The Importance of Interflow to Groundwater Recharge in a Snowmelt-Dominated, Alpine Watershed, Geophysical Research Letters: Modeling and Data Package - Jeffrey Deems; Rina Schumer; Jeffrey Deems; Rina Schumer; Rina Schumer; Richard Niswonger; Jeffrey Deems; Rina Schumer; Jeffrey Deems; Richard Niswonger; Jeffrey Deems; Rina Schumer; et al. (ess_dive, 2020)
This data package contains hydrologic modeling input and output files for the East River (ER_PRMS.zip) and Copper Creek (CC_GSFLOW.zip) for water years 1987 to 2018. These data were used to generate simulated results published in Geophysical Research Letters (Carroll et al., 2019) describing the importance of interflow in generating groundwater recharge in the upper subalpine. The East River and Copper Creek are part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (WFSFA) located in the Upper Colorado River Basin, United States. The hydrologic model uses the U.S. Geological Survey coupled groundwater and surface water flow model (GSFLOW). Input and output files are askii format, while the model executable (gsflow.exe), source code, example problems and documentation describing model files is provided at the following U.S. Geological Survey website. https://www.usgs.gov/software/coupled-ground-water-and-surface-water-flow-model-gsflow. GSFLOW executables are compiled for either Microsoft Windows or Linux operating systems.

Digital subsurface data of Paleozoic rocks in the Upper Colorado River Basin in Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico from USGS Regional Aquifer System Analysis (other, 2020)
The Upper Colorado River Basin has a drainage area of about 113,500 square miles in western Colorado, eastern Utah, southwestern Wyoming, northeastern Arizona, and northwestern New Mexico. In the 1980?s and 1990?s, the Upper Colorado River Basin was a study area under of the U.S. Geological Survey's Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (RASA) program (Sun and Johnston, 1994; Sun and Weeks, 1991). The objectives of the RASA program for the Upper Colorado River Basin were to provide regional assessments of major aquifer systems by providing quantitative assessments of the occurrence, movement, and availability of water stored in rock formations that underlie the basin/watershed. These assessments included: (1) the classification of stratigraphic sequences into those intervals that constitute aquifers and those that constitute confining beds; and (2) the generation of maps that portrayed the areal extent of aquifers, aquifer thickness, and overburden thickness. These studies generated a large body of subsurface geologic information as part of the regional aquifer analyses, some of which are captured in this digital data release. Aquifer systems in consolidated rocks in the Upper Colorado River Basin have been grouped into three major subdivisions of sedimentary rocks; in descending order: (1) Tertiary-rock aquifers, (2) Mesozoic-rock aquifers, and (3) Paleozoic-rock aquifers (Taylor and others, 1983; 1986). Within each aquifer group, rocks are further divided into aquifers and confining units on the basis of lithology, depositional environment, and hydrologic characteristics (Glover and others, 1998; Freethy and Cordy, 1991; Geldon, 2003). In a report describing consolidated-rock aquifers of Paleozoic age, 7 hydrostratigraphic units were defined, four aquifers and three confining units (Geldon, 2003). The hydrostratigraphic units of Paleozoic age are locally exposed around the margins of uplifts and in deeply-incised canyon; they occur widely in the subsurface of the Upper Colorado River Basin study area, except in parts of the Uinta, Wind River, and Uncompahgre uplifts where they have been removed by erosion. These hydrostratigraphic units are part of the stratigraphic sequence of Paleozoic rocks that has a total thickness of more than 5,000 ft. This digital dataset contains spatial datasets corresponding to the contoured subsurface maps of Paleozoic rock units produced by the U.S. Geological Survey's Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (RASA) of the Upper Colorado River Basin (Geldon, 2003). The data define the thickness, extent, nomenclature, and facies characteristics of principal hydrostratigraphic units of Paleozoic age in the basin. The digital data describe the following hydrostratigraphic units: the Flathead aquifer, the Gros Ventre confining unit, the Bighorn aquifer, the Elbert-Parting confining unit, the Madison aquifer (consisting of two zones, the Redwall-Leadville zone, and the Darwin-Humbug zone), the Four Corners confining unit (consisting of the Belden-Molas subunit and the Paradox-Eagle Valley subunit), and the Canyonlands aquifer (consisting of three zones, the Cutler-Maroon zone, the Weber-de Chelly zone, and the Park City-State Bridge zone). Contoured thickness and lithology data for each unit are contained in line features classes within a geodatabase; unit extents, facies extents, and formation nomenclatural extents are represented as polygon feature classes. Both types of data are also saved as individual shapefiles. Nonspatial tables define the data sources used, terminology, and the stacking hierarchy and component geologic formations of each the of hydrostratigraphic units.

Gap-filled water quality, Normalized Differenced Vegetation Index, total nitrogen (nitrate and ammonia) deposition, and land cover data trends for the Continental United States - Haruko M. Wainwright; S. S. Hubbard; Kenneth Hurst Williams; Michelle Newcomer; Bhavna Arora; Carl I. Steefel; Nicholas J. Bouskill; Taylor Maavara; E. R. Woodburn; Dipankar Dwivedi (other, 2020)
The purpose of this work was to quantify trends in water quality, total nitrogen deposition, vegetation, and land-use trends for the Continental United States (CONUS). This dataset contains gap-filled daily and yearly in-stream carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentrations, discharge, and calculated exports from United States Geological Survey (USGS) National Water Information System (NWIS) stations across the United States of six different nitrogen parameters (Supplementary Table A1), one carbon parameter, and temperature (USGS, 2016, 2018) (https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis). The final water quality dataset is merged with the normalized differenced vegetation index (NDVI), total deposition (TDEP), landcover, and elevation datasets. All data are available at the CONUS scale as well as at the scale of hydrologic unit codes: (HUC) HUC8, HUC6, HUC4, and HUC2 watersheds. There are two zip files associated with this data package. I split the data into two equal sized zip files to comply with the data size limits, however the datasets are the same within each zip file. All data files can be read in directly into the R software.

Plant composition data from 67 grassland sites of the Upper Gunnison Basin, CO, USA, 2014 - Melanie R Kazenel; Stephanie N. Kivlin; Jennifer A. Rudgers; Joshua S. Lynn (other, 2020)
Here, we deposit data from a vegetation survey conducted in 2014. The data was collected to document current vegetation patterns in the region, parameterize species distribution models, and assess community turnover in flower color. The survey was conducted in the Upper Gunnison Basin and the environs around the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, CO, USA, spanning an elevation gradient from 2700-4000m above sea level. Data were acquired through visual estimates of percent cover of species within replicate quadrats in a site. We include information scraped from the USDA Plants Database (https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/java/) on species lifeform, life history, and invasive status.

