1 Where the aspect is computed clockwise with east having a value of 0. In this map, east-facing aspects have a value of -1 and west-facing aspects have a value of 1. North and south-facing aspects both have a value of 0. The original aspect map was derived from a 1m Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for the Upper Gunnison River derived from public LiDAR datasets. The primary data source was a 2019 LiDAR collection for Gunnison County. A small portion of the upper basin was not covered by this dataset, and for those areas, data from a 2015 aquisition was substituted.

Sensor-based phenology from snowmelt experiment gradient, East River, Colorado, 2017 to 2020 - Heidi Steltzer; Chelsea Wilmer; Heidi Steltzer; Chelsea Wilmer; Chelsea Wilmer; Chelsea Wilmer; Heidi Steltzer; Heidi Steltzer; Chelsea Wilmer; Amanda Henderson; Heidi Steltzer; Amanda Henderson; et al. (ess_dive, 2021)
The timing of snowmelt is a critical cue for the initiation of growth in mountain meadow ecosystems and can also impact the duration and magnitude of plant production. High frequency observations of species-level phenology are time consuming and require a high degree of expertise, and publicly available remote sensing products lack the necessary temporal resolution to assess fine-scale growing season dynamics. Near-surface sensing methods provide a middle ground with high temporal frequency and tractable spatial scales (from sub-meter to hillslope scale). This data package includes csv files of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) timeseries (SM_NDVI_dailymax.csv) and phenological thresholds (SM_NDVI_summary.csv) for sub-plots (1m2) and Green Chromatic Coordinate (GCC) phenological thresholds (SM_GCC_summary.csv) at the plot scale (10m x 14m). Location IDs associated with this data package are: ER-LM, WG-UM, WG-LS, ER-US, and XX-AL. Related data packages include: “Microclimate observations associated with snowmelt experiment gradient sites, East River, Colorado, 2017 to 2020” and “Colorado Elevation Gradient Snowmelt Manipulation Plant Phenology 2017-2018”.

Genetic basis of between-individual and within-individual variance of docility - Martin; Julien G.A. (other, 2021)
Between-individual variation in phenotypes within a population is the basis of evolution. However, evolutionary and behavioural ecologists have mainly focused on estimating between-individual variance in mean trait and neglected variation in within-individual variance, or predictability of a trait. In fact, an important assumption of mixed-effects models used to estimate between-individual variance in mean traits is that within-individual residual variance (predictability) is identical across individuals. Individual heterogeneity in the predictability of behaviours is a potentially important effect but rarely estimated and accounted for. We used 11,389 measures of docility behaviour from 1,576 yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) to estimate between-individual variation in both mean docility and its predictability. We then implemented a double hierarchical animal model to decompose the variances of both mean trait and predictability into their environmental and genetic components. We found that individuals differed both in their docility and in their predictability of docility with a negative phenotypic covariance. We also found significant genetic variance for both mean docility and its predictability but no genetic covariance between the two. This analysis is one of the first to estimate the genetic basis of both mean trait and within-individual variance in a wild population. Our results indicate that equal within-individual variance should not be assumed. We demonstrate the evolutionary importance of the variation in the predictability of docility, and illustrate potential bias in models ignoring variation in predictability. We conclude that the variability in the predictability of a trait should not be ignored, and present a coherent approach for its quantification.

1 m Resolution topographic aspect "southness" for the Upper Gunnison Basin derived from 2015 and 2019 LiDAR - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2021)
This is a 1 m resolution map of the relative "southness" of topographic aspect, computed from the cosine of the topographic aspect using the equation: cos(aspect_radians) * -1 North-facing aspects have a value of -1 and south-facing aspects have a value of 1. East and west-facing aspects have a value of 0. The original aspect map was derived from a 1m Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for the Upper Gunnison River derived from public LiDAR datasets. The primary data source was a 2019 LiDAR collection for Gunnison County. A small portion of the upper basin was not covered by this dataset, and for those areas, data from a 2015 aquisition was substituted. Aspect is broken into north-south and east-west components to avoid the common error of ignoring the discontinuity at aspects of 0 / 360 degrees (North) in spatial prediction models.

Annually collected demography data from an alpine plant community on Mt. Baldy, Colorado (38.978725°N, 107.042104°W, ~3540 masl). - Benjamin Blonder (other, 2021)
Description: Annual demography dataset for an alpine plant community in Colorado. This file updates previous years of data for this project posted to https://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.33410. This version is provisional and will be updated shortly with additional years of data and further quality control. This version supports analyses provided in Franzman et al. "Shifting macroecological patterns and static theory failure in a stressed alpine plant community", Ecosphere (2021). The dataset is actively being used by a PhD student for further dissertation work. Potential users are encouraged to contact the submitters prior to any analyses. Metadata: Year --Year of census Plot --Unique plot ID Tag --Unique tag ID Taxon --Taxon name X..cm. --Position of plant in plot from lower left corner in horizontal direction (cm) Y..cm. --Position of plant in plot from lower left corner in vertical direction (cm) Tag.offset.x --Location of permanent tag relative to plant in horizontal direction (cm) Tag.offset.y --Location of permanent tag relative to plant in vertical direction (cm) Length..cm. --Maximum extent of aboveground vegetative growth (cm) Height..cm.-- Maximum height of aboveground vegetative growth (cm) X..Capitulescences --Number of reproductive structures Is.seedling --Plant is seedling this year Died.this.census.final --Mortality of plant occurred this year (TRUE/FALSE) Length..cm..prev --Length of plant in previous year (cm) Growth --Difference in length from previous year to current year (cm) Survival --Plant is alive in current year

Phenotypic plasticity and adaptive evolution contribute to advancing flowering phenology in response to climate change - Jill T.; Anderson (other, 2021)
Anthropogenic climate change has already altered the timing of major life history transitions, such as the initiation of reproduction. Both phenotypic plasticity and adaptive evolution can underlie rapid phenological shifts in response to climate change but their relative contributions are poorly understood. Here, we combine a continuous 38-year field survey with quantitative genetic field experiments to assess adaptation in the context of climate change. We focused on Boechera stricta (Brassicaeae), a mustard native to the U.S. Rocky Mountains. Flowering phenology advanced significantly from 1973-2011, and was strongly associated with warmer temperatures and earlier snowmelt dates. Strong directional selection favored earlier flowering in contemporary environments (2010-2011). Climate change could drive this directional selection, and promote even earlier flowering as temperatures continue to increase. Our quantitative genetic analyses predict a response to selection of 0.2 to 0.5 days acceleration in flowering per generation, which could account for more than 20% of the phenological change observed in the long-term dataset. However, the strength of directional selection and the predicted evolutionary response are likely much greater now than even 30 years ago because of rapidly changing climatic conditions. We predict that adaptation will likely be necessary for long-term in situ persistence in the context of climate change.

Borgs are giant extrachromosomal elements with the potential to augment methane oxidation - M. C. Schoelmerich; Jennifer Doudna; Jacob West-Roberts; Basem Al-Shayeb; Alex Crits-Cristoph; Susan Mullen; Luis E. Valentin-Alvarado; Rohan Sachdeva; Jillian F. Banfield; Michael J. Wilkins; Kenneth Hurst Williams (other, 2021)
Software for the correlation analysis featured in the above manuscript.

Data from: Temporal scale-dependence of plant-pollinator networks (2021)
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Ice Nucleating Particles (INP) (2020)
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LAPSE-RATE ground-based Doppler lidar datasets from Univ Colorado Boulder (other, 2020)
This dataset includes measurements obtained using the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars during the 2018 LAPSE-RATE (Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation - a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment) field campaign. This campaign took place in the San Luis Valley of Colorado between 14-21 July, 2018. On 14 July, both lidars were co-located at the Saguache site for intercomparison. WC49 (here named DPLR2) was moved to the Moffat School site late in the day on the 14th. Moffat School data starts on the 15th. Bad or missing data is set to -9999.0 for all fields. The a1 and the a2 datafiles are identical except that the a2 files include beam information (0, 90, 180, or 270) that was omitted from the a1 files.

Sample collection information and SNP data for Gunnison Sage-grouse across the species range generated in the Molecular Ecology Lab during 2015-2018 - Kevin Oh (other, 2020)
This dataset contains sample collection information and SNP genotypes for populations of Gunnison Sage-grouse across the species' range. This data was collected in order to examine patterns of adaptive genetic variation in Gunnison Sage-grouse. The data is archived in GenBank at the following URL https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/517770.

LAPSE-RATE ground-based Doppler lidar datasets from Univ Colorado Boulder (other, 2020)
This dataset includes measurements obtained using the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars during the 2018 LAPSE-RATE (Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation - a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment) field campaign. This campaign took place in the San Luis Valley of Colorado between 14-21 July, 2018. On 14 July, both lidars were co-located at the Saguache site for intercomparison. WC49 (here named DPLR2) was moved to the Moffat School site late in the day on the 14th. Moffat School data starts on the 15th. Bad or missing data is set to -9999.0 for all fields.

Snowmelt Timing Maps Derived from MODIS for North America, Version 2, 2001-2018 - R. A. Matthews; M. Medler; Dorothy K. Hall; A. Flower; D. O'Leary III (other, 2020)
This data set provides snowmelt timing maps (STMs), cloud interference maps, and a map with the count of calculated snowmelt timing values for North America. The STMs are based on the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) standard 8-day composite snow-cover product MOD10A2 collection 6 for the period 2001-01-01 to 2018-12-31. The STMs were created by conducting a time-series analysis of the MOD10A2 snow maps to identify the DOY of snowmelt on a per-pixel basis. Snowmelt timing (no-snow) was defined as a snow-free reading following two consecutive snow-present readings for a given 500-m pixel. The count of STM values is also reported, which represents the number of years on record in the STMs from 2001-2018.

WHONDRS Summer 2019 Sampling Campaign: Global River Corridor Sediment FTICR-MS, Dissolved Organic Carbon, Aerobic Respiration, Elemental Composition, Grain Size, Total Nitrogen and Organic Carbon Content, Bacterial Abundance, and Stable Isotopes (v9) (2020)
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Hybrid predictive modeling approach simulated evapotranspiration and ecosystem respiration data (ess_dive, 2020)
This dataset includes measured data used for developing hybrid-predictive-modeling (HPM) approach and simulated evapotranspiration and ecosystem respiration data across several Fluxnet sites, SNOTEL sites and East River locations (Chen et al., 2020 in review). Fluxnet sites considered in this study include: CA-OAS, CA-OBS, US-NR1, US-TON, US-VAR, US-SRM, US-WHS, US-WKG. Snotel sites Butte (ER-BT), Porphyry Creek (ER-PK) and Schofield Pass (ER-SP) are included as well 16 east river locations with different vegetation types denoted by evergreen forests (EF), deciduous forests (DF), riparian shrublands (RS) and meadow grassland (MS). This data package includes: 1) A summary spread sheet of the sites and acronyms for data variables. 2) Processed Fluxnet datasets that are obtained from Fluxnet.fluxdata.org with HPM estimated evapotranspiration (ET) and ecosystem respiration (RECO). Trained models and metrics for parameters for the Fluxnet sites were added in an update on November 2, 2020; 3) Processed SNOTEL datasets obtained from www.nrcs.usda.gov/snow/ and HPM estimated ET and RECO; 4) Weather data at east river locations obtained from DAYMET (daymet.ornl.gov) as well as HPM estimated ET and RECO. NDVI datasets are obtained from Landsat 5, 7 and 8 on Google Earth Engine platform. Detailed QA/QC and sampling methods of measured data are available at the original data source.

Single-direction Stream Flowlines for the Upper East River Domain - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2020)
This map represents estimated stream flowlines from a hydrologically corrected digital elevation model. The lines were derived in GRASS GIS using a single-flow direction algorithm that does not allow channel braiding. Each stream segment is identified by a unique integer.Stream lines were delineated for drainage areas greater than 32000 square meters. Users should also cite the original source datasets and documentation: Goulden T ; Hass B ; Brodie E ; Chadwick K D ; Falco N ; Maher K ; Wainwright H ; Williams K (2020): NEON AOP Survey of Upper East River CO Watersheds: LAZ Files, LiDAR Surface Elevation, Terrain Elevation, and Canopy Height Rasters. Watershed Function SFA. DOI: 10.15485/1617203 Chadwick K D ; Brodrick P ; Grant K ; Henderson A ; Bill M ; Breckheimer I ; Williams C F R ; Goulden T ; Falco N ; McCormick M ; Musinsky J ; Pierce S ; Hastings Porro M ; Scott A ; Brodie E ; Hancher M ; Steltzer H ; Wainwright H ; Maher K W; undefined K M (2020): NEON AOP foliar trait maps, maps of model uncertainty estimates, and conifer map. A Multiscale Approach to Modeling Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling within a High Elevation Watershed. DOI: 10.15485/1618133

LAPSE-RATE ground-based Doppler lidar datasets from Univ Colorado Boulder (other, 2020)
This dataset includes measurements obtained using the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars during the 2018 LAPSE-RATE (Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation - a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment) field campaign. This campaign took place in the San Luis Valley of Colorado between 14-21 July, 2018. On 14 July, both lidars were co-located at the Saguache site for intercomparison. WC49 (here named DPLR2) was moved to the Moffat School site late in the day on the 14th. Moffat School data starts on the 15th. Bad or missing data is set to -9999.0 for all fields. The a1 and the a2 datafiles are identical except that the a2 files include beam information (0, 90, 180, or 270) that was omitted from the a1 files.

Hybrid predictive modeling approach simulated evapotranspiration and ecosystem respiration data (ess_dive, 2020)
This dataset includes measured data used for developing hybrid-predictive-modeling (HPM) approach and simulated evapotranspiration and ecosystem respiration data across several Fluxnet sites, Snow Telemetry (SNOTEL) sites and East River Watershed in Colorado locations. Fluxnet sites considered in this study include: Saskatchewan-Aspen (CA-OAS), Saskatchewan-Black Spruce (CA-OBS), Niwot Ridge (US-NR1), Tonzi Ranch (US-TON), Vaira Ranch-lone (US-VAR), Santa Rita Mesquite (US-SRM), Walnut Gulch Lucky Hills Shrub (US-WHS), and Walnut Gulch Kendall Grasslands (US-WKG). Snotel sites include: Butte (ER-BT), Porphyry Creek (ER-PK) and Schofield Pass (ER-SP). The 16 East River Watershed locations with different vegetation types are denoted by: evergreen forests (EF), deciduous forests (DF), riparian shrublands (RS) and meadow grassland (MS). This data package includes: 1) A summary spread sheet of the sites and acronyms for data variables. 2) Processed Fluxnet datasets that are obtained from Fluxnet.fluxdata.org with HPM estimated evapotranspiration (ET) and ecosystem respiration (RECO) and the trained parameter metrics and models for Fluxnet sites; 3) Processed SNOTEL datasets obtained from www.nrcs.usda.gov/snow/ and HPM estimated ET and RECO; 4) Weather data at east river locations obtained from DAYMET (daymet.ornl.gov) as well as HPM estimated ET and RECO. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) datasets are obtained from Landsat 5, 7 and 8 on Google Earth Engine platform. Detailed QA/QC and sampling methods of measured data are available at the original data source.

Digital subsurface data of Paleozoic rocks in the Upper Colorado River Basin in Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico from USGS Regional Aquifer System Analysis (other, 2020)
The Upper Colorado River Basin has a drainage area of about 113,500 square miles in western Colorado, eastern Utah, southwestern Wyoming, northeastern Arizona, and northwestern New Mexico. In the 1980’s and 1990’s, the Upper Colorado River Basin was a study area under of the U.S. Geological Survey's Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (RASA) program (Sun and Johnston, 1994; Sun and Weeks, 1991). The objectives of the RASA program for the Upper Colorado River Basin were to provide regional assessments of major aquifer systems by providing quantitative assessments of the occurrence, movement, and availability of water stored in rock formations that underlie the basin/watershed. These assessments included: (1) the classification of stratigraphic [...]

Turbulence dissipation rate estimated from Doppler Lidar measurements during LAPSE-RATE (other, 2020)
This dataset includes turbulence dissipation rate estimated from the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars and the University of Oklahoma Halo Streamline scanning Doppler Lidar during the 2018 LAPSE-RATE (Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation - a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment) field campaign.This campaign took place in the San Luis Valley of Colorado between 14-21 July, 2018. On 14 July, both Windcube lidars were co-located at the Saguache site for intercomparison. WC49 (here named DPLR2) was moved to the Moffat School site late in the day on the 14th, where the Halo Streamline was deployed. Bad or missing data is set to -9999.9 for variable fields.