The State of Open Data 2020 - Digital Science; Mariette van Selm; Nature Research; Mark Hahnel; Greg Goodey; Kathleen Shearer; Alan Hyndman; Leslie D. McIntosh; Brian Nosek; Grace Baynes; Merce Crosas (other, 2020)
We’re proud to release our fifth State of Open Data report and feel inspired and encouraged that most open data trends are heading in the right direction. The report outlines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on research and how this has influenced researchers' data sharing behaviour. Alongside survey results from 4,500 participants, the report includes a collection of articles from global industry experts.

LAPSE-RATE ground-based Doppler lidar datasets from Univ Colorado Boulder (other, 2020)
This dataset includes measurements obtained using the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars during the 2018 LAPSE-RATE (Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation - a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment) field campaign. This campaign took place in the San Luis Valley of Colorado between 14-21 July, 2018. On 14 July, both lidars were co-located at the Saguache site for intercomparison. WC49 (here named DPLR2) was moved to the Moffat School site late in the day on the 14th. Moffat School data starts on the 15th. Bad or missing data is set to -9999.0 for all fields.

RMBL County Parcels 2019 - Shannon Sprott (other, 2020)
This dataset contains the parcel boundaries with the tax parcel information included from the Gunnison County Assessors and GIS office. It was downloaded directly off the Gunnison County GIS department website. The data download link goes to the shapefile data format, though this data is available for download off the ArcGIS Online site as a KML, File Geodatabase, and GeoJson file types.

Natural abundance nitrate isotopes from Rifle and the East River Watershed, Colorado (ess_dive, 2020)
This data package provides data on the natural abundance isotopes of nitrate from various sources, including porewater, stream, and precipitation. The overall purpose of this data package is to complement additional data streams for nitrogen cycling metrics (e.g., riverine inorganic and organic nitrogen measurements) with specific data gleaned from the interpretation of terrestrial and riverine isotope measurements and collectively understand on how nitrogen is cycled around this system. The Rifle and East River are part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (WFSFA) located in the Upper Colorado River Basin, United States. Collection locations include: Pumphouse (multiple sampling dates), River (upstream/ downstream meander C), Shallow soil lysimeters (hillslope, toeslope, floodplain), Hillslope-floodplain borehole wells (i.e., Pumphouse Lower Montane (PLM) wells), and Potassium chloride(KCL)-extracted soil samples. Copper Creek sampling includes 8x river sample points and two tributaries sampled on Sept. Oct. 2017, July 2018. East River below the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory sampling includes 1 access point sampled on July, Sept. Oct. 2017. Rifle floodplain sampling includes well TT03 across multiple collection times over 2014. Data is provided in 5 individual files by location in csv format, or all compiled in Excel format.

LAPSE-RATE ground-based Doppler lidar datasets from Univ Colorado Boulder (other, 2020)
This dataset includes measurements obtained using the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars during the 2018 LAPSE-RATE (Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation - a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment) field campaign. This campaign took place in the San Luis Valley of Colorado between 14-21 July, 2018. On 14 July, both lidars were co-located at the Saguache site for intercomparison. WC49 (here named DPLR2) was moved to the Moffat School site late in the day on the 14th. Moffat School data starts on the 15th. Bad or missing data is set to -9999.0 for all fields. The a1 and the a2 datafiles are identical except that the a2 files include beam information (0, 90, 180, or 270) that was omitted from the a1 files.

SnowEx20 Grand Mesa IOP BSU 1 GHz Multi-polarization GPR Raw, Version 1 (other, 2020)

Turbulence dissipation rate estimated from Doppler Lidar measurements during LAPSE-RATE (other, 2020)
This dataset includes turbulence dissipation rate estimated from the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars and the University of Oklahoma Halo Streamline scanning Doppler Lidar during the 2018 LAPSE-RATE (Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation - a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment) field campaign.This campaign took place in the San Luis Valley of Colorado between 14-21 July, 2018. On 14 July, both Windcube lidars were co-located at the Saguache site for intercomparison. WC49 (here named DPLR2) was moved to the Moffat School site late in the day on the 14th, where the Halo Streamline was deployed. Bad or missing data is set to -9999.9 for variable fields.

Turbulence dissipation rate estimated from Doppler Lidar measurements during LAPSE-RATE (other, 2020)
This dataset includes turbulence dissipation rate estimated from the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars and the University of Oklahoma Halo Streamline scanning Doppler Lidar during the 2018 LAPSE-RATE (Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation - a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment) field campaign.This campaign took place in the San Luis Valley of Colorado between 14-21 July, 2018. On 14 July, both Windcube lidars were co-located at the Saguache site for intercomparison. WC49 (here named DPLR2) was moved to the Moffat School site late in the day on the 14th, where the Halo Streamline was deployed. Bad or missing data is set to -9999.9 for variable fields.

Sample collection information and whole genome data for Greater and Gunnison Sage-grouse range generated in the Molecular Ecology Lab during 2015-2018 - Kevin Oh (other, 2020)
This dataset contains sample collection information for whole genome sequences of Gunnison and Greater Sage-grouse. These data were collected in order to examine patterns of adaptive genetic variation in Greater and Gunnison Sage-grouse. The data is archived in GenBank at the following URL https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/531321.

Turbulence dissipation rate estimated from Doppler Lidar measurements during LAPSE-RATE (other, 2020)
This dataset includes turbulence dissipation rate estimated from the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars and the University of Oklahoma Halo Streamline scanning Doppler Lidar during the 2018 LAPSE-RATE (Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation - a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment) field campaign.This campaign took place in the San Luis Valley of Colorado between 14-21 July, 2018. On 14 July, both Windcube lidars were co-located at the Saguache site for intercomparison. WC49 (here named DPLR2) was moved to the Moffat School site late in the day on the 14th, where the Halo Streamline was deployed. Bad or missing data is set to -9999.9 for variable fields.

SnowEx20 Grand Mesa IOP BSU 1 GHz Multi-polarization GPR Raw, Version 1 (other, 2020)

Amino-acid Sequences of HMM Hits (2019)
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Data from: Transmission pathways and spillover of an erythrocytic bacterial pathogen from domestic cats to wild felids (other, 2019)
Many pathogens infect multiple hosts, and spillover from domestic to wild species poses a significant risk for spread of diseases that threaten wildlife and humans. Documentation of cross-species transmission, and unravelling the mechanisms that drive it, remains a challenge. Focusing on co-occurring domestic and wild felids, we evaluate possible transmission mechanisms and evidence of spillover of 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum' (CMhm), an erythrocytic bacterial parasite of cats. We examine transmission and possibility of spillover by analysing CMhm prevalence, modeling possible transmission pathways, deducing genotypes of CMhm pathogens infecting felid hosts based on sequences of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene, and conducting phylogenetic analyses with ancestral state reconstruction to identify likely cross-species transmission events. Model selection analyses suggest both indirect (i.e., spread via vectors) and direct (i.e., via inter-specific predation) pathways may play a role in CMhm transmission. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that transmission of CMhm appears to predominate within host species, with occasional spillover, at unknown frequency, between species. These analyses are consistent with transmission by predation of smaller cats by larger species, with subsequent within-species persistence after spillover. Our results implicate domestic cats as a source of global dispersal and spillover to wild felids via predation. We contribute to the emerging documentation of predation as a common means of pathogen spillover from domestic to wild cats, including pathogens of global conservation significance. These findings suggest risks for top predators as bioaccumulators of pathogens from subordinate species.