Database for the Geologic Map of the Bonanza Caldera Area, Northeastern San Juan Mountains, Colorado (other, 2020)
The San Juan Mountains in southwestern Colorado have long been recognized as a site of exceptionally voluminous mid-Tertiary volcanism, including at least 24 major ignimbrite sheets (each 150-5,000 km3) and associated caldera structures active at 33-23 Ma. More recent volcanologic and petrologic studies in the San Juan region have focused mainly on several ignimbrite-caldera systems: the southeastern area (Platoro complex), western calderas (Uncompahgre-Silverton-Lake City), the central cluster (La Garita-Creede calderas). The northeast San Juan region that was far less studied until recently occupies a transition between earlier volcanism in central Colorado and the larger-volume younger ignimbrite-caldera foci farther south and west. [...]

Long-term flowering phenology and abundance data at Gothic, Colorado - Underwood B. D.; Irwin D. W.; Inouye N.; Rebecca M. Dalton; Inouye (other, 2020)
Prof. David Inouye has been collecting data on the abundance and timing of flowers that fall within permanent plots at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory (RMBL), in Gothic, Colorado, USA, from 1973 to present. During the growing season, flowers of each species are counted approximately every other day, though in some years the start and/or end of flowering were missed, and data were not collected in 1978 and 1990. A core set of 23 2 x 2 m plots have been followed 1974-present (excluding 1978 and 1990), and additional plots have been added through the years (two in 1985, three in 1998, and two in 2004). Data are now collected in a total of 30 plots and up to 135 plant species have been recorded in the plots. A companion dataset on the long-term abundance and phenology of bees at the RMBL is also available on the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/kmxyn). The project is now managed by David's son Brian Inouye with collaborators Nora Underwood and Rebecca Irwin.

Post survey report for AOP Assignable Asset collection of Crested Butte, CO (ess_dive, 2020)
This report contains details of the National Ecological Observatory Network Airborne Observation Platform (NEON AOP) assignable asset (AA) flight over Crested Butte, Colorado (CO). The report is being prepared for Lawrence Berkeley National Lab (LBNL), the primary clients for the flights who contracted the NEON AOP for flights during June 2018. The report includes a summary of the acquired flight lines over the planned area, results of calibration surveys, and quality assurance (QA) results of the acquired data. Detailed reports on the acquired data and processing results were also delivered with the data. LBNL contracted the AA NEON AOP flights to observe watersheds of interest at Crested Butte with remotely sensed data including high resolution LiDAR, imaging spectroscopy, and high-resolution camera imagery. The remote sensing imagery acquired by the AOP intendeds to support LBNL on an interdisciplinary project on hydrology, biogeochemistry, and ecosystem functioning in the area surrounding the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory (RMBL), one of the most prominent ecological study sites in the United States.

Conifer water use patterns in the East River Watershed, Colorado US, based on stable water isotopes and cellulose isotopes (ess_dive, 2020)
This data package contains a series of datasets aimed at understanding the seasonal origins of water used by the dominant conifer species, Abies lasiocarpa and Picea engelmannii, in the East River Watershed. There is a distinct difference in the stable isotopic ratio of summer rain and snowpack and thus by tracking the isotopic ratio of the xylem water in trees, it is possible to separate when a tree is using snow vs. summer rain. Following typical protocols, we sampled and extracted water from soils in the "Research Meadow" near Gothic, CO within the East River Watershed through the 2016 growing season. The stable isotopic ratio of these waters were then measured. Using values of the isotopic ratio of precipitation and snowpack from that season, we develop a mixing model to show how the trees transitioned from use of snowpack to summer in late July. We extended the information on the seasonal origins of water from 2016 back until 1980 by using measurements of the isotopic ratio of cellulose from trees in the Research Meadow. The isotopic ratio of tree ring cellulose records a signal both of the Vapor Pressure Deficit at the leaf-atmosphere boundary and also the source water for the trees. We concluded from this extended analysis that the trees underwent transitions between periods where snow was the dominant water source and summer rain was the dominant water source. More details on this analysis can be found in the publication: Persistence and Plasticity in Conifer Water Use Strategies. JGR Biogeoscience. DOI 10.1029/2018JG004845. The dataset specifically includes stable isotope measurements of xylem and soil water for Spruce and Fir trees at the Rocky Mountain Biological Lab's Research Meadow as well as snowpack and precipitation stable isotopes from nearby National Atmospheric Deposition Program sites. Associated meteorological data is included, which is needed to understand the source water for the trees based on the cellulose measurements. The dataset also includes intra-ring measurements of the d18O and d13C of cellulose these same species of trees at the Ziegler Reservoir site in Snowmass, CO. This site was chosen because it is a location where subfossil wood from the last interglacial period (116,000 to 130,000 years ago) were discovered. We measured the d18O and d13C of the subfossil trees following the same protocol as the modern samples. We found that the trees utilized more summer rain during the interglacial period. This analysis and detailed methods are provided in the following manuscript: Wetter summers mitigated temperature stress on Rocky Mountain forests during the last interglacial warm period which is in revision at GRL but is available as a preprint here: 10.1002/essoar.10506740.2

Hybrid predictive modeling approach simulated evapotranspiration and ecosystem respiration data (ess_dive, 2020)
This dataset includes measured data used for developing hybrid-predictive-modeling (HPM) approach and simulated evapotranspiration and ecosystem respiration data across several Fluxnet sites, Snow Telemetry (SNOTEL) sites and East River Watershed in Colorado locations. Fluxnet sites considered in this study include: Saskatchewan-Aspen (CA-OAS), Saskatchewan-Black Spruce (CA-OBS), Niwot Ridge (US-NR1), Tonzi Ranch (US-TON), Vaira Ranch-lone (US-VAR), Santa Rita Mesquite (US-SRM), Walnut Gulch Lucky Hills Shrub (US-WHS), and Walnut Gulch Kendall Grasslands (US-WKG). Snotel sites include: Butte (ER-BT), Porphyry Creek (ER-PK) and Schofield Pass (ER-SP). The 16 East River Watershed locations with different vegetation types are denoted by: evergreen forests (EF), deciduous forests (DF), riparian shrublands (RS) and meadow grassland (MS). This data package includes: 1) A summary spread sheet of the sites and acronyms for data variables. 2) Processed fluxnet datasets that are obtained from Fluxnet.fluxdata.org with HPM estimated evapotranspiration (ET) and ecosystem respiration (RECO); 3) Processed SNOTEL datasets obtained from www.nrcs.usda.gov/snow/ and HPM estimated ET and RECO; 4) Weather data at east river locations obtained from DAYMET (daymet.ornl.gov) as well as HPM estimated ET and RECO. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) datasets are obtained from Landsat 5, 7 and 8 on Google Earth Engine platform. Detailed QA/QC and sampling methods of measured data are available at the original data source.

Hydrologically Corrected (cut and burned) 1m Digital Elevation Model for the Upper East River Domain - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2020)
This is a hydrologically corrected digital elevation model derived from the 2018 NEON AOP dataset. It represents the height above sea level for impervious objects attached to the ground, such as buildings, but not vegetation. Bridges and culverts have been "cut" to allow flow, and areas of suface water are "burned" into the DEM, and are represented by the minimum elevation of that area of contiguous surface water.

Differential concentration discharge for the upper and lower reaches of the East River Watershed, Colorado (ess_dive, 2020)
This dataset captures the difference in concentration over the difference in discharge across upper and lower reaches of the East River watershed for 2015 and 2016 water years. The East River is part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (WFSFA) located in the Upper Colorado River Basin, United States. Herein, the upper reach is defined as the segment between EAQ (East Above Quigley) and EBC (East Below Copper), and the lower reach is defined as the segment between EBC and PH (Pump House). The overall purpose of the dataset is to provide a better accounting of the gains, losses or fractional solute turnover between sampling stations. Compiled data for the two segments (EAQ to EBC and EBC to PH) are provided in two Excel files, and the same data are provided in csv format in the corresponding zip files.

Small Sub-watersheds of the Upper East River Domain - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2020)
This map represents estimated watersheds for stream segments derived from a hydrologically corrected digital elevation model. The flow lines were derived in GRASS GIS using a single direction algorithm that does not allow channel braiding. Each watershed is identified by a unique integer that matches the stream segment. Stream segments were delineated to drain at least 32000 square meters. Users should also cite the original elevation datasets and documentation: Goulden T ; Hass B ; Brodie E ; Chadwick K D ; Falco N ; Maher K ; Wainwright H ; Williams K (2020): NEON AOP Survey of Upper East River CO Watersheds: LAZ Files, LiDAR Surface Elevation, Terrain Elevation, and Canopy Height Rasters. Watershed Function SFA. DOI: 10.15485/1617203

Turbulence dissipation rate estimated from Doppler Lidar measurements during LAPSE-RATE (other, 2020)
This dataset includes turbulence dissipation rate estimated from the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars and the University of Oklahoma Halo Streamline scanning Doppler Lidar during the 2018 LAPSE-RATE (Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation - a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment) field campaign.This campaign took place in the San Luis Valley of Colorado between 14-21 July, 2018. On 14 July, both Windcube lidars were co-located at the Saguache site for intercomparison. WC49 (here named DPLR2) was moved to the Moffat School site late in the day on the 14th, where the Halo Streamline was deployed. Bad or missing data is set to -9999.9 for variable fields.

The Importance of Interflow to Groundwater Recharge in a Snowmelt-Dominated, Alpine Watershed, Geophysical Research Letters: Modeling and Data Package (ess_dive, 2020)
This data package contains hydrologic modeling input and output files for the East River (ER_PRMS.zip) and Copper Creek (CC_GSFLOW.zip) for water years 1987 to 2018. These data were used to generate simulated results published in Geophysical Research Letters (Carroll et al., 2019) describing the importance of interflow in generating groundwater recharge in the upper subalpine. The East River and Copper Creek are part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (WFSFA) located in the Upper Colorado River Basin, United States. The hydrologic model uses the U.S. Geological Survey coupled groundwater and surface water flow model (GSFLOW). Input and output files are askii format, while the model executable (gsflow.exe), source code, example problems and documentation describing model files is provided at the following U.S. Geological Survey website. https://www.usgs.gov/software/coupled-ground-water-and-surface-water-flow-model-gsflow. GSFLOW executables are compiled for either Microsoft Windows or Linux operating systems.

LAPSE-RATE ground-based Doppler lidar datasets from Univ Colorado Boulder (other, 2020)
This dataset includes measurements obtained using the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars during the 2018 LAPSE-RATE (Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation - a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment) field campaign. This campaign took place in the San Luis Valley of Colorado between 14-21 July, 2018. On 14 July, both lidars were co-located at the Saguache site for intercomparison. WC49 (here named DPLR2) was moved to the Moffat School site late in the day on the 14th. Moffat School data starts on the 15th. Bad or missing data is set to -9999.0 for all fields. The a1 and the a2 datafiles are identical except that the a2 files include beam information (0, 90, 180, or 270) that was omitted from the a1 files.

Estimating densities of larval Salmonflies (Pteronarcys californica) through multiple pass removal of post-emergent exuvia in Colorado rivers - Dan Kowalski (other, 2020)
Traditional methods of collecting, sorting, and identifying benthic macroinvertebrate samples are useful for stream biomonitoring and ecological studies, however, these methods are time consuming, expensive, and require taxonomic expertise. Estimating larval densities through collection of post-emergent exuvia can be a practical and time efficient alternative. We evaluated the use of multiple pass depletion techniques of the post-emergent exuvia of Pteronarcys californica to estimate larval densities at ten sites in three Colorado rivers. Exuvia density was highly correlated with both final-instar larval density (R2 = 0.90) and total larval density (R2 = 0.88) and the multiple pass removal technique performed well. Exuvia surveys found P. californica at three low density sites where benthic sampling failed to detect it. At moderate and high density sites the exuvia surveys always produced lower density estimates than benthic surveys. Multiple pass depletion estimates of exuvia proved to be an accurate and efficient technique at estimating larval densities and provided an effective alternative for traditional benthic sampling when objectives are detecting and monitoring P. californica, especially at low density sites.

Differential concentration discharge for the upper and lower reaches of the East River Watershed, Colorado - Madison Burrus; Madison Burrus; S. S. Hubbard; Madison Burrus; Madison Burrus; Michelle Newcomer; Michelle Newcomer; S. S. Hubbard; Michelle Newcomer; Bhavna Arora; Michelle Newcomer; S. S. Hubbard; et al. (ess_dive, 2020)
This dataset captures the difference in concentration over the difference in discharge across upper and lower reaches of the East River watershed for 2015 and 2016 water years. The East River is part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (WFSFA) located in the Upper Colorado River Basin, United States. Herein, the upper reach is defined as the segment between EAQ (East Above Quigley) and EBC (East Below Copper), and the lower reach is defined as the segment between EBC and PH (Pump House). The overall purpose of the dataset is to provide a better accounting of the gains, losses or fractional solute turnover between sampling stations. Compiled data for the two segments (EAQ to EBC and EBC to PH) are provided in two Excel files, and the same data are provided in csv format in the corresponding zip files.

Post survey report for AOP Assignable Asset collection of Crested Butte, CO (ess_dive, 2020)
This report contains details of the National Ecological Observatory Network Airborne Observation Platform (NEON AOP) assignable asset (AA) flight over Crested Butte, Colorado (CO). The report is being prepared for Lawrence Berkeley National Lab (LBNL), the primary clients for the flights who contracted the NEON AOP for flights during June 2018. The report includes a summary of the acquired flight lines over the planned area, results of calibration surveys, and quality assurance (QA) results of the acquired data. Detailed reports on the acquired data and processing results were also delivered with the data. LBNL contracted the AA NEON AOP flights to observe watersheds of interest at Crested Butte with remotely sensed data including high resolution LiDAR, imaging spectroscopy, and high-resolution camera imagery. The remote sensing imagery acquired by the AOP intendeds to support LBNL on an interdisciplinary project on hydrology, biogeochemistry, and ecosystem functioning in the area surrounding the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory (RMBL), one of the most prominent ecological study sites in the United States.

LAPSE-RATE ground-based Doppler lidar datasets from Univ Colorado Boulder (other, 2020)
This dataset includes measurements obtained using the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars during the 2018 LAPSE-RATE (Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation - a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment) field campaign. This campaign took place in the San Luis Valley of Colorado between 14-21 July, 2018. On 14 July, both lidars were co-located at the Saguache site for intercomparison. WC49 (here named DPLR2) was moved to the Moffat School site late in the day on the 14th. Moffat School data starts on the 15th. Bad or missing data is set to -9999.0 for all fields. The a1 and the a2 datafiles are identical except that the a2 files include beam information (0, 90, 180, or 270) that was omitted from the a1 files.

Ute Ulay Dam - oc534 (other, 2020)
The Ute Ulay Mining Complex is located along the Alpine Loop Scenic Byway just south of Lake City, Colorado. The Ute Ulay mining claims were discovered in 1871 and were one of the biggest producers of gold and silver in the San Juan Mountains. The Bureau of Land Management Gunnison Field Office has partnered with Hinsdale County to promote heritage tourism and has stabilized and preserved several structures within the mining complex. Ute Ulay was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017. The Ute Ulay Dam was constructed in 1926 to provide hydropower to the mill that processed the gold and silver ores. The poured concrete dam measures 160 feet across and is reinforced with woven rebar. Water was forced into the hydropower plant from a flume originating from the dam. The hydropower plant produced power using three turbine water wheels. The power plant was used until 1951, when the flume collapsed. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab

Contiguous U.S. annual snow persistence and trends from 2001-2020 - John C Hammond (other, 2020)
Snow persistence (SP) or the snow cover index (SCI), is the fraction of time that snow is present on the ground for a defined period. Cloud covered index (CCI) is the fraction of time that there is no data, cloud, or sensor saturation for the same period. SP and CCI were calculated on a pixel by pixel basis using MODIS/Terra Snow Cover 8-Day L3 Global 500m Grid, Collection 6 obtained from the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC). January 1 - July 3 SP was calculated for each year as the fraction of 8-day MODIS images with snow present. The selected period brackets the temporal extent of peak snow accumulation to complete snow ablation in most parts of the western United States. The July 3 date is used because the 8-day MODIS image does not fall on the first of the month in this case. This data release contains gridded 500 m MODIS snow persistence for years 2001 to 2020 along with accompanying pixel by pixel trends for the entire contiguous U.S.