Grand Mesa 2017-02-01 snow depth estimate (other, 2019)
Elevation difference (snow depth estimate for exposed ground surfaces) between co-registered WorldView-3 optical stereo DSM products from 2016-09-25 (snow-off) and 2017-02-01 (snow-on). These are preliminary products from the Stereo2SWE workflow, used to derive snow depth estimates from time series of very-high-resolution commercial stereo imagery. More formal releases of data products will be available in the coming years. Analysis of this dataset is presented in the following publication: McGrath, D., Webb, R., Shean, D., Bonnell, R., Marshall, H-P., Painter, T., Molotch, N., Elder, K., Hiemstra, C., Brucker, L., (2019), Spatially Extensive Ground-Penetrating Radar Snow Depth Observations During NASA's 2017 SnowEx Campaign: Comparison With In Situ, Airborne, and Satellite Observations, Water Resources Research, 55 (19), 10026-10036, doi:10.1029/2019WR024907. If you use these data, please cite the above publication.

Grand Mesa 2017-02-01 snow depth estimate (other, 2019)
Elevation difference (snow depth estimate for exposed ground surfaces) between co-registered WorldView-3 optical stereo DSM products from 2016-09-25 (snow-off) and 2017-02-01 (snow-on). These are preliminary products from the Stereo2SWE workflow, used to derive snow depth estimates from time series of very-high-resolution commercial stereo imagery. More formal releases of data products will be available in the coming years. Analysis of this dataset is presented in the following publication: McGrath, D., Webb, R., Shean, D., Bonnell, R., Marshall, H-P., Painter, T., Molotch, N., Elder, K., Hiemstra, C., Brucker, L., (2019), Spatially Extensive Ground-Penetrating Radar Snow Depth Observations During NASA's 2017 SnowEx Campaign: Comparison With In Situ, Airborne, and Satellite Observations, Water Resources Research, 55 (19), 10026-10036, doi:10.1029/2019WR024907. If you use these data, please cite the above publication.

Data Citation Guidelines for Earth Science Data , Version 2 - ESIP Data Preservation and Stewardship Committee (other, 2019)
Guidelines for developing citations for Earth and environmental science data generated by the Earth Science Information Partners (ESIP; www.esipfed.org) Data Preservation and Stewardship Committee.

Data from: The individual and combined effects of snowmelt timing and frost exposure on the reproductive success of montane forbs - Gabriella L. Pardee; Isaac O. Jensen; Rebecca E. Irwin; David William Inouye (other, 2019)
1. Changes from historic weather patterns have affected the phenology of many organisms worldwide. Altered phenology can introduce organisms to novel abiotic conditions during growth and modify species interactions, both of which could drive changes in reproduction. 2. We explored how climate change can alter plant reproduction using an experiment in which we manipulated the individual and combined effects of snowmelt timing and frost exposure, and measured subsequent effects on flowering phenology, peak flower density, frost damage, pollinator visitation, and reproduction of four subalpine wildflowers. Additionally, we conducted a pollen supplementation experiment to test whether the plants in our snowmelt and frost treatments were pollen limited for reproduction. The four plants included species flowering in early spring to mid-summer. 3. The phenology of all four species significantly advanced and the bloom duration was longer in the plots from which we removed snow, but with species-specific responses to snow removal and frost exposure in terms of frost damage, flower production, pollinator visitation, and reproduction. The two early-blooming species showed significant signs of frost damage in both early-snowmelt and frost treatments, which negatively impacted reproduction for one of the species. Further, we recorded fewer pollinators during flowering for the earliest-blooming species in the snow removal plots. We also found lower fruit and seed set for the early-blooming species in the snow removal treatment, which could be attributed to the plants growing under unfavorable abiotic conditions. However, the later-blooming species escaped frost damage even in the plots where snow was removed, and experienced increased pollinator visitation and reproduction. 4. Synthesis. This study provides insight into how plant communities could become altered due to changes in abiotic conditions, and some of the mechanisms involved. While early-blooming species may be at a disadvantage under climate change, species that bloom later in the season may benefit from early snowmelt, suggesting that climate change has the potential to reshape flowering communities.

Forest Inventory of a Northern Hardwood Forest: Watershed 6, 2017, Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest - C. D. Johnson; Charles T Driscoll; John J Battles; Steven P Hamburg; Natalie Cleavitt; Timothy J Fahey; Gene E Likens (other, 2019)
Forest inventory surveys were initiated in 1965, repeated in 1977, and repeated at 5 year intervals after that; this data set was collected in summer of 2017. The inventory consists of a total inventory of all trees >=10 cm diameter-at-breast-height (dbh) on the whole of the watershed (13.23 ha), as measured in each of the 208 25 m x 25 m plots. Trees >=2 to <=10 cm dbh were subsampled using a 3 meter wide strip along one edge of each 25 m x 25 m plot. With the addition of tree tags in 2002 on all trees >=10 cm dbh, tracking of individual trees is now possible. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.

Integral projection models from natural populations (other, 2019)
This folder contains the data file and R scripts necessary to model population growth rates (lambda) of a natural population, based on data from five transects from 2010-2012. Please contact Jill Anderson (jta24@uga.edu) with questions.

Data from: Optimal multisensory integration - Nathalie Munoz; Daniel T. Blumstein (other, 2019)
Animals are often confronted with potentially informative stimuli from a variety of sensory modalities. While there is a large proximate literature demonstrating multisensory integration, no general framework explains why animals integrate. We developed and tested a quantitative model that explains why multisensory integration is not always adaptive and explain why unimodal decision-making might be favored over multisensory integration. We present our model in terms of a prey that must determine the presence or absence of a predator. A greater chance of encountering a predator, a greater benefit of correctly responding to a predator, a lower benefit of correctly foraging, or a greater uncertainty of the second stimulus favors integration. Uncertainty of the first stimulus may either increase or decreases the favorability of integration. In three field studies, we demonstrate how our model can be empirically tested. We evaluated the model with field studies of yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventer) by presenting marmots with an olfactory-acoustic predator stimulus at a feed station. We found some support for the model’s prediction that integration is favored when the second stimulus is less noisy. We hope additional predictions of the model will guide future empirical work that seeks to understand the extent to which multimodal integration might be situation dependent. We suggest that the model is generalizable beyond antipredator contexts and can be applied within or between individuals, populations or species.

The East River, Colorado, Watershed: A Mountainous Community Testbed for Improving Predictive Understanding of Multiscale Hydrological-Biogeochemical Dynamics: Dataset - Carroll Rosemary; Carroll Rosemary; Carroll Rosemary; Carroll Rosemary; Boris Faybishenko; Boris Faybishenko; Boris Faybishenko; Boris Faybishenko; S. S. Hubbard; S. S. Hubbard; S. S. Hubbard; S. S. Hubbard (ess_dive, 2019)
This dataset contains snow water, precipitation, and discharge data collected from the East River watershed. This provides insight as to how the watershed works as a system and responds to hydrological perturbations.

High Resolution Aeromagnetic Survey, Villa Grove, Colorado, USA, 2011 (other, 2019)
This data release includes data collected from the Villa Grove helicopter magnetic survey in northern San Luis Valley and Poncha Pass region in south-central Colorado, USA. The survey area extends over the northern part of Great Sand Dunes National Park, Poncha Pass and vicinity, and into the southern end of the Upper Arkansas Valley. It includes the communities of Crestone, Villa Grove, Saguache, and Salida. Several U.S. Geological Survey programs (including the National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program, Mineral Resources Program, and Geothermal Program), as well as the Colorado Geological Survey, funded the survey. The data are part of studies to help refine our knowledge in this area about the nature of aquifers, the potential [...]

The East River, Colorado, Watershed: A Mountainous Community Testbed for Improving Predictive Understanding of Multiscale Hydrological-Biogeochemical Dynamics: Dataset (ess_dive, 2019)
This dataset contains snow water, precipitation, and discharge data collected from the East River watershed. This provides insight as to how the watershed works as a system and responds to hydrological perturbations.

Grand Mesa 2017-02-01 snow depth estimate (other, 2019)
Elevation difference (snow depth estimate for exposed ground surfaces) between co-registered WorldView-3 optical stereo DSM products from 2016-09-25 (snow-off) and 2017-02-01 (snow-on). These are preliminary products from the Stereo2SWE workflow, used to derive snow depth estimates from time series of very-high-resolution commercial stereo imagery. More formal releases of data products will be available in the coming years. Analysis of this dataset is presented in the following publication: McGrath, D., Webb, R., Shean, D., Bonnell, R., Marshall, H-P., Painter, T., Molotch, N., Elder, K., Hiemstra, C., Brucker, L., (2019), Spatially Extensive Ground-Penetrating Radar Snow Depth Observations During NASA's 2017 SnowEx Campaign: Comparison With In Situ, Airborne, and Satellite Observations, Water Resources Research, 55 (19), 10026-10036, doi: 10.1029/2019WR024907 . If you use these data, please cite the above publication.

Discharge data collected within the East River for the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Watershed Function Science Focus Area (water years 2015-2018) (ess_dive, 2019)
Discharge data collected at the East River in the Upper Colorado River Basin for the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area. Files contain instantaneous observed discharge data, corrected 10 min and mean daily discharge. Several sites also contain temperature and transducer depth. Please contact Rosemary Carroll if you have any questions or wish to access the raw data.

Discharge data collected within the East River for the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Watershed Function Science Focus Area (water years 2015-2018) (ess_dive, 2019)
Discharge data collected at the East River in the Upper Colorado River Basin for the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area. Files contain instantaneous observed discharge data, corrected 10 min and mean daily discharge. Several sites also contain temperature and transducer depth. Please contact Rosemary Carroll if you have any questions or wish to access the raw data.

Pocket gopher (Thomomys talpoides) soil disturbance peaks at mid-elevation and is associated with air temperature, forb cover, and plant diversity - Jeremy Keene; Samuel Canfield; Ross R. Conover; Jennifer A. Rudgers; Joshua S. Lynn (other, 2019)
Burrowing mammals can be ecosystem engineers by increasing soil aeration and erosion and altering the structure of plant communities. Studies that characterize the constraints on the distributions of fossorial mammal disturbances to soil can help predict changes in ecosystem engineering under future climates. We quantified the density of soil disturbances caused by Thomomys talpoides (northern pocket gopher) over replicate elevation gradients spanning 2,700–4,000 m a.s.l. in the Upper Gunnison Basin, Colorado, USA. As a conceptual framework for predicting biogeographic variation in soil disturbance, we used the abundant center hypothesis (ACH), which proposes that species abundance declines monotonically away from the most abundant location in its distribution, with the assumption that ecosystem engineering scales with gopher abundance. We also evaluated the relative importance of abiotic and biotic variables as correlates of soil disturbance. Gopher disturbance peaked at mid elevations (~3,150 m), supporting the ACH. The best model for predicting gopher-caused soil disturbance contained both abiotic and biotic variables, with increased soil disturbance where mean annual temperature, forb cover, and plant diversity were greatest. Results suggest that mountain ecosystems may experience increases in gopher-caused soil disturbance as climate warms, possibly accompanied by increases in plant diversity and forb cover.

Discharge data collected within the East River for the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Watershed Function Science Focus Area (water years 2015-2018) - Kenneth Hurst Williams; Kenneth Hurst Williams; Kenneth Hurst Williams; Kenneth Hurst Williams; Kenneth Hurst Williams; Kenneth Hurst Williams (ess_dive, 2019)
Discharge data collected at the East River in the Upper Colorado River Basin for the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area. Files contain instantaneous observed discharge data, corrected 10 min and mean daily discharge. Several sites also contain temperature and transducer depth. Please contact Rosemary Carroll if you have any questions or wish to access the raw data.

Grand Mesa 2017-02-01 snow depth estimate (other, 2019)
Elevation difference (snow depth estimate for exposed ground surfaces) between co-registered WorldView-3 optical stereo DSM products from 2016-09-25 (snow-off) and 2017-02-01 (snow-on). These are preliminary products from the Stereo2SWE workflow, used to derive snow depth estimates from time series of very-high-resolution commercial stereo imagery. More formal releases of data products will be available in the coming years. Analysis of this dataset is presented in the following publication: McGrath, D., Webb, R., Shean, D., Bonnell, R., Marshall, H-P., Painter, T., Molotch, N., Elder, K., Hiemstra, C., Brucker, L., (2019), Spatially Extensive Ground-Penetrating Radar Snow Depth Observations During NASA's 2017 SnowEx Campaign: Comparison With In Situ, Airborne, and Satellite Observations, Water Resources Research, 55 (19), 10026-10036, doi:10.1029/2019WR024907. If you use these data, please cite the above publication.

High Resolution Aeromagnetic Survey, Villa Grove, Colorado, USA, 2011 (other, 2019)
This data release includes data collected from the Villa Grove helicopter magnetic survey in northern San Luis Valley and Poncha Pass region in south-central Colorado, USA. The survey area extends over the northern part of Great Sand Dunes National Park, Poncha Pass and vicinity, and into the southern end of the Upper Arkansas Valley. It includes the communities of Crestone, Villa Grove, Saguache, and Salida. Several U.S. Geological Survey programs (including the National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program, Mineral Resources Program, and Geothermal Program), as well as the Colorado Geological Survey, funded the survey. The data are part of studies to help refine our knowledge in this area about the nature of aquifers, the potential for geothermal energy resources, the likelihood of seismic hazards, and the geology of the northern Rio Grande rift.