Migration Stopovers (WGFD) of Mule Deer in the Platte Valley Herd in Wyoming - Wyoming Game and Fish Department (other, 2020)
The Platte Valley Herd Corridor was designated by the Wyoming Game and Fish Department in 2018 (fig. 30). The Platte Valley herd contains approximately 11,000 mule deer. The corridor is based on two wintering populations, including a south segment from Saratoga, Wyoming, to the Colorado State line, and a north segment from Saratoga to the Dana Ridge area north of I-80. Winter ranges in the Platte Valley are more dispersed than winter ranges in other parts of the state, so deer migrate in many different directions. Many deer in the southern segment follow the Platte River south to summer ranges in Colorado. Most deer migrations in the north radiate south and east from winter ranges along I-80. The WGFD collared 45 additional mule deer [...]

Migration Corridors (WGFD Designated) of Mule Deer in the Platte Valley Herd in Wyoming - Wyoming Game and Fish Department (other, 2020)
The Platte Valley Herd Corridor was designated by the Wyoming Game and Fish Department in 2018 (fig. 30). The Platte Valley herd contains approximately 11,000 mule deer. The corridor is based on two wintering populations, including a south segment from Saratoga, Wyoming, to the Colorado State line, and a north segment from Saratoga to the Dana Ridge area north of I-80. Winter ranges in the Platte Valley are more dispersed than winter ranges in other parts of the state, so deer migrate in many different directions. Many deer in the southern segment follow the Platte River south to summer ranges in Colorado. Most deer migrations in the north radiate south and east from winter ranges along I-80. The WGFD collared 45 additional mule deer [...]

RMBL USFS Districts - Shannon Sprott (other, 2020)
These are the US Forest Service designated districts for the Gunnison County area. This dataset was created in 2015 by Rocky Mountain Biological Lab GIS off documents and legal boundaries from the USFS. These districts are broken into 4 different districts: West Zone/Aspen Ranger District (White River National Forest), West Zone/Sopris Ranger District (White River National Forest), Paonia Ranger District (Gunnison National Forest), Gunnison Ranger District (Gunnison-Uncompahgre National Forest). The data download link goes to the shapefile data format, though this data is available for download off the ArcGIS Online site as a KML, File Geodatabase, and GeoJson file types.

Database for the Geologic Map of the Bonanza Caldera Area, Northeastern San Juan Mountains, Colorado (other, 2020)
The San Juan Mountains in southwestern Colorado have long been recognized as a site of exceptionally voluminous mid-Tertiary volcanism, including at least 24 major ignimbrite sheets (each 150-5,000 km3) and associated caldera structures active at 33-23 Ma. More recent volcanologic and petrologic studies in the San Juan region have focused mainly on several ignimbrite-caldera systems: the southeastern area (Platoro complex), western calderas (Uncompahgre-Silverton-Lake City), the central cluster (La Garita-Creede calderas). The northeast San Juan region that was far less studied until recently occupies a transition between earlier volcanism in central Colorado and the larger-volume younger ignimbrite-caldera foci farther south and west. [...]

RMBL USFS & BLM Lands - Shannon Sprott (other, 2020)
These are the parcel lands within Gunnison County that are either managed or owned by the US forest Service or the Bureau of Land Management. This layer was created by RMBL GIS, and is a subset of data from the original Exempt shapefile downloaded from the Gunnison County website. The data download link goes to the shapefile data format, though this data is available for download off the ArcGIS Online site as a KML, File Geodatabase, and GeoJson file types.

Conifer water use patterns in the East River Watershed, Colorado US, based on stable water isotopes and cellulose isotopes (ess_dive, 2020)
This data package contains a series of datasets aimed at understanding the seasonal origins of water used by the dominant conifer species, Abies lasiocarpa and Picea engelmannii, in the East River Watershed. There is a distinct difference in the stable isotopic ratio of summer rain and snowpack and thus by tracking the isotopic ratio of the xylem water in trees, it is possible to separate when a tree is using snow vs. summer rain. Following typical protocols, we sampled and extracted water from soils in the "Research Meadow" near Gothic, CO within the East River Watershed through the 2016 growing season. The stable isotopic ratio of these waters were then measured. Using values of the isotopic ratio of precipitation and snowpack from that season, we develop a mixing model to show how the trees transitioned from use of snowpack to summer in late July. We extended the information on the seasonal origins of water from 2016 back until 1980 by using measurements of the isotopic ratio of cellulose from trees in the Research Meadow. The isotopic ratio of tree ring cellulose records a signal both of the Vapor Pressure Deficit at the leaf-atmosphere boundary and also the source water for the trees. We concluded from this extended analysis that the trees underwent transitions between periods where snow was the dominant water source and summer rain was the dominant water source. More details on this analysis can be found in the publication: Persistence and Plasticity in Conifer Water Use Strategies. JGR Biogeoscience. DOI 10.1029/2018JG004845. The dataset specifically includes stable isotope measurements of xylem and soil water for Spruce and Fir trees at the Rocky Mountain Biological Lab's Research Meadow as well as snowpack and precipitation stable isotopes from nearby National Atmospheric Deposition Program sites. The dataset also includes intra-ring measurements of the d18O of cellulose from these trees at this site as well as at the Ziegler Reservoir site in Snowmass, CO. Associated meteorological data is included, which is needed to understand the source water for the trees based on the cellulose measurements.

Hybrid predictive modeling approach simulated evapotranspiration and ecosystem respiration data (ess_dive, 2020)
This dataset includes measured data used for developing hybrid-predictive-modeling (HPM) approach and simulated evapotranspiration and ecosystem respiration data across several Fluxnet sites, SNOTEL sites and East River locations (Chen et al., 2020 in review). Fluxnet sites considered in this study include: CA-OAS, CA-OBS, US-NR1, US-TON, US-VAR, US-SRM, US-WHS, US-WKG. Snotel sites Butte (ER-BT), Porphyry Creek (ER-PK) and Schofield Pass (ER-SP) are included as well 16 east river locations with different vegetation types denoted by evergreen forests (EF), deciduous forests (DF), riparian shrublands (RS) and meadow grassland (MS). This data package includes: 1) A summary spread sheet of the sites and acronyms for data variables. 2) Processed Fluxnet datasets that are obtained from Fluxnet.fluxdata.org with HPM estimated evapotranspiration (ET) and ecosystem respiration (RECO). Trained models and metrics for parameters for the Fluxnet sites were added in an update on November 2, 2020; 3) Processed SNOTEL datasets obtained from www.nrcs.usda.gov/snow/ and HPM estimated ET and RECO; 4) Weather data at east river locations obtained from DAYMET (daymet.ornl.gov) as well as HPM estimated ET and RECO. NDVI datasets are obtained from Landsat 5, 7 and 8 on Google Earth Engine platform. Detailed QA/QC and sampling methods of measured data are available at the original data source.

Digital subsurface data of Paleozoic rocks in the Upper Colorado River Basin in Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico from USGS Regional Aquifer System Analysis (other, 2020)
The Upper Colorado River Basin has a drainage area of about 113,500 square miles in western Colorado, eastern Utah, southwestern Wyoming, northeastern Arizona, and northwestern New Mexico. In the 1980’s and 1990’s, the Upper Colorado River Basin was a study area under of the U.S. Geological Survey's Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (RASA) program (Sun and Johnston, 1994; Sun and Weeks, 1991). The objectives of the RASA program for the Upper Colorado River Basin were to provide regional assessments of major aquifer systems by providing quantitative assessments of the occurrence, movement, and availability of water stored in rock formations that underlie the basin/watershed. These assessments included: (1) the classification of stratigraphic [...]

RMBL 2020 Current Research sites - Shannon Sprott (other, 2020)
This data set is created and updated yearly based on scientist, researcher, and student GPS mapping throughout the year. All of the current research sites from each summer are combined as polygons in one feature layer. This dataset is for public use and does not contain any private researcher name or project specific information. The data download link goes to the shapefile data format, though this data is available for download off the ArcGIS Online site as a KML, File Geodatabase, and GeoJson file types.

Turbulence dissipation rate estimated from Doppler Lidar measurements during LAPSE-RATE (other, 2020)
This dataset includes turbulence dissipation rate estimated from the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars and the University of Oklahoma Halo Streamline scanning Doppler Lidar during the 2018 LAPSE-RATE (Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation - a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment) field campaign.This campaign took place in the San Luis Valley of Colorado between 14-21 July, 2018. On 14 July, both Windcube lidars were co-located at the Saguache site for intercomparison. WC49 (here named DPLR2) was moved to the Moffat School site late in the day on the 14th, where the Halo Streamline was deployed. Bad or missing data is set to -9999.9 for variable fields.

Conifer water use patterns in the East River Watershed, Colorado US, based on stable water isotopes and cellulose isotopes (ess_dive, 2020)
This data package contains a series of datasets aimed at understanding the seasonal origins of water used by the dominant conifer species, Abies lasiocarpa and Picea engelmannii, in the East River Watershed. There is a distinct difference in the stable isotopic ratio of summer rain and snowpack and thus by tracking the isotopic ratio of the xylem water in trees, it is possible to separate when a tree is using snow vs. summer rain. Following typical protocols, we sampled and extracted water from soils in the "Research Meadow" near Gothic, CO within the East River Watershed through the 2016 growing season. The stable isotopic ratio of these waters were then measured. Using values of the isotopic ratio of precipitation and snowpack from that season, we develop a mixing model to show how the trees transitioned from use of snowpack to summer in late July. We extended the information on the seasonal origins of water from 2016 back until 1980 by using measurements of the isotopic ratio of cellulose from trees in the Research Meadow. The isotopic ratio of tree ring cellulose records a signal both of the Vapor Pressure Deficit at the leaf-atmosphere boundary and also the source water for the trees. We concluded from this extended analysis that the trees underwent transitions between periods where snow was the dominant water source and summer rain was the dominant water source. More details on this analysis can be found in the publication: Persistence and Plasticity in Conifer Water Use Strategies. JGR Biogeoscience. DOI 10.1029/2018JG004845. The dataset specifically includes stable isotope measurements of xylem and soil water for Spruce and Fir trees at the Rocky Mountain Biological Lab's Research Meadow as well as snowpack and precipitation stable isotopes from nearby National Atmospheric Deposition Program sites. Associated meteorological data is included, which is needed to understand the source water for the trees based on the cellulose measurements. This dataset was updated in June 2021 also include intra-ring measurements of the d18O and d13C of cellulose these same species of trees at the Ziegler Reservoir site in Snowmass, CO. These are listed as files: "Interglaciald18OCellulose.csv", "Interglaciald13OCellulose.csv" and "Modernd13CCellulose.csv". The intent of these measurements was to assess whether common conifers (abies and picea) had undergone ecophysiological or ecohydrological changes during the last period in Earth's history was warmer than today, i.e. the last Interglacial (116,000 to 130,000 years ago). This site was chosen because it is a location where subfossil wood from this critical warm period was discovered. We measured the d18O and d13C of the subfossil trees following the same protocol as the modern samples which included chemical extraction of cellulose and isotope ratio mass spectrometry. We found that the trees showed little difference in water use efficiency but utilized more summer rain during the interglacial period. This analysis and detailed methods are provided in the following manuscript: Wetter summers mitigated temperature stress on Rocky Mountain forests during the last interglacial warm period which is in revision at GRL but is available as a preprint here: 10.1002/essoar.10506740.2

Natural abundance nitrate isotopes from Rifle and the East River Watershed, Colorado - Taylor Maavara; Taylor Maavara; Taylor Maavara; Patrick O. Sorensen; M. E. Conrad; Taylor Maavara; Patrick O. Sorensen; M. E. Conrad; Patrick O. Sorensen; M. E. Conrad; Nicholas J. Bouskill; Patrick O. Sorensen; et al. (ess_dive, 2020)
This data package provides data on the natural abundance isotopes of nitrate from various sources, including porewater, stream, and precipitation. The overall purpose of this data package is to complement additional data streams for nitrogen cycling metrics (e.g., riverine inorganic and organic nitrogen measurements) with specific data gleaned from the interpretation of terrestrial and riverine isotope measurements and collectively understand on how nitrogen is cycled around this system. The Rifle and East River are part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (WFSFA) located in the Upper Colorado River Basin, United States. Collection locations include: Pumphouse (multiple sampling dates), River (upstream/ downstream meander C), Shallow soil lysimeters (hillslope, toeslope, floodplain), Hillslope-floodplain borehole wells (i.e., Pumphouse Lower Montane (PLM) wells), and Potassium chloride(KCL)-extracted soil samples. Copper Creek sampling includes 8x river sample points and two tributaries sampled on Sept. Oct. 2017, July 2018. East River below the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory sampling includes 1 access point sampled on July, Sept. Oct. 2017. Rifle floodplain sampling includes well TT03 across multiple collection times over 2014. Data is provided in 5 individual files by location in csv format, or all compiled in Excel format.

bblonder/thermal_analysis: Initial release - Benjamin Blonder (other, 2020)
Initial release

Post survey report for AOP Assignable Asset collection of Crested Butte, CO - John Musinsky; John Musinsky; John Musinsky; John Musinsky; Tristan Goulden; John Musinsky; Tristan Goulden; John Musinsky; Tristan Goulden; Tristan Goulden; Tristan Goulden; Tristan Goulden (ess_dive, 2020)
This report contains details of the National Ecological Observatory Network Airborne Observation Platform (NEON AOP) assignable asset (AA) flight over Crested Butte, Colorado (CO). The report is being prepared for Lawrence Berkeley National Lab (LBNL), the primary clients for the flights who contracted the NEON AOP for flights during June 2018. The report includes a summary of the acquired flight lines over the planned area, results of calibration surveys, and quality assurance (QA) results of the acquired data. Detailed reports on the acquired data and processing results were also delivered with the data. LBNL contracted the AA NEON AOP flights to observe watersheds of interest at Crested Butte with remotely sensed data including high resolution LiDAR, imaging spectroscopy, and high-resolution camera imagery. The remote sensing imagery acquired by the AOP intendeds to support LBNL on an interdisciplinary project on hydrology, biogeochemistry, and ecosystem functioning in the area surrounding the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory (RMBL), one of the most prominent ecological study sites in the United States.

Hybrid predictive modeling approach simulated evapotranspiration and ecosystem respiration data (ess_dive, 2020)
This dataset includes measured data used for developing hybrid-predictive-modeling (HPM) approach and simulated evapotranspiration and ecosystem respiration data across several Fluxnet sites, SNOTEL sites and East River locations (Chen et al., 2020 in review). Fluxnet sites considered in this study include: CA-OAS, CA-OBS, US-NR1, US-TON, US-VAR, US-SRM, US-WHS, US-WKG. Snotel sites Butte (ER-BT), Porphyry Creek (ER-PK) and Schofield Pass (ER-SP) are included as well 16 east river locations with different vegetation types denoted by evergreen forests (EF), deciduous forests (DF), riparian shrublands (RS) and meadow grassland (MS). This data package includes: 1) A summary spread sheet of the sites and acronyms for data variables. 2) Processed Fluxnet datasets that are obtained from Fluxnet.fluxdata.org with HPM estimated evapotranspiration (ET) and ecosystem respiration (RECO). Trained models and metrics for parameters for the Fluxnet sites were added in an update on November 2, 2020; 3) Processed SNOTEL datasets obtained from www.nrcs.usda.gov/snow/ and HPM estimated ET and RECO; 4) Weather data at east river locations obtained from DAYMET (daymet.ornl.gov) as well as HPM estimated ET and RECO. NDVI datasets are obtained from Landsat 5, 7 and 8 on Google Earth Engine platform. Detailed QA/QC and sampling methods of measured data are available at the original data source.

Post survey report for AOP Assignable Asset collection of Crested Butte, CO (ess_dive, 2020)
This report contains details of the National Ecological Observatory Network Airborne Observation Platform (NEON AOP) assignable asset (AA) flight over Crested Butte, Colorado (CO). The report is being prepared for Lawrence Berkeley National Lab (LBNL), the primary clients for the flights who contracted the NEON AOP for flights during June 2018. The report includes a summary of the acquired flight lines over the planned area, results of calibration surveys, and quality assurance (QA) results of the acquired data. Detailed reports on the acquired data and processing results were also delivered with the data. LBNL contracted the AA NEON AOP flights to observe watersheds of interest at Crested Butte with remotely sensed data including high resolution LiDAR, imaging spectroscopy, and high-resolution camera imagery. The remote sensing imagery acquired by the AOP intendeds to support LBNL on an interdisciplinary project on hydrology, biogeochemistry, and ecosystem functioning in the area surrounding the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory (RMBL), one of the most prominent ecological study sites in the United States.