U-Pb detrital zircon data for: lower Paleozoic sedimentary rocks near Silverton, CO USA (other, 2019)
This Laser ablation ICPMS U-Pb detrital zircon data set supports mapping and stratigraphic interpretations of the Upper Devonian Ignacio Formation in southwestern Colorado (Silverton area). All samples were collected from a measured stratigraphic section called "Sultan Creek South" located at 37.710010 and -107.67530 (Evans and others, 2019). The Ignacio Formation was previously interpreted as Cambrian, but evidence that it is Devonian includes reexamined fossil data and detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology. The Ignacio Formation has a stratigraphic trend of detrital zircon ages shifting from a single ca. 1.7 Ga age peak to bimodal ca. 1.4 Ga and ca. 1.7 Ga age peaks, which represents local source-area unroofing history. Specifically, [...]

High Resolution Aeromagnetic Survey, Villa Grove, Colorado, USA, 2011 (other, 2019)
This data release includes data collected from the Villa Grove helicopter magnetic survey in northern San Luis Valley and Poncha Pass region in south-central Colorado, USA. The survey area extends over the northern part of Great Sand Dunes National Park, Poncha Pass and vicinity, and into the southern end of the Upper Arkansas Valley. It includes the communities of Crestone, Villa Grove, Saguache, and Salida. Several U.S. Geological Survey programs (including the National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program, Mineral Resources Program, and Geothermal Program), as well as the Colorado Geological Survey, funded the survey. The data are part of studies to help refine our knowledge in this area about the nature of aquifers, the potential [...]

Grand Mesa 2017-02-01 snow depth estimate (other, 2019)
Elevation difference (snow depth estimate for exposed ground surfaces) between co-registered WorldView-3 optical stereo DSM products from 2016-09-25 (snow-off) and 2017-02-01 (snow-on). These are preliminary products from the Stereo2SWE workflow, used to derive snow depth estimates from time series of very-high-resolution commercial stereo imagery. More formal releases of data products will be available in the coming years. Analysis of this dataset is presented in the following publication: McGrath, D., Webb, R., Shean, D., Bonnell, R., Marshall, H-P., Painter, T., Molotch, N., Elder, K., Hiemstra, C., Brucker, L., (2019), Spatially Extensive Ground-Penetrating Radar Snow Depth Observations During NASA's 2017 SnowEx Campaign: Comparison With In Situ, Airborne, and Satellite Observations, Water Resources Research, 55 (19), 10026-10036, doi: 10.1029/2019WR024907 . If you use these data, please cite the above publication.

U-Pb detrital zircon data for: lower Paleozoic sedimentary rocks near Silverton, CO USA (other, 2019)
This Laser ablation ICPMS U-Pb detrital zircon data set supports mapping and stratigraphic interpretations of the Upper Devonian Ignacio Formation in southwestern Colorado (Silverton area). All samples were collected from a measured stratigraphic section called "Sultan Creek South" located at 37.710010 and -107.67530 (Evans and others, 2019). The Ignacio Formation was previously interpreted as Cambrian, but evidence that it is Devonian includes reexamined fossil data and detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology. The Ignacio Formation has a stratigraphic trend of detrital zircon ages shifting from a single ca. 1.7 Ga age peak to bimodal ca. 1.4 Ga and ca. 1.7 Ga age peaks, which represents local source-area unroofing history. Specifically, [...]

Data release for Geologic Map of the Poncha Pass Area, Chaffee, Fremont, and Saguache Counties, Colorado (other, 2019)
This release presents the GIS data (in GDB, shapefile, and e00 [coverage] formats) and metadata for a 1:24,000-scale geologic map of the Poncha Pass area in central Colorado. A cartographic version of the geologic map, including map unit descriptions, interpretative text, and accessory figures and tables, is being separately published as a U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map (SIM). The map area is irregular in shape, covering all of one 7.5' quadrangle (Poncha Pass) and parts of five others (Mount Ouray, Maysville, Salida West, Salida East, and Wellsville). The map boundaries were drawn to cover all of the "Poncha mountain block", coincident with the approximately 15-kilometer-long northwestern end of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. The map data convey the areal distribution of: (1) Proterozoic basement rocks forming the core of the Poncha mountain block, (2) overlying Tertiary volcanic rocks, (3) Miocene and younger basin-fill deposits, (4) Quaternary surficial glacial and alluvial deposits, and (5) faults and folds affecting all of the above units.

The East River, Colorado, Watershed: A Mountainous Community Testbed for Improving Predictive Understanding of Multiscale Hydrological-Biogeochemical Dynamics: Dataset (ess_dive, 2019)
This dataset contains snow water, precipitation, and discharge data collected from the East River watershed. This provides insight as to how the watershed works as a system and responds to hydrological perturbations.

Discharge data collected within the East River for the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Watershed Function Science Focus Area (water years 2015-2018) (ess_dive, 2019)
Discharge data collected at the East River in the Upper Colorado River Basin for the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area. Files contain instantaneous observed discharge data, corrected 10 min and mean daily discharge. Several sites also contain temperature and transducer depth. Please contact Rosemary Carroll if you have any questions or wish to access the raw data.

Using strontium isotopes to evaluate the spatial variation of groundwater recharge, Science of The Total Environment: Dataset - Shaun Brown; Jiamin Wan; Tetsu Tokunaga; Boris Faybishenko; S. S. Hubbard; Baptiste Dafflon; Wenming Dong; Kenneth Hurst Williams (other, 2019)
Data tables used in Christensen et al. 2018 Using strontium isotopes to evaluate the spatial variation of groundwater recharge, Science of The Total Environment, 637-638, 672-685 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.019 Files include Sr and U isotopic (87Sr/86Sr and 234U/238U) and concentration data for groundwaters, porewaters, and surface waters at the Rifle, Colorado field site, as well as mass balance modeling results for the percentage of vadose zone porewater in groundwater.

Discharge data collected within the East River for the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Watershed Function Science Focus Area (water years 2015-2018) (ess_dive, 2019)
Discharge data collected at the East River in the Upper Colorado River Basin for the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area. Files contain instantaneous observed discharge data, corrected 10 min and mean daily discharge. Several sites also contain temperature and transducer depth. Please contact Rosemary Carroll if you have any questions or wish to access the raw data.