Conifer water use patterns in the East River Watershed, Colorado US, based on stable water isotopes and cellulose isotopes (ess_dive, 2020)
This data package contains a series of datasets aimed at understanding the seasonal origins of water used by the dominant conifer species, Abies lasiocarpa and Picea engelmannii, in the East River Watershed. There is a distinct difference in the stable isotopic ratio of summer rain and snowpack and thus by tracking the isotopic ratio of the xylem water in trees, it is possible to separate when a tree is using snow vs. summer rain. Following typical protocols, we sampled and extracted water from soils in the "Research Meadow" near Gothic, CO within the East River Watershed through the 2016 growing season. The stable isotopic ratio of these waters were then measured. Using values of the isotopic ratio of precipitation and snowpack from that season, we develop a mixing model to show how the trees transitioned from use of snowpack to summer in late July. We extended the information on the seasonal origins of water from 2016 back until 1980 by using measurements of the isotopic ratio of cellulose from trees in the Research Meadow. The isotopic ratio of tree ring cellulose records a signal both of the Vapor Pressure Deficit at the leaf-atmosphere boundary and also the source water for the trees. We concluded from this extended analysis that the trees underwent transitions between periods where snow was the dominant water source and summer rain was the dominant water source. More details on this analysis can be found in the publication: Persistence and Plasticity in Conifer Water Use Strategies. JGR Biogeoscience. DOI 10.1029/2018JG004845. The dataset specifically includes stable isotope measurements of xylem and soil water for Spruce and Fir trees at the Rocky Mountain Biological Lab's Research Meadow as well as snowpack and precipitation stable isotopes from nearby National Atmospheric Deposition Program sites. Associated meteorological data is included, which is needed to understand the source water for the trees based on the cellulose measurements. This dataset was updated in June 2021 also include intra-ring measurements of the d18O and d13C of cellulose these same species of trees at the Ziegler Reservoir site in Snowmass, CO. These are listed as files: "Interglaciald18OCellulose.csv", "Interglaciald13OCellulose.csv" and "Modernd13CCellulose.csv". The intent of these measurements was to assess whether common conifers (abies and picea) had undergone ecophysiological or ecohydrological changes during the last period in Earth's history was warmer than today, i.e. the last Interglacial (116,000 to 130,000 years ago). This site was chosen because it is a location where subfossil wood from this critical warm period was discovered. We measured the d18O and d13C of the subfossil trees following the same protocol as the modern samples which included chemical extraction of cellulose and isotope ratio mass spectrometry. We found that the trees showed little difference in water use efficiency but utilized more summer rain during the interglacial period. This analysis and detailed methods are provided in the following manuscript: Wetter summers mitigated temperature stress on Rocky Mountain forests during the last interglacial warm period which is in revision at GRL but is available as a preprint here: 10.1002/essoar.10506740.2

RMBL County Trails - Shannon Sprott (other, 2020)
This data set includes all trails, bikeways and public paths within Gunnison County. It was created by RMBL GIS and is a compilation of trail data from multiple sources such as the Crested Butte Mountain Bike Association, US Forest Service and Gunnison County. The data download link goes to the shapefile data format, though this data is available for download off the ArcGIS Online site as a KML, File Geodatabase, and GeoJson file types.

Ute Ulay Water Tank - oc534 (other, 2020)
The Ute Ulay Mining Complex is located along the Alpine Loop Scenic Byway just south of Lake City, Colorado. The Ute Ulay mining claims were discovered in 1871 and were one of the biggest producers of gold and silver in the San Juan Mountains. The Bureau of Land Management Gunnison Field Office has partnered with Hinsdale County to promote heritage tourism and has stabilized and preserved several structures within the mining complex. Ute Ulay was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017. The wooden water tank was filled by the flume from the Ute Ulay Dam. The water tank supplied water to the hydropower plant through three vertical pipes to three Leffel turbine water wheels that powered the electrical generating equipment in the power plant. The water tank was constructed in 1926 along with the dam, flume, and hydropower plant. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab

Natural abundance nitrate isotopes from Rifle and the East River Watershed, Colorado (ess_dive, 2020)
This data package provides data on the natural abundance isotopes of nitrate from various sources, including porewater, stream, and precipitation. The overall purpose of this data package is to complement additional data streams for nitrogen cycling metrics (e.g., riverine inorganic and organic nitrogen measurements) with specific data gleaned from the interpretation of terrestrial and riverine isotope measurements and collectively understand on how nitrogen is cycled around this system. The Rifle and East River are part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (WFSFA) located in the Upper Colorado River Basin, United States. Collection locations include: Pumphouse (multiple sampling dates), River (upstream/ downstream meander C), Shallow soil lysimeters (hillslope, toeslope, floodplain), Hillslope-floodplain borehole wells (i.e., Pumphouse Lower Montane (PLM) wells), and Potassium chloride(KCL)-extracted soil samples. Copper Creek sampling includes 8x river sample points and two tributaries sampled on Sept. Oct. 2017, July 2018. East River below the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory sampling includes 1 access point sampled on July, Sept. Oct. 2017. Rifle floodplain sampling includes well TT03 across multiple collection times over 2014. Data is provided in 5 individual files by location in csv format, or all compiled in Excel format.

Ute Ulay Mining Complex and Henson Ghost Town - oc534 (other, 2020)
The Ute Ulay Mining Complex is located along the Alpine Loop Scenic Byway just south of Lake City, Colorado. The Ute Ulay mining claims were discovered in 1871 and were one of the biggest producers of gold and silver in the San Juan Mountains. The Bureau of Land Management Gunnison Field Office has partnered with Hinsdale County to promote heritage tourism and has stabilized and preserved several structures within the mining complex. Ute Ulay was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017. The mining town of Henson sprung up in 1880 and provided basic necessities to support the 300 miners and their families working at the booming Ute Ulay Mining Complex. By 1883, the town had a schoolhouse, post office, several supply stores, and its dirt roads were lined with one room log cabins. Many of these structures are still standing today and an interpreted historic walking tour through the ghost town is available. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab

Data release for Geologic Map of the Homestake Reservoir 7.5' quadrangle, Lake, Pitkin, and Eagle Counties, Colorado - Chester A Ruleman (other, 2020)
The Homestake Reservoir 7.5' quadrangle lies at the northwestern end of the Upper Arkansas Valley, and headwaters of the Arkansas River, and the Roaring Fork, Fryingpan, and Eagle Rivers of the Colorado River system. The quadrangle lies within tectonic provinces of the 1.4 Ga Picuris Orogeny, the late Paleozoic Ancestral Rockies, Late Cretaceous-Paleocene Laramide orogeny, Oligocene to Miocene, and Pliocene?, volcanism, and Miocene to the present Rio Grande rift extensional tectonics. In the eastern half of the quadrangle, high-angle, east-dipping, Neogene normal faults displace Proterozoic rocks, and locally Mio-Pliocene? volcanic rocks. Many quartz veins and hydrothermally altered zones are exposed along the eastern flank of the [...]

Hydraulic test data - Lyndsay B Ball (other, 2020)
Boreholes were drilled in 2017 and 2018 in Redwell Basin, a headwater catchment underlain by mineralized and hydrothermally altered sedimentary rock in the Elk Mountains near the town of Crested Butte, Colorado. Site locations and well construction are documented under the main page of this data release. Hydraulic data were acquired during drilling and on core samples to estimate the hydraulic properties of selected geologic materials. While advancing the drill stem, long-interval packer tests were conducted in MW1 and MW2 boreholes to measure in-situ formation permeability. The open borehole interval targeted for each hydraulic test was exposed by raising the drill stem about 10 m above the bottom of the hole. A single-bladder packer [...]

Hydrologic Model Files (PRMS) for Historical Conditions in the East River Watershed, Colorado between 1987-2019 (ess_dive, 2020)
The data package contains model input and output file for the East River watershed (85 km2) located in the headwaters of the Colorado River. The model is the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Precipitation-Modeling Runoff System (PRMS) for the historical, or baseline, condition (1987-2019) to assess the efficiency of summer monsoon rains to generate streamflow. The finite difference grid resolution is 100 m with elevations resampled from the USGS National Elevation Dataset. LANDFIRE raster data is used to derive parameters of dominant cover type, summer and winter cover density, canopy interception characteristics for snow and rain and transmission coefficient for shortwave radiation. Climate forcing uses minimum and maximum daily temperature lapse rates defined by the two Snow Telemetry (SNOTEL) stations located in the vicinity of the East River adjusted for aspect. Schofield SNOTEL snowfall is spatially distributed using LiDAR derived snow depth observations from the Airborne Snow Observatory (ASO) flown 4 April 2016. Snow depths are converted to snow water equivalent based on ground surveys and density modeling. Rainfall is spatially distributed using the monthly Parameter-elevation Relationships on Independent Slopes Model 30-year monthly averages. Simulated solar radiation is calibrated to match weather station observations. Model verification of snow water equivalent (SWE) accumulation and ablation relies on the 2018 and 2019 ASO maps and weather station snow depth. The data package contains model input files in text format, model documentation in pfd and a readme.txt file to help users understand the file structure to run the program.

ASO L4 Lidar Point Cloud Digital Terrain Model 3m UTM Grid, Version 1 - Kat Bormann; Thomas Painter (other, 2020)

Data from: Lifetime fitness, sex-specific life history, and the maintenance of a polyphenism - Christopher Eden; Nicole Gerlanc; Michael P. Moore; Morgan Geile; A. C. R. Lackey; Jacqueline Doyle; Ashley Hagan; Howard Whiteman (other, 2020)
Polyphenisms, alternative morphs produced through plasticity, can reveal the evolutionary and ecological processes that initiate and maintain diversity within populations. We examined lifetime fitness consequences of two morphs in a polyphenic population of Arizona Tiger Salamanders using a 27-year data set with 1,317 adults and 6,862 captures across eight generations. Larval salamanders develop into either an aquatic paedomorph that retains larval traits and stays in its natal pond or a terrestrial metamorph that undergoes metamorphosis. To evaluate the adaptive significance of this polyphenism, we compared lifetime reproductive success of each morph and assessed how life history strategies and spatiotemporal variation explained fitness. We found sex-specific differences in lifetime fitness between morphs. For males, paedomorphs had more reproductive opportunities than metamorphs when we accounted for the potential mating advantage of larger males. For females, in contrast, metamorphs had higher estimated egg production than paedomorphs. Life history strategies differed between morphs largely because the morphs maximize different ends of the trade-off between age at first reproduction and longevity. Spatiotemporal variation affected larval more than adult life history traits with little to no effect on lifetime fitness. Thus, environmental variation likely explains differences in morph production across time and space but contributes little to lifetime fitness differences between morphs and sexes. Our long-term study and measures of lifetime fitness provide unique insight into the complex selective regimes potentially acting on each morph and sex. Our findings motivate future work to examine how sex-specific selection may contribute to the maintenance of polyphenism.

Daymet: Daily Surface Weather Data on a 1-km Grid for North America, Version 4 - R. Shrestha; Y. Wei; M.M. Thornton; P.E. Thornton; S-C. Kao (other, 2020)
This dataset provides Daymet Version 4 data as gridded estimates of daily weather parameters for North America, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. Daymet variables include the following parameters: minimum temperature, maximum temperature, precipitation, shortwave radiation, vapor pressure, snow water equivalent, and day length. The dataset covers the period from January 1, 1980, to December 31 (or December 30 in leap years) of the most recent full calendar year for the Continental North America and Hawaii spatial regions. Data for Puerto Rico is available starting in 1950. Each subsequent year is processed individually at the close of a calendar year. Daymet variables are provided as individual files, by variable and year, at a 1 km x 1 km spatial resolution and a daily temporal resolution. Areas of Hawaii and Puerto Rico are available as files separate from the continental North America. Data are in a North America Lambert Conformal Conic projection and are distributed in a standardized Climate and Forecast (CF)-compliant netCDF file format.

Turbulence dissipation rate estimated from Doppler Lidar measurements during LAPSE-RATE (other, 2020)
This dataset includes turbulence dissipation rate estimated from the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars and the University of Oklahoma Halo Streamline scanning Doppler Lidar during the 2018 LAPSE-RATE (Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation - a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment) field campaign.This campaign took place in the San Luis Valley of Colorado between 14-21 July, 2018. On 14 July, both Windcube lidars were co-located at the Saguache site for intercomparison. WC49 (here named DPLR2) was moved to the Moffat School site late in the day on the 14th, where the Halo Streamline was deployed. Bad or missing data is set to -9999.9 for variable fields.

Long-term bee phenology and abundance data at the RMBL, Gothic, Colorado - Inouye B. D.; Inouye; N. C. Underwood; Rebecca E. Irwin (other, 2020)
Prof. Rebecca (Becky) Irwin has been collecting data on the abundance and timing of bees in permanent sites near the Rocky Mountain Biological Lab (RMBL), Gothic, Colorado, USA, from 2009 to present. During the flight season, we use pan traps and netting every two weeks to estimate bee abundance by catch rate. All solitary bees are collected, pinned, and identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible (>75% of specimens to species). Bumble bees that are netted are identified in the field, marked and released. The dataset consists of >190 bee species from at least 36 genera. The pan trap and netting data are in two separate files. We also collect flowering data at the time of bee collection every two weeks. More detailed flowering data can be found in the Long-term flowering phenology and abundance project at the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/jt4n5), and long-term weather records are available from the region as well from the RMBL (www.rmbl.org).

Water Level Data from Wells PLM1 and PLM6 for the East River Watershed, Colorado (ess_dive, 2020)
This data set contains water level data for the PLM1 and PLM6 wells. PLM1 and PLM6 are location identifiers used by the Watershed Function SFA project for two groundwater monitoring wells along an elevation gradient located along the lower montane life zone of a hillslope near the Pumphouse location. These wells used to monitor subsurface water and carbon inventories and fluxes at the East River Watershed, Colorado, USA. Complete metadata information on the PLM1 and PLM6 wells are available in the related data package reference Varadharajan C, et al (2020). https://doi.org/10.15485/1660962. Data are reported in .csv files per well. The latitude and longitude of each location are given in a file called locations.csv. These data are used for determining the seasonally dependent flow of groundwater under the PLM hillslope. The downslope flow of groundwater in combination with data on groundwater chemistry can be used to estimate rates of solute export from the hillslope to the floodplain and river. These data products are part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area collection effort to further scientific understanding of biogeochemical dynamics from genome to watershed scales.

RMBL Digitized Herbarium Records - C.F. (Rick) Williams (other, 2020)
Vascular Plants curated within the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory Herbarium. Specimens date to 1929 and are primarily from the East River and upper Gunnison basin.

Turbulence dissipation rate estimated from Doppler Lidar measurements during LAPSE-RATE (other, 2020)
This dataset includes turbulence dissipation rate estimated from the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars and the University of Oklahoma Halo Streamline scanning Doppler Lidar during the 2018 LAPSE-RATE (Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation - a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment) field campaign.This campaign took place in the San Luis Valley of Colorado between 14-21 July, 2018. On 14 July, both Windcube lidars were co-located at the Saguache site for intercomparison. WC49 (here named DPLR2) was moved to the Moffat School site late in the day on the 14th, where the Halo Streamline was deployed. Bad or missing data is set to -9999.9 for variable fields.

Post survey report for AOP Assignable Asset collection of Crested Butte, CO (ess_dive, 2020)
This report contains details of the National Ecological Observatory Network Airborne Observation Platform (NEON AOP) assignable asset (AA) flight over Crested Butte, Colorado (CO). The report is being prepared for Lawrence Berkeley National Lab (LBNL), the primary clients for the flights who contracted the NEON AOP for flights during June 2018. The report includes a summary of the acquired flight lines over the planned area, results of calibration surveys, and quality assurance (QA) results of the acquired data. Detailed reports on the acquired data and processing results were also delivered with the data. LBNL contracted the AA NEON AOP flights to observe watersheds of interest at Crested Butte with remotely sensed data including high resolution LiDAR, imaging spectroscopy, and high-resolution camera imagery. The remote sensing imagery acquired by the AOP intendeds to support LBNL on an interdisciplinary project on hydrology, biogeochemistry, and ecosystem functioning in the area surrounding the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory (RMBL), one of the most prominent ecological study sites in the United States.

Quality-controlled Vegetation Canopy Height Model for the Upper East River Domain - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2020)
This is a vegetation canopy height map from the 2018 NEON AOP dataset. It was derived from the NEON Lidar-based digital surface model and the re-processed SDP NEON DEM. Pixels with low NDVI or inside building footprints were set to a value of zero.

Conifer water use patterns in the East River Watershed, Colorado US, based on stable water isotopes and cellulose isotopes. Space and Time Dynamics of Transpiration in the East River Watershed: Biotic and Abiotic Controls (ess_dive, 2020)
This data package contains a series of datasets aimed at understanding the seasonal origins of water used by the dominant conifer species, Abies lasiocarpa and Picea engelmannii, in the East River Watershed. There is a distinct difference in the stable isotopic ratio of summer rain and snowpack and thus by tracking the isotopic ratio of the xylem water in trees, it is possible to separate when a tree is using snow vs. summer rain. Following typical protocols, we sampled and extracted water from soils in the "Research Meadow" near Gothic, CO within the East River Watershed through the 2016 growing season. The stable isotopic ratio of these waters were then measured. Using values of the isotopic ratio of precipitation and snowpack from that season, we develop a mixing model to show how the trees transitioned from use of snowpack to summer in late July. We extended the information on the seasonal origins of water from 2016 back until 1980 by using measurements of the isotopic ratio of cellulose from trees in the Research Meadow. The isotopic ratio of tree ring cellulose records a signal both of the Vapor Pressure Deficit at the leaf-atmosphere boundary and also the source water for the trees. We concluded from this extended analysis that the trees underwent transitions between periods where snow was the dominant water source and summer rain was the dominant water source. More details on this analysis can be found in the publication: Persistence and Plasticity in Conifer Water Use Strategies. JGR Biogeoscience. DOI 10.1029/2018JG004845. The dataset specifically includes stable isotope measurements of xylem and soil water for Spruce and Fir trees at the Rocky Mountain Biological Lab's Research Meadow as well as snowpack and precipitation stable isotopes from nearby National Atmospheric Deposition Program sites. The dataset also includes intra-ring measurements of the d18O of cellulose from these trees at this site as well as at the Ziegler Reservoir site in Snowmass, CO. Associated meteorological data is included, which is needed to understand the source water for the trees based on the cellulose measurements.

Data supplementing Lichtenberg et al. (2020) Competition for nectar resources does not affect bee foraging tactic constancy. Ecological Entomology - Rebecca E. Irwin (other, 2020)
This dataset contains data and scripts that supplement the publication Lichtenberg et al. (2020) Competition for nectar resources does not affect bee foraging tactic constancy. Ecological Entomology. DOI: 10.1111/een.12866 Please cite the above article if you use any of the included data or code.

Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Yellow-bellied Marmots 1965 and Continuing after 2001. - Daniel T. Blumstein (other, 2020)
These data continue and expand upon data collected by Kenneth B. Armitage titled, " Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Yellow-bellied Marmots", that goes from 1965 - 2001. A record includes the subject's age, sex, body mass, locality, and reproductive status. Starting in 2002, additional columns are added that include: the subject's reaction to being trapped and tagged, and a list of samples that were collected (blood, feces, hair, alarm call recordings).   To access data from 2002, please contact Daniel Blumstein (marmots@ucla.edu).

Differential concentration discharge for the upper and lower reaches of the East River Watershed, Colorado (ess_dive, 2020)
This dataset captures the difference in concentration over the difference in discharge across upper and lower reaches of the East River watershed for 2015 and 2016 water years. The East River is part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (WFSFA) located in the Upper Colorado River Basin, United States. Herein, the upper reach is defined as the segment between EAQ (East Above Quigley) and EBC (East Below Copper), and the lower reach is defined as the segment between EBC and PH (Pump House). The overall purpose of the dataset is to provide a better accounting of the gains, losses or fractional solute turnover between sampling stations. Compiled data for the two segments (EAQ to EBC and EBC to PH) are provided in two Excel files, and the same data are provided in csv format in the corresponding zip files.

RMBL County Roads 2019 - Shannon Sprott (other, 2020)
All E911 highways, public and private roads within Gunnison and some of Hinsdale Counties. This data was downloaded directly from the Gunnison County GIS website, and was last updated 09/10/2019. The data download link goes to the shapefile data format, though this data is available for download off the ArcGIS Online site as a KML, File Geodatabase, and GeoJson file types

Conifer water use patterns in the East River Watershed, Colorado US, based on stable water isotopes and cellulose isotopes (ess_dive, 2020)
This data package contains a series of datasets aimed at understanding the seasonal origins of water used by the dominant conifer species, Abies lasiocarpa and Picea engelmannii, in the East River Watershed. There is a distinct difference in the stable isotopic ratio of summer rain and snowpack and thus by tracking the isotopic ratio of the xylem water in trees, it is possible to separate when a tree is using snow vs. summer rain. Following typical protocols, we sampled and extracted water from soils in the "Research Meadow" near Gothic, CO within the East River Watershed through the 2016 growing season. The stable isotopic ratio of these waters were then measured. Using values of the isotopic ratio of precipitation and snowpack from that season, we develop a mixing model to show how the trees transitioned from use of snowpack to summer in late July. We extended the information on the seasonal origins of water from 2016 back until 1980 by using measurements of the isotopic ratio of cellulose from trees in the Research Meadow. The isotopic ratio of tree ring cellulose records a signal both of the Vapor Pressure Deficit at the leaf-atmosphere boundary and also the source water for the trees. We concluded from this extended analysis that the trees underwent transitions between periods where snow was the dominant water source and summer rain was the dominant water source. More details on this analysis can be found in the publication: Persistence and Plasticity in Conifer Water Use Strategies. JGR Biogeoscience. DOI 10.1029/2018JG004845. The dataset specifically includes stable isotope measurements of xylem and soil water for Spruce and Fir trees at the Rocky Mountain Biological Lab's Research Meadow as well as snowpack and precipitation stable isotopes from nearby National Atmospheric Deposition Program sites. The dataset also includes intra-ring measurements of the d18O of cellulose from these trees at this site as well as at the Ziegler Reservoir site in Snowmass, CO. Associated meteorological data is included, which is needed to understand the source water for the trees based on the cellulose measurements.

Leaf-on 1m Digital Surface Model for the Upper East River Domain - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2020)
This is a digital surface model from the 2018 NEON AOP dataset. It represents the height above sea level for objects attached to the ground, such as buildings and trees. This version of the data includes the elevation of the tops of deciduous vegetation, consistent with the data collection interval of July 2018. Users should also cite the source datasets and documentation: Goulden T ; Hass B ; Brodie E ; Chadwick K D ; Falco N ; Maher K ; Wainwright H ; Williams K (2020): NEON AOP Survey of Upper East River CO Watersheds: LAZ Files, LiDAR Surface Elevation, Terrain Elevation, and Canopy Height Rasters. Watershed Function SFA. DOI: 10.15485/1617203 Chadwick K D ; Brodrick P ; Grant K ; Henderson A ; Bill M ; Breckheimer I ; Williams C F R ; Goulden T ; Falco N ; McCormick M ; Musinsky J ; Pierce S ; Hastings Porro M ; Scott A ; Brodie E ; Hancher M ; Steltzer H ; Wainwright H ; Maher K W; undefined K M (2020): NEON AOP foliar trait maps, maps of model uncertainty estimates, and conifer map. A Multiscale Approach to Modeling Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling within a High Elevation Watershed. DOI: 10.15485/1618133

Sub-Basin Delineation for the Upper East River, Colorado, United States (ess_dive, 2020)
Upper East sub-basins are delineated as area contributing flow to SFA 2016 stream gage locations. Shapefile attributes include sub-basin ID, name, area (m2 and km2) and codes for spatial contributions to EBC and PH used by Carroll et al. (2018). Geospatial reference is UTM 1983 zone 13. JPEG image provided to show sub-basin delineation with respect to surface geology (Gothic Quadrangle: Gaskill et al., 1991; Maroon Bells Quadrangle: Bryant, 1969). This dataset can be opened using any GIS software (e.g. QGIS, ArcGIS).

Water Level Data from Wells PLM1 and PLM6 for the East River Watershed, Colorado (ess_dive, 2020)
This data set contains water level data for the PLM1 and PLM6 wells. PLM1 and PLM6 are location identifiers used by the Watershed Function SFA project for two groundwater monitoring wells along an elevation gradient located along the lower montane life zone of a hillslope near the Pumphouse location. These wells used to monitor subsurface water and carbon inventories and fluxes at the East River Watershed, Colorado, USA. Complete metadata information on the PLM1 and PLM6 wells are available in the related data package reference Varadharajan C, et al (2020). https://doi.org/10.15485/1660962. Data are reported in .csv files per well. The latitude and longitude of each location are given in a file called locations.csv. These data are used for determining the seasonally dependent flow of groundwater under the PLM hillslope. The downslope flow of groundwater in combination with data on groundwater chemistry can be used to estimate rates of solute export from the hillslope to the floodplain and river. These data products are part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area collection effort to further scientific understanding of biogeochemical dynamics from genome to watershed scales.

Natural abundance nitrate isotopes from Rifle and the East River Watershed, Colorado (ess_dive, 2020)
This data package provides data on the natural abundance isotopes of nitrate from various sources, including porewater, stream, and precipitation. The overall purpose of this data package is to complement additional data streams for nitrogen cycling metrics (e.g., riverine inorganic and organic nitrogen measurements) with specific data gleaned from the interpretation of terrestrial and riverine isotope measurements and collectively understand on how nitrogen is cycled around this system. The Rifle and East River are part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (WFSFA) located in the Upper Colorado River Basin, United States. Collection locations include: Pumphouse (multiple sampling dates), River (upstream/ downstream meander C), Shallow soil lysimeters (hillslope, toeslope, floodplain), Hillslope-floodplain borehole wells (i.e., Pumphouse Lower Montane (PLM) wells), and Potassium chloride(KCL)-extracted soil samples. Copper Creek sampling includes 8x river sample points and two tributaries sampled on Sept. Oct. 2017, July 2018. East River below the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory sampling includes 1 access point sampled on July, Sept. Oct. 2017. Rifle floodplain sampling includes well TT03 across multiple collection times over 2014. Data is provided in 5 individual files by location in csv format, or all compiled in Excel format.

Hydrologic Model Files (PRMS) for Historical Conditions in the East River Watershed, Colorado between 1987-2019 (ess_dive, 2020)
The data package contains model input and output file for the East River watershed (85 km2) located in the headwaters of the Colorado River. The model is the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Precipitation-Modeling Runoff System (PRMS) for the historical, or baseline, condition (1987-2019) to assess the efficiency of summer monsoon rains to generate streamflow. The finite difference grid resolution is 100 m with elevations resampled from the USGS National Elevation Dataset. LANDFIRE raster data is used to derive parameters of dominant cover type, summer and winter cover density, canopy interception characteristics for snow and rain and transmission coefficient for shortwave radiation. Climate forcing uses minimum and maximum daily temperature lapse rates defined by the two Snow Telemetry (SNOTEL) stations located in the vicinity of the East River adjusted for aspect. Schofield SNOTEL snowfall is spatially distributed using LiDAR derived snow depth observations from the Airborne Snow Observatory (ASO) flown 4 April 2016. Snow depths are converted to snow water equivalent based on ground surveys and density modeling. Rainfall is spatially distributed using the monthly Parameter-elevation Relationships on Independent Slopes Model 30-year monthly averages. Simulated solar radiation is calibrated to match weather station observations. Model verification of snow water equivalent (SWE) accumulation and ablation relies on the 2018 and 2019 ASO maps and weather station snow depth. The data package contains model input files in text format, model documentation in pfd and a readme.txt file to help users understand the file structure to run the program.

The Importance of Interflow to Groundwater Recharge in a Snowmelt-Dominated, Alpine Watershed, Geophysical Research Letters: Modeling and Data Package (ess_dive, 2020)
This data package contains hydrologic modeling input and output files for the East River (ER_PRMS.zip) and Copper Creek (CC_GSFLOW.zip) for water years 1987 to 2018. These data were used to generate simulated results published in Geophysical Research Letters (Carroll et al., 2019) describing the importance of interflow in generating groundwater recharge in the upper subalpine. The East River and Copper Creek are part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (WFSFA) located in the Upper Colorado River Basin, United States. The hydrologic model uses the U.S. Geological Survey coupled groundwater and surface water flow model (GSFLOW). Input and output files are askii format, while the model executable (gsflow.exe), source code, example problems and documentation describing model files is provided at the following U.S. Geological Survey website. https://www.usgs.gov/software/coupled-ground-water-and-surface-water-flow-model-gsflow. GSFLOW executables are compiled for either Microsoft Windows or Linux operating systems.

Data for Context-dependent biotic interactions control plant abundance across altitudinal environmental gradients, 2014, 2016, Colorado, USA - Melanie R Kazenel; Jennifer A. Rudgers; Stephanie N. Kivlin; Joshua S. Lynn (other, 2020)
Many biotic interactions influence community structure, yet most distribution models for plants have focused on plant competition or used only abiotic variables to predict plant abundance. Furthermore, biotic interactions are commonly context-dependent across abiotic gradients. For example, plant-plant interactions can grade from competition to facilitation over temperature gradients. We used a hierarchical Bayesian framework to predict the abundances of 12 plant species across a mountain landscape and test hypotheses on the context-dependency of biotic interactions over abiotic gradients. We combined field-based estimates of six biotic interactions (foliar herbivory and pathogen damage, fungal root colonization, fossorial mammal disturbance, plant cover, and plant diversity) with abiotic data on climate and soil depth, nutrients, and moisture. All biotic interactions were significantly context-dependent along temperature gradients. Results supported the stress gradient hypothesis: As abiotic stress increased, the strength or direction of the relationship between biotic variables and plant abundance generally switched from negative (suggesting suppressed plant abundance) to positive (suggesting facilitation/mutualism). For half of the species, plant cover was the best predictor of abundance, suggesting that the prior focus on plant-plant interactions is well-justified. Explicitly incorporating the context-dependency of biotic interactions generated novel hypotheses about drivers of plant abundance across abiotic gradients and may improve the accuracy of niche models.

Hybrid predictive modeling approach simulated evapotranspiration and ecosystem respiration data (ess_dive, 2020)
This dataset includes measured data used for developing hybrid-predictive-modeling (HPM) approach and simulated evapotranspiration and ecosystem respiration data across several Fluxnet sites, SNOTEL sites and East River locations (Chen et al., 2020 in review). Fluxnet sites considered in this study include: CA-OAS, CA-OBS, US-NR1, US-TON, US-VAR, US-SRM, US-WHS, US-WKG. Snotel sites Butte (ER-BT), Porphyry Creek (ER-PK) and Schofield Pass (ER-SP) are included as well 16 east river locations with different vegetation types denoted by evergreen forests (EF), deciduous forests (DF), riparian shrublands (RS) and meadow grassland (MS). This data package includes: 1) A summary spread sheet of the sites and acronyms for data variables. 2) Processed Fluxnet datasets that are obtained from Fluxnet.fluxdata.org with HPM estimated evapotranspiration (ET) and ecosystem respiration (RECO). Trained models and metrics for parameters for the Fluxnet sites were added in an update on November 2, 2020; 3) Processed SNOTEL datasets obtained from www.nrcs.usda.gov/snow/ and HPM estimated ET and RECO; 4) Weather data at east river locations obtained from DAYMET (daymet.ornl.gov) as well as HPM estimated ET and RECO. NDVI datasets are obtained from Landsat 5, 7 and 8 on Google Earth Engine platform. Detailed QA/QC and sampling methods of measured data are available at the original data source.

Hydrologic monitoring data - Lyndsay B Ball (other, 2020)
Boreholes were drilled in 2017 and 2018 in Redwell Basin, a headwater catchment underlain by hydrothermally altered sedimentary rock in the Elk Mountains near the town of Crested Butte, Colorado. Two boreholes were completed as vertically discrete nested monitoring wells (MW1 as MW1A-MW1D and MW2.1 as MW2.1A-MW2.1C) and one borehole was completed as a single monitoring well (MW2 as RP8). Site locations and well construction are documented under the main page of this data release. Absolute (non-vented) pressure and temperature data loggers (PTDs) were deployed in these wells to monitor groundwater levels and fluid temperature over time. The period of record covers August 2018-September 2019 for all wells; the period of record for MW1D [...]

Kinetics Data of Iron(II), Manganese(II), Dissolved Organic Carbon and Nitrate from Batch Incubation Experiments Using Hyporheic Sediments from the East River Watershed, Colorado. (ess_dive, 2020)
Hyporheic zones act as critical ecological links between terrestrial and aquatic systems where redox-sensitive metals of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) significantly impact nutrient cycling and water quality. In order to understand the production, release and speciation of Fe(II) and Mn(II) in groundwater, we conducted batch incubation experiments using sediment samples from a hyporheic zone of the East River floodplain in Colorado. The East River is part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (WFSFA) located in the Upper Colorado River Basin, United States. Collection and processing of the data is described in the Methods, along with details of data file contents. There are 6 data files provided in two formats: 1 zip-folder of .csv (open source) files, and 1 zip-folder of .xlsx (Excel) files. The data tables provided in the two formats are the exact same.