Data from: No evidence that gut microbiota impose a net cost on their butterfly host - Nicole Kish; Kabir Peay; Alison Ravenscraft; Carol L. Boggs (other, 2019)
Gut microbes are believed to play a critical role in most animal life, yet fitness effects and cost benefit-tradeoffs incurred by the host are poorly understood. Unlike most hosts studied to date, butterflies largely acquire their nutrients from larval feeding, leaving relatively little opportunity for nutritive contributions by the adult's microbiota. This provides an opportunity to measure whether hosting gut microbiota comes at a net nutritional price. Since host and bacteria may compete for sugars, we hypothesized that gut flora would be nutritionally neutral to adult butterflies with plentiful food, but detrimental to semi-starved hosts, especially when at high density. We held field-caught adult Speyeria mormonia under abundant or restricted food conditions. Since antibiotic treatments did not generate consistent variation in their gut microbiota, we leveraged inter-individual variability in bacterial loads and OTU abundances to examine correlations between host fitness and the abdominal microbiota present upon natural death. We detected strikingly few relationships between microbial flora and host fitness. Neither total bacterial load nor the abundances of dominant bacterial taxa were related to butterflies' fecundity, egg mass, or egg chemical content. Increased abundance of a Commensalibacter species did correlate with longer host lifespan, while increased abundance of a Rhodococcus species correlated with shorter lifespan. Contrary to our expectations, these relationships were unchanged by food availability to the host and were unrelated to reproductive output. Our results suggest the butterfly microbiota comprise parasitic, commensal, and beneficial taxa that together do not impose a net reproductive cost, even under caloric stress.

Data from: Landscape pivot points and responses to water balance in national parks of the southwest U.S. - David P. Thoma; Seth M. Munson; Dana L. Witwicki (other, 2019)
1. A recent drying trend that is expected to continue in the southwestern U.S. underscores the need for site-specific and near real-time understanding of vegetation vulnerability so that land management actions can be implemented at the right time and place. 2. We related the annual integrated normalized difference vegetation index (iNDVI), a proxy for vegetation production, to water balance across landscapes of the Colorado Plateau. We determined how changes in production per unit of water (vegetation responses), and the water balance amounts at which production shifted from above to below average values (pivot points), varied across dominant vegetation and soil types. 3. Precipitation (PRCP), actual evapotranspiration (AET), water deficit (D), and soil moisture (SM) explained 13 – 82% of variation in vegetation production. Along an increasing water availability gradient, vegetation responses to PRCP and AET increased, responses to SM decreased, and responses to D became more negative. We found tradeoffs between vegetation responses and pivot points within and across all vegetation types that were mediated by soil properties. 4. Synthesis and applications. The water needed by native vegetation to maintain production depends on plant traits. The water available to vegetation depends on climate and soil properties that change along environmental gradients. Tracking this biologically-relevant water availability in relation to water need provides an indicator of vegetation growth or stress that can help guide the time and place for management actions.

Remote sensing and geophysical characterization of a floodplain-hillslope system in the East River watershed, Colorado (2019)
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1660 clusters of ribosomal protein S3 (rpS3) amino-acid sequences (2019)
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Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) for Key Metabolism Enzymes (2019)
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rpS3 gene phylogenetic tree (2019)
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Provenance trial experiments (2019)
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Integral projection models from reciprocal transplant experiments (2019)
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Discharge data collected within the East River for the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Watershed Function Science Focus Area (water years 2015-2018) (ess_dive, 2019)
Discharge data collected at the East River in the Upper Colorado River Basin for the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area. Files contain instantaneous observed discharge data, corrected 10 min and mean daily discharge. Several sites also contain temperature and transducer depth. Please contact Rosemary Carroll if you have any questions or wish to access the raw data.

Data from: Attract or defend? Pollen and vegetative secondary chemistry of three pollen-rewarding lupines - Daniel Cook; Stephen T. Lee; Jacob M. Heiling; Rebecca E. Irwin (other, 2019)
PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Optimal Defense Theory predicts that selection should drive plants to differentially allocate resources for herbivore defense to tissues with high fitness values. As pollen’s primary role is the transport of gametes, plants may be expected to defend it from herbivory. However, for many animal-pollinated plants, pollen serves a secondary role as a pollinator reward. This may present a conflict between selection to defend pollen from herbivores and selection to reward pollinators. Here, we investigate whether pollen secondary chemistry in three pollen-rewarding Lupinus species better reflects the need to defend pollen or reward pollinators. METHODS: Lupinus (Fabaceae) species are nectarless, pollen-rewarding, and produce defensive quinolizidine and/or piperidine alkaloids throughout their tissues. We used gas chromatography to identify and quantitate the alkaloids in four above-ground tissues (pollen, flower, leaf, stem) of three western North American lupines: L. argenteus, L. bakeri, and L. sulphureus, and compared alkaloid concentrations and composition among tissues within individuals. KEY RESULTS: Pollen alkaloid concentrations were 11-35% of those concentrations in other tissues in L. argenteus and L. sulphureus. We detected no alkaloids in L. bakeri pollen, though they were present in other tissues. Alkaloid concentrations were not strongly correlated among tissues within individuals. We detected fewer alkaloids in pollen compared to other tissues and pollen contained no unique alkaloids. CONCLUSIONS: Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that, in these pollen-rewarding species, pollen secondary chemistry may reflect the need to attract and reward pollinators more than the need to defend pollen from herbivory.

U-Pb zircon data for: The Poncha Pass and Deadman Creek areas, northern Sangre de Cristo Mountains of south-central Colorado (other, 2019)
Geologic mapping, characterization of geologic structures, and sampling for geochronology was completed in two areas of the northwestern Sangre de Cristo Mountains from 2011 through 2017. This data release provides the raw analytical data, metadata and sample information for 20 zircon U-Pb age analyses from laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS). The two areas include the Poncha Pass area where the entire 71/2’ Poncha Pass quadrangle and parts of five other quadrangles (Mount Ouray, Maysville, Salida West, Salida East, and Wellsville) were mapped at a scale of 1:24,000 (see Minor and others, 2019). The Deadman thrust fault is the second area, approximately 80 km southwest of the Poncha Pass area, and [...]

U-Pb zircon data for: The Poncha Pass and Deadman Creek areas, northern Sangre de Cristo Mountains of south-central Colorado (other, 2019)
Geologic mapping, characterization of geologic structures, and sampling for geochronology was completed in two areas of the northwestern Sangre de Cristo Mountains from 2011 through 2017. This data release provides the raw analytical data, metadata and sample information for 20 zircon U-Pb age analyses from laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS). The two areas include the Poncha Pass area where the entire 71/2’ Poncha Pass quadrangle and parts of five other quadrangles (Mount Ouray, Maysville, Salida West, Salida East, and Wellsville) were mapped at a scale of 1:24,000 (see Minor and others, 2019). The Deadman thrust fault is the second area, approximately 80 km southwest of the Poncha Pass area, and [...]