LAPSE-RATE ground-based Doppler lidar datasets from Univ Colorado Boulder (other, 2020)
This dataset includes measurements obtained using the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars during the 2018 LAPSE-RATE (Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation - a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment) field campaign. This campaign took place in the San Luis Valley of Colorado between 14-21 July, 2018. On 14 July, both lidars were co-located at the Saguache site for intercomparison. WC49 (here named DPLR2) was moved to the Moffat School site late in the day on the 14th. Moffat School data starts on the 15th. Bad or missing data is set to -9999.0 for all fields. The a1 and the a2 datafiles are identical except that the a2 files include beam information (0, 90, 180, or 270) that was omitted from the a1 files.

Conifer water use patterns in the East River Watershed, Colorado US, based on stable water isotopes and cellulose isotopes - Ioana Stefanescu; Francois Ritter; Nadja Insel; Lesleigh Anderson; Christopher Still; Ioana Stefanescu; Francois Ritter; Max Berkelhammer; Lesleigh Anderson; Christopher Still; Nadja Insel; Matthew Winnick; et al. (ess_dive, 2020)
This data package contains a series of datasets aimed at understanding the seasonal origins of water used by the dominant conifer species, Abies lasiocarpa and Picea engelmannii, in the East River Watershed. There is a distinct difference in the stable isotopic ratio of summer rain and snowpack and thus by tracking the isotopic ratio of the xylem water in trees, it is possible to separate when a tree is using snow vs. summer rain. Following typical protocols, we sampled and extracted water from soils in the "Research Meadow" near Gothic, CO within the East River Watershed through the 2016 growing season. The stable isotopic ratio of these waters were then measured. Using values of the isotopic ratio of precipitation and snowpack from that season, we develop a mixing model to show how the trees transitioned from use of snowpack to summer in late July. We extended the information on the seasonal origins of water from 2016 back until 1980 by using measurements of the isotopic ratio of cellulose from trees in the Research Meadow. The isotopic ratio of tree ring cellulose records a signal both of the Vapor Pressure Deficit at the leaf-atmosphere boundary and also the source water for the trees. We concluded from this extended analysis that the trees underwent transitions between periods where snow was the dominant water source and summer rain was the dominant water source. More details on this analysis can be found in the publication: Persistence and Plasticity in Conifer Water Use Strategies. JGR Biogeoscience. DOI 10.1029/2018JG004845. The dataset specifically includes stable isotope measurements of xylem and soil water for Spruce and Fir trees at the Rocky Mountain Biological Lab's Research Meadow as well as snowpack and precipitation stable isotopes from nearby National Atmospheric Deposition Program sites. The dataset also includes intra-ring measurements of the d18O of cellulose from these trees at this site as well as at the Ziegler Reservoir site in Snowmass, CO. Associated meteorological data is included, which is needed to understand the source water for the trees based on the cellulose measurements.

Database for the Geologic Map of the Bonanza Caldera Area, Northeastern San Juan Mountains, Colorado (other, 2020)
The San Juan Mountains in southwestern Colorado have long been recognized as a site of exceptionally voluminous mid-Tertiary volcanism, including at least 24 major ignimbrite sheets (each 150-5,000 km3) and associated caldera structures active at 33-23 Ma. More recent volcanologic and petrologic studies in the San Juan region have focused mainly on several ignimbrite-caldera systems: the southeastern area (Platoro complex), western calderas (Uncompahgre-Silverton-Lake City), the central cluster (La Garita-Creede calderas). The northeast San Juan region that was far less studied until recently occupies a transition between earlier volcanism in central Colorado and the larger-volume younger ignimbrite-caldera foci farther south and west. The present study of the Bonanza area evaluates eruptive and magmatic processes of silicic Cordilleran volcanism in this northeast region, based on new geologic mapping (mainly summers of 2007-12) and concurrent petrologic and geochronologic analysis. The resulting map is based on new field mapping of volcanic rocks in thirteen 7.5-minute quadrangles in northeastern parts of the volcanic field, petrologic studies involving several hundred new chemical analyses, and high-resolution age determinations for about 130 sites. The Bonanza center contains exceptionally complete and diverse features of an ignimbrite caldera cycle, including voluminous andesite erupted before and after ignimbrite eruptions, complex compositional zonation within both the outflow ignimbrite sheet and the tuff concurrently ponded within the caldera, extensive portions of the ring-fault system that accommodated subsidence, thick compositionally diverse lavas that filled the caldera after subsidence, remnants of the original topographic caldera rim, widespread erosional exposure of caldera-floor features, and postcaldera granitic intrusions that generated a notably steep resurgent dome within the caldera. This geologic map database is accompanied by a report, which includes the formatted geologic map and explanatory pamphlet, available at https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3394. The authors ask that users of the geologic map database cite both the database and the report: Report: Lipman, P.W., 2020, Geologic map of the Bonanza Caldera Area, northeastern San Juan Mountains, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3394, pamphlet 73 p., 2 sheets, scale 1:50,000, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3394. Database: Joel E. Robinson, and Peter W. Lipman, 2020, Database for the Geologic Map of the Bonanza Caldera Area, Northeastern San Juan Mountains, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey, https://doi.org/10.5066/P911OL4Q.

Quality-controlled 1m Digital Elevation Model for the Upper East River Domain - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2020)
1m Resolution bare-earth Digital Elevation Model for the Upper East River Derived from 2018 NEON AOP Data. This version has been re-processed to remove artifacts associated with sharp ridges and dense vegetation, and was based on original data from NEON:  Goulden T ; Hass B ; Brodie E ; Chadwick K D ; Falco N ; Maher K ; Wainwright H ; Williams K (2020): NEON AOP Survey of Upper East River CO Watersheds: LAZ Files, LiDAR Surface Elevation, Terrain Elevation, and Canopy Height Rasters. Watershed Function SFA. DOI: 10.15485/1617203

Hydrologic Model Files (PRMS) for Historical Conditions in the East River Watershed, Colorado between 1987-2019 - David Gochis; David Gochis; David Gochis; David Gochis; Kenneth Hurst Williams; Kenneth Hurst Williams; Kenneth Hurst Williams; Kenneth Hurst Williams (ess_dive, 2020)
The data package contains model input and output file for the East River watershed (85 km2) located in the headwaters of the Colorado River. The model is the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Precipitation-Modeling Runoff System (PRMS) for the historical, or baseline, condition (1987-2019) to assess the efficiency of summer monsoon rains to generate streamflow. The finite difference grid resolution is 100 m with elevations resampled from the USGS National Elevation Dataset. LANDFIRE raster data is used to derive parameters of dominant cover type, summer and winter cover density, canopy interception characteristics for snow and rain and transmission coefficient for shortwave radiation. Climate forcing uses minimum and maximum daily temperature lapse rates defined by the two Snow Telemetry (SNOTEL) stations located in the vicinity of the East River adjusted for aspect. Schofield SNOTEL snowfall is spatially distributed using LiDAR derived snow depth observations from the Airborne Snow Observatory (ASO) flown 4 April 2016. Snow depths are converted to snow water equivalent based on ground surveys and density modeling. Rainfall is spatially distributed using the monthly Parameter-elevation Relationships on Independent Slopes Model 30-year monthly averages. Simulated solar radiation is calibrated to match weather station observations. Model verification of snow water equivalent (SWE) accumulation and ablation relies on the 2018 and 2019 ASO maps and weather station snow depth. The data package contains model input files in text format, model documentation in pfd and a readme.txt file to help users understand the file structure to run the program.

MuSLI Multi-Source Land Surface Phenology Yearly North America 30 m V001 - Mark Friedl (other, 2020)

A global database of plant production and carbon exchange from global change manipulative experiments - Jian Song; Shiqiang Wan (other, 2020)
1. Database used in the article entitled "A meta-analysis of 1,119 manipulative experiments on terrestrial carbon-cycling responses to global change", which is published in Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2. A updated version of the original dataset used in our Nature Ecology & Evolution paper.

Plant census and microenvironment dataset from Mt. Baldy, Colorado, USA, 2014-2017 - Bente J. Graae; Rebecca M. Dalton; Benjamin Blonder; Jacob M. Heiling (other, 2020)
The data comprise a long-term study of alpine plant community dynamics in the Gunnison National Forest of Colorado. The data comprise annual census data for all plants (including seedlings) in each of 50 2x2m plots, including information on size, reproduction, life stage, and mortality, with all plants identified and geo-located. These data are also made available transformed to provide individual-level estimates of growth, survival, fecundity, and recruitment. The dataset covers several thousand individuals of approximately twenty species, and highlights an apparent pattern of demographic decline. The data also include information on microenvironment / microedaphic variation at 2 m resolution covering the entire research site, including information on temperatures, topography, soil chemistry, soil texture, and other variables. The data also include information on the functional traits of many of the species present at the site, including information on biomass allocation, leaf traits, root traits, seed traits, and floral traits.

Database for the Geologic Map of the Bonanza Caldera Area, Northeastern San Juan Mountains, Colorado (other, 2020)
The San Juan Mountains in southwestern Colorado have long been recognized as a site of exceptionally voluminous mid-Tertiary volcanism, including at least 24 major ignimbrite sheets (each 150-5,000 km3) and associated caldera structures active at 33-23 Ma. More recent volcanologic and petrologic studies in the San Juan region have focused mainly on several ignimbrite-caldera systems: the southeastern area (Platoro complex), western calderas (Uncompahgre-Silverton-Lake City), the central cluster (La Garita-Creede calderas). The northeast San Juan region that was far less studied until recently occupies a transition between earlier volcanism in central Colorado and the larger-volume younger ignimbrite-caldera foci farther south and west. The present study of the Bonanza area evaluates eruptive and magmatic processes of silicic Cordilleran volcanism in this northeast region, based on new geologic mapping (mainly summers of 2007-12) and concurrent petrologic and geochronologic analysis. The resulting map is based on new field mapping of volcanic rocks in thirteen 7.5-minute quadrangles in northeastern parts of the volcanic field, petrologic studies involving several hundred new chemical analyses, and high-resolution age determinations for about 130 sites. The Bonanza center contains exceptionally complete and diverse features of an ignimbrite caldera cycle, including voluminous andesite erupted before and after ignimbrite eruptions, complex compositional zonation within both the outflow ignimbrite sheet and the tuff concurrently ponded within the caldera, extensive portions of the ring-fault system that accommodated subsidence, thick compositionally diverse lavas that filled the caldera after subsidence, remnants of the original topographic caldera rim, widespread erosional exposure of caldera-floor features, and postcaldera granitic intrusions that generated a notably steep resurgent dome within the caldera. This geologic map database is accompanied by a report, which includes the formatted geologic map and explanatory pamphlet, available at https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3394. The authors ask that users of the geologic map database cite both the database and the report: Report: Lipman, P.W., 2020, Geologic map of the Bonanza Caldera Area, northeastern San Juan Mountains, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3394, pamphlet 73 p., 2 sheets, scale 1:50,000, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3394. Database: Joel E. Robinson, and Peter W. Lipman, 2020, Database for the Geologic Map of the Bonanza Caldera Area, Northeastern San Juan Mountains, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey, https://doi.org/10.5066/P911OL4Q.

RMBL Wilderness Areas - Shannon Sprott (other, 2020)
This data set contains all of the wilderness area boundaries within Gunnison County. The original dataset was downloaded off the Gunnison County GIS website. The data download link goes to the shapefile data format, though this data is available for download off the ArcGIS Online site as a KML, File Geodatabase, and GeoJson file types.

Cross-Section Geometry and Sediment-Size Data from Muddy Creek and North Fork Gunnison River below Paonia Reservoir, western Colorado, 2019 - Rodney J Richards; Mark F Henneberg (other, 2020)
This dataset contains cross-section geometry and sediment-size data collected in the fall of 2019 from Muddy Creek and North Fork Gunnison River below Paonia Reservoir, western Colorado. Six cross sections were surveyed using Real-Time Kinematic Global Navigation Satellite System (RTK-GNSS) methods to document channel geometry below Paonia Reservoir. One cross section was surveyed on Muddy Creek below Paonia Reservoir, and five cross sections were surveyed from North Fork Gunnison River below Paonia Reservoir. All six cross sections are incorporated in this data release within one shapefile. Pebble counts were performed at each of the six cross sections to document sediment-size distributions downstream from the reservoir. Four transects were completed at each cross section, where sediment size was measured and recorded. Sediment-size data are presented in .CSV files, with one file for each cross-section location, incorporating all of the data for each of the four transects at that location.

Kinetics Data of Iron(II), Manganese(II), Dissolved Organic Carbon and Nitrate from Batch Incubation Experiments Using Hyporheic Sediments from the East River Watershed, Colorado. (ess_dive, 2020)
Hyporheic zones act as critical ecological links between terrestrial and aquatic systems where redox-sensitive metals of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) significantly impact nutrient cycling and water quality. In order to understand the production, release and speciation of Fe(II) and Mn(II) in groundwater, we conducted batch incubation experiments using sediment samples from a hyporheic zone of the East River floodplain in Colorado. The East River is part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (WFSFA) located in the Upper Colorado River Basin, United States. Collection and processing of the data is described in the Methods, along with details of data file contents. There are 6 data files provided in two formats: 1 zip-folder of .csv (open source) files, and 1 zip-folder of .xlsx (Excel) files. The data tables provided in the two formats are the exact same.

Multi-direction Stream Flowlines for the Upper East River Domain - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2020)
This map represents estimated stream flowlines from a hydrologically corrected digital elevation model. The lines were derived in the GRASS GIS module r.watershed using a multi-flow direction algorithm that allows channel braiding. Each stream segment is identified by a unique integer.

Digital subsurface data of Paleozoic rocks in the Upper Colorado River Basin in Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico from USGS Regional Aquifer System Analysis (other, 2020)
The Upper Colorado River Basin has a drainage area of about 113,500 square miles in western Colorado, eastern Utah, southwestern Wyoming, northeastern Arizona, and northwestern New Mexico. In the 1980?s and 1990?s, the Upper Colorado River Basin was a study area under of the U.S. Geological Survey's Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (RASA) program (Sun and Johnston, 1994; Sun and Weeks, 1991). The objectives of the RASA program for the Upper Colorado River Basin were to provide regional assessments of major aquifer systems by providing quantitative assessments of the occurrence, movement, and availability of water stored in rock formations that underlie the basin/watershed. These assessments included: (1) the classification of stratigraphic sequences into those intervals that constitute aquifers and those that constitute confining beds; and (2) the generation of maps that portrayed the areal extent of aquifers, aquifer thickness, and overburden thickness. These studies generated a large body of subsurface geologic information as part of the regional aquifer analyses, some of which are captured in this digital data release. Aquifer systems in consolidated rocks in the Upper Colorado River Basin have been grouped into three major subdivisions of sedimentary rocks; in descending order: (1) Tertiary-rock aquifers, (2) Mesozoic-rock aquifers, and (3) Paleozoic-rock aquifers (Taylor and others, 1983; 1986). Within each aquifer group, rocks are further divided into aquifers and confining units on the basis of lithology, depositional environment, and hydrologic characteristics (Glover and others, 1998; Freethy and Cordy, 1991; Geldon, 2003). In a report describing consolidated-rock aquifers of Paleozoic age, 7 hydrostratigraphic units were defined, four aquifers and three confining units (Geldon, 2003). The hydrostratigraphic units of Paleozoic age are locally exposed around the margins of uplifts and in deeply-incised canyon; they occur widely in the subsurface of the Upper Colorado River Basin study area, except in parts of the Uinta, Wind River, and Uncompahgre uplifts where they have been removed by erosion. These hydrostratigraphic units are part of the stratigraphic sequence of Paleozoic rocks that has a total thickness of more than 5,000 ft. This digital dataset contains spatial datasets corresponding to the contoured subsurface maps of Paleozoic rock units produced by the U.S. Geological Survey's Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (RASA) of the Upper Colorado River Basin (Geldon, 2003). The data define the thickness, extent, nomenclature, and facies characteristics of principal hydrostratigraphic units of Paleozoic age in the basin. The digital data describe the following hydrostratigraphic units: the Flathead aquifer, the Gros Ventre confining unit, the Bighorn aquifer, the Elbert-Parting confining unit, the Madison aquifer (consisting of two zones, the Redwall-Leadville zone, and the Darwin-Humbug zone), the Four Corners confining unit (consisting of the Belden-Molas subunit and the Paradox-Eagle Valley subunit), and the Canyonlands aquifer (consisting of three zones, the Cutler-Maroon zone, the Weber-de Chelly zone, and the Park City-State Bridge zone). Contoured thickness and lithology data for each unit are contained in line features classes within a geodatabase; unit extents, facies extents, and formation nomenclatural extents are represented as polygon feature classes. Both types of data are also saved as individual shapefiles. Nonspatial tables define the data sources used, terminology, and the stacking hierarchy and component geologic formations of each the of hydrostratigraphic units.

Multi-direction Flow Accumulation for the Upper East River Domain - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2020)
This dataset represents estimated flow accumulation from a hydrologically corrected digital elevation model. The map was derived in GRASS GIS using a multi-flow direction algorithm that allows channel braiding. Values represent the area (in square meters) of land that contributes flow to a given cell.

Coronavirus testing indicates transmission risk increases along wildlife supply chains for human consumption in Viet Nam, 2013-2014 (2020)
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The Importance of Interflow to Groundwater Recharge in a Snowmelt-Dominated, Alpine Watershed, Geophysical Research Letters: Modeling and Data Package (ess_dive, 2020)
This data package contains hydrologic modeling input and output files for the East River (ER_PRMS.zip) and Copper Creek (CC_GSFLOW.zip) for water years 1987 to 2018. These data were used to generate simulated results published in Geophysical Research Letters (Carroll et al., 2019) describing the importance of interflow in generating groundwater recharge in the upper subalpine. The East River and Copper Creek are part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (WFSFA) located in the Upper Colorado River Basin, United States. The hydrologic model uses the U.S. Geological Survey coupled groundwater and surface water flow model (GSFLOW). Input and output files are askii format, while the model executable (gsflow.exe), source code, example problems and documentation describing model files is provided at the following U.S. Geological Survey website. https://www.usgs.gov/software/coupled-ground-water-and-surface-water-flow-model-gsflow. GSFLOW executables are compiled for either Microsoft Windows or Linux operating systems.

Basic High-resolution Landcover Map for the Upper East River Domain - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2020)
This is a landcover map derived from the 2018 NEON AOP dataset for the upper east river. 1=needle-leaf trees and shrubs 2=deciduous trees and shrubs 3=deciduous meadow and subshrub (<0.5m) 4=bare rock, soil, gravel and asphalt 5=water 6=snow 7=buildings Source data includes NEON LiDAR and imaging spectrometry products described in: Goulden T ; Hass B ; Brodie E ; Chadwick K D ; Falco N ; Maher K ; Wainwright H ; Williams K (2020): NEON AOP Survey of Upper East River CO Watersheds: LAZ Files, LiDAR Surface Elevation, Terrain Elevation, and Canopy Height Rasters. Watershed Function SFA. DOI: 10.15485/1617203 Chadwick K D ; Brodrick P ; Grant K ; Henderson A ; Bill M ; Breckheimer I ; Williams C F R ; Goulden T ; Falco N ; McCormick M ; Musinsky J ; Pierce S ; Hastings Porro M ; Scott A ; Brodie E ; Hancher M ; Steltzer H ; Wainwright H ; Maher K W; undefined K M (2020): NEON AOP foliar trait maps, maps of model uncertainty estimates, and conifer map. A Multiscale Approach to Modeling Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling within a High Elevation Watershed. DOI: 10.15485/1618133

Large Sub-watersheds of the Upper East River Domain - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2020)
This map represents estimated watersheds for stream segments derived from a hydrologically corrected digital elevation model. The flow lines were derived in GRASS GIS using a single direction algorithm that does not allow channel braiding. Each watershed is identified by a unique integer that matches the stream segment. Stream segments were delineated to drain at least 512000 square meters. Users should also cite the original elevation datasets and documentation: Goulden T ; Hass B ; Brodie E ; Chadwick K D ; Falco N ; Maher K ; Wainwright H ; Williams K (2020): NEON AOP Survey of Upper East River CO Watersheds: LAZ Files, LiDAR Surface Elevation, Terrain Elevation, and Canopy Height Rasters. Watershed Function SFA. DOI: 10.15485/1617203

Water Level Data from Wells PLM1 and PLM6 for the East River Watershed, Colorado (ess_dive, 2020)
This data set contains water level data for the PLM1 and PLM6 wells. PLM1 and PLM6 are location identifiers used by the Watershed Function SFA project for two groundwater monitoring wells along an elevation gradient located along the lower montane life zone of a hillslope near the Pumphouse location. These wells used to monitor subsurface water and carbon inventories and fluxes at the East River Watershed, Colorado, USA. Complete metadata information on the PLM1 and PLM6 wells are available in the related data package reference Varadharajan C, et al (2020). https://doi.org/10.15485/1660962. Data are reported in .csv files per well. The latitude and longitude of each location are given in a file called locations.csv. These data are used for determining the seasonally dependent flow of groundwater under the PLM hillslope. The downslope flow of groundwater in combination with data on groundwater chemistry can be used to estimate rates of solute export from the hillslope to the floodplain and river. These data products are part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area collection effort to further scientific understanding of biogeochemical dynamics from genome to watershed scales.

Single-direction Major Streams for the Upper East River Domain - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2020)
This map represents estimated stream flowlines from a hydrologically corrected digital elevation model. The lines were derived in GRASS GIS using a single flow-direction (D8) algorithm that does not allow channel braiding. Each stream segment is identified by a unique integer. Stream lines were delineated for drainage areas greater than 512000 square meters. Users should also cite the original elevation datasets and documentation: Goulden T ; Hass B ; Brodie E ; Chadwick K D ; Falco N ; Maher K ; Wainwright H ; Williams K (2020): NEON AOP Survey of Upper East River CO Watersheds: LAZ Files, LiDAR Surface Elevation, Terrain Elevation, and Canopy Height Rasters. Watershed Function SFA. DOI: 10.15485/1617203

The Importance of Interflow to Groundwater Recharge in a Snowmelt-Dominated, Alpine Watershed, Geophysical Research Letters: Modeling and Data Package (ess_dive, 2020)
This data package contains hydrologic modeling input and output files for the East River (ER_PRMS.zip) and Copper Creek (CC_GSFLOW.zip) for water years 1987 to 2018. These data were used to generate simulated results published in Geophysical Research Letters (Carroll et al., 2019) describing the importance of interflow in generating groundwater recharge in the upper subalpine. The East River and Copper Creek are part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (WFSFA) located in the Upper Colorado River Basin, United States. The hydrologic model uses the U.S. Geological Survey coupled groundwater and surface water flow model (GSFLOW). Input and output files are askii format, while the model executable (gsflow.exe), source code, example problems and documentation describing model files is provided at the following U.S. Geological Survey website. https://www.usgs.gov/software/coupled-ground-water-and-surface-water-flow-model-gsflow. GSFLOW executables are compiled for either Microsoft Windows or Linux operating systems.

Single-direction Flow Accumulation Map for the Upper East River Domain - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2020)
This map represents estimated flow accumulation from a hydrologically corrected digital elevation model. The map was derived in GRASS GIS using a single flow-direction (D8) algorithm that does not allow channel braiding. Values represent the area (in square meters) of land that contributes flow to a given cell. This dataset was generated with the r.watershed module of GRASS GIS 7.8.2. Users should also cite the original source datasets and documentation: Goulden T ; Hass B ; Brodie E ; Chadwick K D ; Falco N ; Maher K ; Wainwright H ; Williams K (2020): NEON AOP Survey of Upper East River CO Watersheds: LAZ Files, LiDAR Surface Elevation, Terrain Elevation, and Canopy Height Rasters. Watershed Function SFA. DOI: 10.15485/1617203 Chadwick K D ; Brodrick P ; Grant K ; Henderson A ; Bill M ; Breckheimer I ; Williams C F R ; Goulden T ; Falco N ; McCormick M ; Musinsky J ; Pierce S ; Hastings Porro M ; Scott A ; Brodie E ; Hancher M ; Steltzer H ; Wainwright H ; Maher K W; undefined K M (2020): NEON AOP foliar trait maps, maps of model uncertainty estimates, and conifer map. A Multiscale Approach to Modeling Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling within a High Elevation Watershed. DOI: 10.15485/1618133

Surface Water Map at 1m Resolution for the Upper East River Domain - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2020)
This map represents the estimated binary presence of surface water during the NEON Airborne Observation Platform campaign in July 2018. Values of 1 represent open water, values of 0 represent no water present. Surface water was mapped using imaging spectrometer data from the AOP, and combined with a flow accumulation map to provide continuous water bodies for streams with drainage areas larger than 3x10^6 square meters.

Hydrologically Corrected (cut) 1m Digital Elevation Model for the Upper East River Domain - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2020)
This is a hydrologically corrected digital elevation model derived from the 2018 NEON AOP dataset. It represents the height above sea level for impervious objects attached to the ground, such as buildings, but not vegetation. Bridges and culverts have been "cut" to allow realistic surface flow for hydrologic applications. Users should also cite the original source datasets and documentation: Goulden T ; Hass B ; Brodie E ; Chadwick K D ; Falco N ; Maher K ; Wainwright H ; Williams K (2020): NEON AOP Survey of Upper East River CO Watersheds: LAZ Files, LiDAR Surface Elevation, Terrain Elevation, and Canopy Height Rasters. Watershed Function SFA. DOI: 10.15485/1617203 Chadwick K D ; Brodrick P ; Grant K ; Henderson A ; Bill M ; Breckheimer I ; Williams C F R ; Goulden T ; Falco N ; McCormick M ; Musinsky J ; Pierce S ; Hastings Porro M ; Scott A ; Brodie E ; Hancher M ; Steltzer H ; Wainwright H ; Maher K W; undefined K M (2020): NEON AOP foliar trait maps, maps of model uncertainty estimates, and conifer map. A Multiscale Approach to Modeling Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling within a High Elevation Watershed. DOI: 10.15485/1618133

Leaf-off 1m Digital Surface Model of the Upper East River Domain - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2020)
This is a digital surface model from the 2018 NEON AOP dataset. It represents the height above sea level for objects attached to the ground, such as buildings. This version of the data includes the elevation of buildings and other non-vegetation objects such as bridges. Areas of deciduous vegetation reflect bare-earth elevations. Areas of evergreen vegetation represent elevations of vegetation tops. Users should also cite the original source datasets and documentation: Goulden T ; Hass B ; Brodie E ; Chadwick K D ; Falco N ; Maher K ; Wainwright H ; Williams K (2020): NEON AOP Survey of Upper East River CO Watersheds: LAZ Files, LiDAR Surface Elevation, Terrain Elevation, and Canopy Height Rasters. Watershed Function SFA. DOI: 10.15485/1617203 Chadwick K D ; Brodrick P ; Grant K ; Henderson A ; Bill M ; Breckheimer I ; Williams C F R ; Goulden T ; Falco N ; McCormick M ; Musinsky J ; Pierce S ; Hastings Porro M ; Scott A ; Brodie E ; Hancher M ; Steltzer H ; Wainwright H ; Maher K W; undefined K M (2020): NEON AOP foliar trait maps, maps of model uncertainty estimates, and conifer map. A Multiscale Approach to Modeling Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling within a High Elevation Watershed. DOI: 10.15485/1618133

1m Digital Elevation Model with Buildings Derived from the 2018 NEON AOP Dataset - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2020)
This is a digital surface model from the 2018 NEON AOP dataset. It represents the height above sea level for objects attached to the ground, such as buildings. This version of the data includes the elevation of buildings and other non-vegetation objects such as bridges, but areas of vegetation reflect bare-earth elevations. Goulden T ; Hass B ; Brodie E ; Chadwick K D ; Falco N ; Maher K ; Wainwright H ; Williams K (2020): NEON AOP Survey of Upper East River CO Watersheds: LAZ Files, LiDAR Surface Elevation, Terrain Elevation, and Canopy Height Rasters. Watershed Function SFA. DOI: 10.15485/1617203 Chadwick K D ; Brodrick P ; Grant K ; Henderson A ; Bill M ; Breckheimer I ; Williams C F R ; Goulden T ; Falco N ; McCormick M ; Musinsky J ; Pierce S ; Hastings Porro M ; Scott A ; Brodie E ; Hancher M ; Steltzer H ; Wainwright H ; Maher K W; undefined K M (2020): NEON AOP foliar trait maps, maps of model uncertainty estimates, and conifer map. A Multiscale Approach to Modeling Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling within a High Elevation Watershed. DOI: 10.15485/1618133

Data for: The impacts of bioenergy pine plantation management practices on bee communities - Jamieson Botsch; Holly Ober; E. K. Dobbs; Andriana Miljanic; Lora Smith; Robert Fletcher; Isabel Gottlieb; Brice Lawley; David Gruenewald (other, 2020)
1. Cultivation of bioenergy feedstocks is a growing land-use worldwide, yet we have a poor understanding of how bioenergy crop management practices affect biodiversity. This knowledge gap is particularly acute for candidate cellulosic bioenergy feedstocks, such as tree plantations, and for organisms that provide important ecosystem services, such as pollinators. 2. We examined bee communities in 83 sites across three states in the southeastern USA—Alabama, Florida and Georgia. We compared bee abundance and diversity in 66 pine plantation sites that reflect management with and without potential bioenergy feedstock production. At least three bioenergy feedstock production methods have been proposed for this region: 1) converting conventional timber stands to short-rotation bioenergy plantations; 2) harvesting feedstock by thinning conventional plantations; and 3) harvesting of woody debris residues after plantations have been clear-cut. 3. We found that bioenergy-associated management practices including younger plantations (relative to older) and woody debris removal (relative to debris unremoved) in clear-cut plantations were associated with reduced bee diversity. Removing ground debris in clear-cut plantations also drastically increased bee abundance, though this effect was largely driven by strong dominance of just two bee species. Clear-cut plantations had lower beta diversity than standing plantations. 4. Synthesis and applications. Management practices associated with bioenergy feedstock production can have negative effects on bee community diversity. In particular, harvesting of debris in clear-cut plantations dramatically reduces bee diversity. Large-scale bioenergy feedstock production that increases the prevalence of young and clear-cut stands may cause landscape-level beta diversity to decline. Nevertheless, bioenergy pine plantations likely support higher bee diversity than corn fields, an alternative bioenergy feedstock.

Quality-controlled and Gap-filled 1m Digital Elevation Model for the Upper East River Domain - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2020)
This is a bare-earth digital elevation model from the 2018 NEON AOP dataset. Areas outside the boundaries of the Upper East River domain were filled with data interpolated from the 3m 2018 Airborne Snow Observatory DEM. The ASO DEM was harmonized with the NEON DEM and filtered to remove small pits and peaks.

Multi-direction Major Streams for the Upper East River Domain - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2020)
This map represents estimated stream flowlines from a hydrologically corrected digital elevation model. The lines were derived in GRASS GIS using a multi-direction algorithm that allows channel braiding. Each stream segment is identified by a unique integer. Stream lines were delineated for drainage areas greater than 512000 square meters. Users should also cite the original elevation datasets and documentation: Goulden T ; Hass B ; Brodie E ; Chadwick K D ; Falco N ; Maher K ; Wainwright H ; Williams K (2020): NEON AOP Survey of Upper East River CO Watersheds: LAZ Files, LiDAR Surface Elevation, Terrain Elevation, and Canopy Height Rasters. Watershed Function SFA. DOI: 10.15485/1617203 Chadwick K D ; Brodrick P ; Grant K ; Henderson A ; Bill M ; Breckheimer I ; Williams C F R ; Goulden T ; Falco N ; McCormick M ; Musinsky J ; Pierce S ; Hastings Porro M ; Scott A ; Brodie E ; Hancher M ; Steltzer H ; Wainwright H ; Maher K W; undefined K M (2020): NEON AOP foliar trait maps, maps of model uncertainty estimates, and conifer map. A Multiscale Approach to Modeling Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling within a High Elevation Watershed. DOI: 10.15485/1618133

Hydrologic Model Files (PRMS) for Historical Conditions in the East River Watershed, Colorado between 1987-2019 (ess_dive, 2020)
The data package contains model input and output file for the East River watershed (85 km2) located in the headwaters of the Colorado River. The model is the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Precipitation-Modeling Runoff System (PRMS) for the historical, or baseline, condition (1987-2019) to assess the efficiency of summer monsoon rains to generate streamflow. The finite difference grid resolution is 100 m with elevations resampled from the USGS National Elevation Dataset. LANDFIRE raster data is used to derive parameters of dominant cover type, summer and winter cover density, canopy interception characteristics for snow and rain and transmission coefficient for shortwave radiation. Climate forcing uses minimum and maximum daily temperature lapse rates defined by the two Snow Telemetry (SNOTEL) stations located in the vicinity of the East River adjusted for aspect. Schofield SNOTEL snowfall is spatially distributed using LiDAR derived snow depth observations from the Airborne Snow Observatory (ASO) flown 4 April 2016. Snow depths are converted to snow water equivalent based on ground surveys and density modeling. Rainfall is spatially distributed using the monthly Parameter-elevation Relationships on Independent Slopes Model 30-year monthly averages. Simulated solar radiation is calibrated to match weather station observations. Model verification of snow water equivalent (SWE) accumulation and ablation relies on the 2018 and 2019 ASO maps and weather station snow depth. The data package contains model input files in text format, model documentation in pfd and a readme.txt file to help users understand the file structure to run the program.