Data from: Coordinated species importation policies are needed to reduce serious invasions globally: the case of alien bumblebees in South America - Lorena Vieli; Cecilia Smith-Ramirez; Rodrigo M. Barahona-Segovia; Carolina L. Morales; José Montalva; Lawrence D. Harder; Marcelo A. Aizen; Marina P. Arbetman; Agustín Sáez; Lucas A. Garibaldi; David William Inouye (other, 2019)
The global trade of species promotes diverse human activities but also facilitates the introduction of potentially invasive species into new environments. As species ignore national boundaries, unilateral national decisions concerning species trade set the stage for transnational species invasion with significant conservation, economic and political consequences. The need for a coordinated approach to species importation policies is demonstrated by the introduction of two bumblebee species into Chile for crop pollination, despite Argentina banning commercial importation of alien bumblebees based on expert opinion. The large garden bumblebee, Bombus ruderatus, was first introduced in 1982, and the buff-tailed bumblebee, Bombus terrestris, has been continually introduced since 1997 as part of the burgeoning bumblebee trade. Both species have subsequently invaded southern South America. Today, the consequences of the growth of the bumblebee trade for agricultural pollination ranks among the top 15 emerging environmental issues likely to affect global diversity. Documented impacts of these invasions include the severe decline and local extinctions of the sole native Patagonian bumblebee, Bombus dahlbomii, pathogen transmission, flower damage and nectar robbing of native and cultivated plants. Policy implications. The South American bumblebee invasions portrayed here should alert governments to the unintended consequences of the booming international bee trade. More broadly, this case demonstrates that one country's importation decisions can have policy implications for its neighbours without consultation. Regrettably, coordinated international measures to prevent species invasions are seldom considered in South America or elsewhere, despite existing legal frameworks. The bumblebee case and others provide stark evidence of the pressing need for coordinated specific and general international policies concerning global species trade and their implementation.

Data from: Reproductive losses due to climate change-induced earlier flowering are not the primary threat to plant population viability in a perennial herb - Aldo Compagnoni; A. M. Anderson; Jennifer L. Williams; Tom E. X. Miller; David William Inouye; Paul J. CaraDonna; Amy M. Iler (other, 2019)
1. Despite a global footprint of shifts in flowering phenology in response to climate change, the reproductive consequences of these shifts are poorly understood. Furthermore, it is unknown whether altered flowering times affect plant population viability. 2. We examine whether climate change-induced earlier flowering has consequences for population persistence by incorporating reproductive losses from frost damage (a risk of early flowering) in population models of a subalpine sunflower (Helianthella quinquenervis). Using long-term demographic data for three populations that span the species' elevation range (8–15 years, depending on the population), we first examine how snowmelt date affects plant vital rates. To verify vital rate responses to snowmelt date experimentally, we manipulate snowmelt date with a snow removal experiment at one population. Finally, we construct stochastic population projection models and Life Table Response Experiments for each population. 3. We find that populations decline (λs 1) as snowmelt dates become earlier. Frost damage to flower buds, a consequence of climate change-induced earlier flowering, does not contribute strongly to population declines. Instead, we find evidence that negative effects on survival, likely due to increased drought risk during longer growing seasons, drive projected population declines under earlier snowmelt dates. 4. Synthesis. Shifts in flowering phenology are a conspicuous and important aspect of biological responses to climate change, but here we show that the phenology of reproductive events can be unreliable measures of threats to population persistence, even when earlier flowering is associated with substantial reproductive losses. Evidence for shifts in reproductive phenology, along with scarcer evidence that these shifts actually influence reproductive success, are valuable but can paint an incomplete and even misleading picture of plant population responses to climate change.

Data from: Extreme site fidelity as an optimal strategy in an unpredictable and homogeneous environment - Mindy B. Rice; Christopher Peck; Amy J. Davis; James H. Gammonley; Tony Apa; B. D. Gerber (other, 2019)
1. Animal site fidelity structures space-use, population demography, and ultimately gene flow. Understanding the adaptive selection for site fidelity patterns provides a mechanistic understanding to both spatial and population processes. This can be achieved by linking space-use with environmental variability (spatial and temporal) and demographic parameters. However, rarely is the environmental context that drives the selection for site fidelity behavior fully considered. 2. We use ecological theory to understand whether the spatial and temporal variability in breeding site quality can explain the site fidelity behavior and demographic patterns of Gunnison sage-grouse (Centrocercus minimus). We examined female site fidelity patterns across multiple spatial scales: proximity of consecutive year nest locations, space-use overlap within and across the breeding and brooding season, and fidelity to a breeding patch. We also examined the spatial and temporal variability in nest, chick, juvenile, and adult survival. 3. We found Gunnison sage-grouse to be site faithful to their breeding patch, area of use within the patch, and generally to where they nest, suggesting an `Always Stay' site fidelity strategy. This is an optimal evolutionary strategy when site quality is unpredictable. Further, we found limited spatial variability in survival within age groups, suggesting little demographic benefit to moving among patches. We suggest Gunnison sage-grouse site fidelity is driven by the unpredictability of predation in a relatively homogeneous environment, the lack of benefits and likely costs to moving across landscape patches and leaving known lek and breeding/brooding areas. 4. Space use and demography are commonly studied separately. More so, site fidelity patterns are rarely framed in the context of ecological theory, beyond questions related to the win-stay:lose-switch rule. To move beyond describing patterns and understand the adaptive selection driving species movements and their demographic consequences requires integrating movement, demography, and environmental variability in a synthetic framework. 5. Site fidelity theory provides a coherent framework to simultaneously investigate the spatial and population ecology of animal populations. Using it to frame ecological questions will lead to a more mechanistic understanding of animal movement, spatial population structuring, and meta-population dynamics.

Identifying geochemical hot moments and their controls on a contaminated river floodplain system using wavelet and entropy approaches, Environmental modelling & software: Dataset - Bhavna Arora; Dipankar Dwivedi; Carl I. Steefel; S. S. Hubbard; Kenneth Hurst Williams (other, 2019)
We used entropy and wavelet techniques to identify temporal variability in geochemical constituents and their controls along three transects within a contaminated floodplain system near Rifle CO. The objectives of this study were to: (1) identify hot moments of conservative and redox sensitive species as short time-periods with disproportionally high levels of concentration, and (ii) associate the transport and/or biogeochemical factors controlling this temporal variability. This data package includes tables from Arora et al. 2016a: Identifying geochemical hot moments and their controls on a contaminated river floodplain system using wavelet and entropy approaches, Environmental modelling & software, 85, 27-41. In particular, files include sampling frequency for geochemical data at the Rifle site, and results of entropy analysis.