Kinetics Data of Iron(II), Manganese(II), Dissolved Organic Carbon and Nitrate from Batch Incubation Experiments Using Hyporheic Sediments from the East River Watershed, Colorado. - Amrita Bhattacharyya; Amrita Bhattacharyya; Amrita Bhattacharyya; Wenming Dong; Patricia Fox; Wenming Dong; Patricia Fox; P. S. Nico; P. S. Nico; Patricia Fox; Wenming Dong; Markus Bill; et al. (ess_dive, 2020)
Hyporheic zones act as critical ecological links between terrestrial and aquatic systems where redox-sensitive metals of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) significantly impact nutrient cycling and water quality. In order to understand the production, release and speciation of Fe(II) and Mn(II) in groundwater, we conducted batch incubation experiments using sediment samples from a hyporheic zone of the East River floodplain in Colorado. The East River is part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (WFSFA) located in the Upper Colorado River Basin, United States. Collection and processing of the data is described in the Methods, along with details of data file contents. There are 6 data files provided in two formats: 1 zip-folder of .csv (open source) files, and 1 zip-folder of .xlsx (Excel) files. The data tables provided in the two formats are the exact same.

RMBL NHD Lakes - Shannon Sprott (other, 2020)
The National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) represents the water drainage network of the United States with features such as rivers, streams, canals, lakes, ponds, coastline, dams, and stream gages. This data was downloaded directly from the usgs.gov National Map downloader site. The data was then clipped to Gunnison County boundary by RMBL GIS. The most current version of the National Hydrography Dataset, the NHD High Resolution, is mapped at a scale of 1:24,000 scale or better (1:63,360 or better in Alaska). The download link goes to the shapefile data format, though this data is available for download off the ArcGIS Online site as a KML, File Geodatabase, and GeoJson file types.

RMBL County Town Boundaries - Shannon Sprott (other, 2020)
These are the platted and recorded designated city and town boundaries within Gunnison County. This  dataset was downloaded directly from the Gunnison County GIS website and was updated on 09/10/2019. The data download link goes to the shapefile data format, though this data is available for download off the ArcGIS Online site as a KML, File Geodatabase, and GeoJson file types.

RMBL NHD Streams - Shannon Sprott (other, 2020)
The National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) represents the water drainage network of the United States with features such as rivers, streams, canals, lakes, ponds, coastline, dams, and stream gages. This data was downloaded directly from the usgs.gov National Map downloader site. The data was then clipped to Gunnison County boundary by RMBL GIS. The most current version of the National Hydrography Dataset, the NHD High Resolution, is mapped at a scale of 1:24,000 scale or better (1:63,360 or better in Alaska). The download link goes to the shapefile data format, though this data is available for download off the ArcGIS Online site as a KML, File Geodatabase, and GeoJson file types.

RMBL Gothic RNA - Shannon Sprott (other, 2020)
This is the designated Gothic Research Natural Area boundary that was acquired from the USFS in 2015. The data download link goes to the shapefile data format, though this data is available for download off the ArcGIS Online site as a KML, File Geodatabase, and GeoJson file types.

Changing climate drives divergent and nonlinear shifts in flowering phenology across elevations - Nicole E. Rafferty (other, 2020)

Differential concentration discharge for the upper and lower reaches of the East River Watershed, Colorado (ess_dive, 2020)
This dataset captures the difference in concentration over the difference in discharge across upper and lower reaches of the East River watershed for 2015 and 2016 water years. The East River is part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (WFSFA) located in the Upper Colorado River Basin, United States. Herein, the upper reach is defined as the segment between EAQ (East Above Quigley) and EBC (East Below Copper), and the lower reach is defined as the segment between EBC and PH (Pump House). The overall purpose of the dataset is to provide a better accounting of the gains, losses or fractional solute turnover between sampling stations. Compiled data for the two segments (EAQ to EBC and EBC to PH) are provided in two Excel files, and the same data are provided in csv format in the corresponding zip files.

Data from: Foraging efficiency and size matching in a plant – pollinator community: the importance of sugar content and tongue length - Martina Stang; Saskia G.T. Klumpers; Peter G.L. Klinkhamer (other, 2020)
A longstanding question in ecology is how species interactions are structured within communities. Although evolutionary theory predicts close size matching between floral nectar tube depth and pollinator proboscis length of interacting species, such size matching has seldom been shown and explained in multispecies assemblages. Here, we investigated the degree of size matching among Asteraceae and their pollinators and its relationship with foraging efficiency. The majority of pollinators, especially Hymenoptera, choose plant species on which they had high foraging efficiencies. When proboscides were shorter than nectar tubes, foraging efficiency rapidly decreased because of increased handling time. When proboscides were longer than nectar tubes, a decreased nectar reward rather than an increased handling time made shallow flowers more inefficient to visit. Altogether, this led to close size matching. Overall, our results show the importance of nectar reward and handling time as drivers of plant – pollinator network structure.

bblonder/flir_thermal_control: Initial release - Benjamin Blonder (other, 2020)
Initial release

Hydrologic Model Files (PRMS) for Historical Conditions in the East River Watershed, Colorado between 1987-2019 (ess_dive, 2020)
The data package contains model input and output file for the East River watershed (85 km2) located in the headwaters of the Colorado River. The model is the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Precipitation-Modeling Runoff System (PRMS) for the historical, or baseline, condition (1987-2019) to assess the efficiency of summer monsoon rains to generate streamflow. The finite difference grid resolution is 100 m with elevations resampled from the USGS National Elevation Dataset. LANDFIRE raster data is used to derive parameters of dominant cover type, summer and winter cover density, canopy interception characteristics for snow and rain and transmission coefficient for shortwave radiation. Climate forcing uses minimum and maximum daily temperature lapse rates defined by the two Snow Telemetry (SNOTEL) stations located in the vicinity of the East River adjusted for aspect. Schofield SNOTEL snowfall is spatially distributed using LiDAR derived snow depth observations from the Airborne Snow Observatory (ASO) flown 4 April 2016. Snow depths are converted to snow water equivalent based on ground surveys and density modeling. Rainfall is spatially distributed using the monthly Parameter-elevation Relationships on Independent Slopes Model 30-year monthly averages. Simulated solar radiation is calibrated to match weather station observations. Model verification of snow water equivalent (SWE) accumulation and ablation relies on the 2018 and 2019 ASO maps and weather station snow depth. The data package contains model input files in text format, model documentation in pfd and a readme.txt file to help users understand the file structure to run the program.

LiDAR collection in August 2015 over the East River Watershed, Colorado, USA - Haruko M. Wainwright; Kenneth Hurst Williams (ess_dive, 2020)
Airborne LiDAR data were acquired over the East River Watershed on June 8, 2015 to August 10, 2015. The area covered was approximately 4933 square kilometers with an average point density of 10-12 points per square meter to comply with USGS's QL1 standard. Additional products include the LiDAR point cloud and derived products (including the digital elevation map, top-of-canopy elevation). The attached LIDAR acquisition report accompanies the delivered LiDAR data and documents contract specifications, data acquisition procedures, acquisition parameters (e.g., flight line trajectories, coverage maps), processing methods, and analysis of the final dataset including LiDAR accuracy and density. The metadata can be accessed by using GIS software (QGIS, ArcGIS) or remote sensing software (ENVI).

Leaf mass per area and leaf water content measurements from field survey in association with NEON AOP survey, East River, CO 2018. A Multiscale Approach to Modeling Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling within a High Elevation Watershed. (ess_dive, 2020)
Leaf area, wet, and dry weights for leaf samples from sites where field sampling was conducted during the 2018 National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) Airborne Observation Platform (AOP) imaging spectroscopy and lidar surveys in Gunnison County, Colorado. The sampling sites were located across East River, Washington Gulch, Slate River, and Coal Creek watersheds and contained a mixture of meadow, shrub, and tree sampling sites. This data package contains the leaf area and wet and dry weights for leaves from tree and shrub sampling sites, as well as samples for meadow species present within a given sampling area. Associated data packages contain species composition information at the plot level (DOI: 10.15485/1618130), as well as additional biogeochemical, microbial, and geophysical data as they become available. For full documentation, please see associated reference. This package contains zipped folders of all scans that were used for area calculations for both sampling sites (tree/shrub, site_scans.zip) as well as representative samples from a daily sampling area of meadow species that were found in the 1 m plots (meadow_area_scans.zip). It also contains the macro code that was used in ImageJ for processing of the area calculations. Finally, it includes excel files with the area (cm2), wet weight (g), dry weight (g), leaf mass per area (LMA, g/m2), and leaf water content (%) for each set of scans. Related References Chadwick et al., Integrating airborne remote sensing and field campaigns for ecology and Earth system science, In review Chadwick K D ; Grant K ; Henderson A ; Breckheimer I ; Williams C F R ; Falco N ; Chen J ; Henry H ; Khurram A ; Lamb J ; McCormick M ; McOmber H ; Pierce S ; Polussa A ; Hastings Porro M ; Scott A ; Wu Singh H ; Whitney B ; Brodie E ; Carroll R ; Dewey C ; Kueppers L ; Maavara T ; Steltzer H ; Williams K ; Maher K (2020): Locations, metadata, and species cover from field sampling survey associated with NEON AOP survey, East River, CO 2018. Watershed Function SFA. DOI: 10.15485/1618130

Life histories of the perennial geophyte Erythronium grandiflorum (Liliaceae) in Colorado subalpine transplant garden from annual measurements, 1991 onward - James D. Thomson (other, 2020)
In an outdoor garden at Irwin, Colorado, we established glacier lily plants in open-bottomed PVC pots that protected them from gopher attack. The initial cohorts were excavated from field sites as mature corms of unknown age. Later cohorts were grown from seed, so their ages are known. Each spring since 1991, we have noted fruit and flower production. In August, after the aboveground parts have died back, we exhume the plants, wash off the soil, weigh the corms, characterize their morphology, photograph them, and replant them. If a corm splits, we replant the pieces in separate pots. The study is ongoing, with 264 plants in 2019. Main findings through 2020: plants produce 0-4 flowers per year, depending on size; most plants flower each year; death is rare, with many plants having survived the entire study; setting a fruit reduces corm substantially (cost of reproduction); plants appear to regulate weight by adjusting flower production, and by splitting; genotypes vary in splitting propensity. Oddly, mortality is higher in very large corms than in mid-sized ones. Evidence for senescence is scant.

Hybrid predictive modeling approach simulated evapotranspiration and ecosystem respiration data - Jiancong Chen; Anh Phuong Tran; S. S. Hubbard; Anh Phuong Tran; Jiancong Chen; S. S. Hubbard; Jiancong Chen; Anh Phuong Tran; Jiancong Chen; Anh Phuong Tran; S. S. Hubbard; Jiancong Chen; et al. (ess_dive, 2020)
This dataset includes measured data used for developing hybrid-predictive-modeling (HPM) approach and simulated evapotranspiration and ecosystem respiration data across several Fluxnet sites, Snow Telemetry (SNOTEL) sites and East River Watershed in Colorado locations. Fluxnet sites considered in this study include: Saskatchewan-Aspen (CA-OAS), Saskatchewan-Black Spruce (CA-OBS), Niwot Ridge (US-NR1), Tonzi Ranch (US-TON), Vaira Ranch-lone (US-VAR), Santa Rita Mesquite (US-SRM), Walnut Gulch Lucky Hills Shrub (US-WHS), and Walnut Gulch Kendall Grasslands (US-WKG). Snotel sites include: Butte (ER-BT), Porphyry Creek (ER-PK) and Schofield Pass (ER-SP). The 16 East River Watershed locations with different vegetation types are denoted by: evergreen forests (EF), deciduous forests (DF), riparian shrublands (RS) and meadow grassland (MS). This data package includes: 1) A summary spread sheet of the sites and acronyms for data variables. 2) Processed fluxnet datasets that are obtained from Fluxnet.fluxdata.org with HPM estimated evapotranspiration (ET) and ecosystem respiration (RECO); 3) Processed SNOTEL datasets obtained from www.nrcs.usda.gov/snow/ and HPM estimated ET and RECO; 4) Weather data at east river locations obtained from DAYMET (daymet.ornl.gov) as well as HPM estimated ET and RECO. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) datasets are obtained from Landsat 5, 7 and 8 on Google Earth Engine platform. Detailed QA/QC and sampling methods of measured data are available at the original data source.

Data for 'Weak latitudinal gradients in insect herbivory for dominant rangeland grasses of North America' - D.R Kent; L.A. Souza; Melvin T. Smith; S.C. Pennings; Joshua S. Lynn; Jennifer A. Rudgers (other, 2020)
Patterns of insect herbivory may follow predictable geographical gradients, with greater herbivory at low latitudes. However, biogeographic studies of insect herbivory often do not account for multiple abiotic factors (e.g. precipitation, soil nutrients) that could underlie gradients. We tested for latitudinal clines in insect herbivory as well as climatic, edaphic, and trait-based drivers of herbivory. We quantified herbivory on five dominant grass species over 23 sites across the Great Plains, USA. We examined the importance of climate, edaphic factors, and traits as correlates of herbivory. Herbivory increased at low latitudes when all grass species were analysed together and for two grass species individually, while two other grasses trended in this direction. Higher precipitation was related to more herbivory for two species but less herbivory for a different species, while higher specific root length was related to more herbivory for one species and less herbivory for a different species. Taken together, results highlight that climate and trait-based correlates of herbivory can be highly contextual and species specific. Patterns of insect herbivory on dominant grasses supports the hypothesis that herbivory increases towards lower latitudes, though weakly, and indicates that climate change may have species-specific effects on plant-herbivore interactions.

NEON AOP Survey of Upper East River CO Watersheds: LAZ Files, LiDAR Surface Elevation, Terrain Elevation, and Canopy Height Rasters (2020)
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Post survey report for AOP Assignable Asset collection of Crested Butte, CO (ess_dive, 2020)
This report contains details of the National Ecological Observatory Network Airborne Observation Platform (NEON AOP) assignable asset (AA) flight over Crested Butte, Colorado (CO). The report is being prepared for Lawrence Berkeley National Lab (LBNL), the primary clients for the flights who contracted the NEON AOP for flights during June 2018. The report includes a summary of the acquired flight lines over the planned area, results of calibration surveys, and quality assurance (QA) results of the acquired data. Detailed reports on the acquired data and processing results were also delivered with the data. LBNL contracted the AA NEON AOP flights to observe watersheds of interest at Crested Butte with remotely sensed data including high resolution LiDAR, imaging spectroscopy, and high-resolution camera imagery. The remote sensing imagery acquired by the AOP intendeds to support LBNL on an interdisciplinary project on hydrology, biogeochemistry, and ecosystem functioning in the area surrounding the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory (RMBL), one of the most prominent ecological study sites in the United States.

Data for Lynn et al. “Soil microbes that may accompany climate warming increase alpine plant production” - D. A. Duarte; Jennifer A. Rudgers; Joshua S. Lynn (other, 2020)
Climate change is causing species with non-overlapping ranges to come in contact, and a key challenge is to predict the consequences of such species re-shuffling. Experiments on plants have focused largely on novel competitive interactions; other species interactions, such as plant-microbe symbioses, while less studied, may also influence plant responses to climate change. In this greenhouse study, we evaluated interactions between soil microbes and alpine-restricted plant species, simulating a warming scenario in which low elevation microbes migrate upslope into the distribution of alpine plants. We examined three alpine grasses from the Rocky Mountains, CO, USA (Poa alpina, Festuca brachyphylla, Elymus scribneri). We used soil inocula from within (resident) or below (novel) the plants' current elevation range and examined responses in plant biomass, plant traits, and fungal colonization of roots. Resident soil inocula from the species' home range decreased biomass to a greater extent than novel soil inocula. The depressed growth in resident soils suggested these soils harbor more carbon-demanding microbes, as plant biomass generally declined with greater fungal colonization of roots, especially in resident soil inocula. Although plant traits did not respond to the provenance of soil inocula, specific leaf area declined and root:shoot ratio increased when soil inocula were sterilized, indicating microbial mediation of plant trait expression. Contrary to current predictions, our findings suggest that if upwardly migrating microbes were to displace current soil microbes, alpine plants may benefit from this warming-induced microbial re-shuffling.