U-Pb zircon data for: The Poncha Pass and Deadman Creek areas, northern Sangre de Cristo mountains of south-central Colorado (other, 2019)
Geologic mapping, characterization of geologic structures, and sampling for geochronology was completed in two areas of the northwestern Sangre de Cristo mountains from 2011 through 2017. This data release provides the raw analytical data, metadata and sample information for 20 zircon U-Pb age analyses from laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS). The two areas include the Poncha Pass area where the entire 71/2' Poncha Pass quadrangle and parts of five other quadrangles (Mount Ouray, Maysville, Salida West, Salida East, and Wellsville) were mapped at a scale of 1:24,000 (see Minor and others, 2019). The Deadman thrust fault is the second area, approximately 80 km southwest of the Poncha Pass area, and has been preliminarily mapped at a scale of 1:2,000. Ten new U-Pb ages were determined for each area and include Proterozoic metavolcanic, metasedimentary, and metaigneous rocks as well as non-metamorphosed felsic intrusive rocks of upper Mesozoic-Cenozoic age in the Poncha area. Rocks dated in the Deadman area include Proterozoic basement rocks, detrital zircons in Paleozoic sedimentary rocks, and Mesozoic- Cenozoic felsic intrusive rocks. Minor, S.A., Caine, J.S., Ruleman, C.A., Fridrich, C.J., Chan, C.F., Brandt, T.R., Holm- Denoma, C.S., Morgan, L.E., Cosca, M.A., and Grauch, V.J.S., 2019, Geologic Map of the Poncha Pass Area, Chaffee, Fremont, and Saguache Counties, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3436, 3 sheets, scale 1:24,000, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3436

Data from: Elevational cline in herbivore abundance driven by a monotonic increase in trophic level sensitivity to aridity - Matthew J. Hecking; Cole T. Symanski; Annika S. Nelson; Kailen A. Mooney (other, 2019)
1. The abiotic environment drives species abundances and distributions both directly and indirectly through effects on multi-trophic species interactions. However, few studies have documented the individual and combined consequences of these direct and indirect effects. 2. We studied an ant-tended aphid along an elevational gradient, where lower elevations were more arid. Hypotheses of stronger species interactions at lower elevations and a greater sensitivity of higher trophic levels to climate led us to predict increased top-down control of aphids by natural enemies (third trophic level) but even stronger protection from mutualist ants (fourth trophic level) with increasing aridity. As a result, we predicted that mutualism strength and aphid abundance would increase with aridity. 3. We documented patterns of aphid abundance and tested for both the direct and multi-trophic indirect effects of aridity on aphid performance. To do so, we used both observational and manipulative methods across two years in replicate high and low elevation valleys, where summer temperatures decreased by 3.7°C and precipitation increased by 27 mm/mo from low to high elevations. 4. Aphid colonies were 75% larger in the most (vs. least) arid sites, and this was best explained by changes in interactions with predators and ants. Aphids were unaffected by the direct effects of the abiotic environment or its indirect effects via host plant quality. In contrast, natural enemy effects increased with aridity; under ant exclusion, natural enemies had no effect on aphids in the least arid sites but depressed colony growth by 252% in the most arid sites. Ant activity also increased with aridity, with ants discovering more aphid colonies and experimental baits and allocating more foragers per aphid, although there was no effect of aridity on ant abundance or community composition. Correspondingly, the mutualist services provided by ants increased with aridity; ants provided no benefits to aphids in the least arid sites but doubled colony growth in the most arid sites. 5. In summary, an elevational cline in herbivore abundance was driven by a monotonic increase in trophic level sensitivity to aridity. These findings illustrate that predicting species responses to climate change will require a multi-trophic perspective.

U-Pb detrital zircon data for: lower Paleozoic sedimentary rocks near Silverton, CO USA (other, 2019)
This Laser ablation ICPMS U-Pb detrital zircon data set supports mapping and stratigraphic interpretations of the Upper Devonian Ignacio Formation in southwestern Colorado (Silverton area). All samples were collected from a measured stratigraphic section called "Sultan Creek South" located at 37.710010 and -107.67530 (Evans and others, 2019). The Ignacio Formation was previously interpreted as Cambrian, but evidence that it is Devonian includes reexamined fossil data and detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology. The Ignacio Formation has a stratigraphic trend of detrital zircon ages shifting from a single ca. 1.7 Ga age peak to bimodal ca. 1.4 Ga and ca. 1.7 Ga age peaks, which represents local source-area unroofing history. Specifically, the upper plate of a Proterozoic thrust system (ca. 1.7 Ga Twilight Gneiss) was eroded prior to exposure of the lower plate (ca. 1.4 Ga Uncompahgre Formation). These results are a significant alternative interpretation of the geologic history of the southern Rocky Mountains.

Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services - IPBES (other, 2019)
IPBES is an independent intergovernmental body comprising over 130 member Governments. Established by Governments in 2012, IPBES provides policymakers with objective scientific assessments about the state of knowledge regarding the planet’s biodiversity, ecosystems and the contributions they make to people, as well as options and actions to protect and sustainably use these vital natural assets. The IPBES Global Assessment of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services represents the landmark product of the first work programme of IPBES (2014-2018). The Global Assessment was initiated following a decision from the IPBES Plenary at its fourth session (IPBES 4, Kuala Lumpur, 2016), and considered by the IPBES Plenary at its seventh session (IPBES 7, Paris, 2019). It is composed of a summary for policymakers, which was approved at IPBES 7, and six chapters, which were accepted at IPBES 7.

Data for the manuscript "HydroMix v1.0: a new Bayesian mixing framework for attributing uncertain hydrological sources" - Bettina Schaefli; Natalie C. Ceperley; Anthony Michelon; Joshua R. Larsen (other, 2019)
This folder contains scripts and datasets used in the manuscript titled " HydroMix v1.0: a new Bayesian mixing framework for attributing uncertain hydrological sources " in the journal Geoscientific Model Development . The article is available for reading at https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2019-69/

U-Pb zircon data for: The Poncha Pass and Deadman Creek areas, northern Sangre de Cristo mountains of south-central Colorado (other, 2019)
Geologic mapping, characterization of geologic structures, and sampling for geochronology was completed in two areas of the northwestern Sangre de Cristo mountains from 2011 through 2017. This data release provides the raw analytical data, metadata and sample information for 20 zircon U-Pb age analyses from laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS). The two areas include the Poncha Pass area where the entire 71/2' Poncha Pass quadrangle and parts of five other quadrangles (Mount Ouray, Maysville, Salida West, Salida East, and Wellsville) were mapped at a scale of 1:24,000 (see Minor and others, 2019). The Deadman thrust fault is the second area, approximately 80 km southwest of the Poncha Pass area, and has been preliminarily mapped at a scale of 1:2,000. Ten new U-Pb ages were determined for each area and include Proterozoic metavolcanic, metasedimentary, and metaigneous rocks as well as non-metamorphosed felsic intrusive rocks of upper Mesozoic-Cenozoic age in the Poncha area. Rocks dated in the Deadman area include Proterozoic basement rocks, detrital zircons in Paleozoic sedimentary rocks, and Mesozoic- Cenozoic felsic intrusive rocks. Minor, S.A., Caine, J.S., Ruleman, C.A., Fridrich, C.J., Chan, C.F., Brandt, T.R., Holm- Denoma, C.S., Morgan, L.E., Cosca, M.A., and Grauch, V.J.S., 2019, Geologic Map of the Poncha Pass Area, Chaffee, Fremont, and Saguache Counties, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3436, 3 sheets, scale 1:24,000, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3436

Data from: Climate change shifts natural selection and the adaptive potential of the perennial forb Boechera stricta in the Rocky Mountains - Jordan B. Bemmels (other, 2019)
Heritable genetic variation is necessary for populations to evolve in response to anthropogenic climate change. However, antagonistic genetic correlations among traits may constrain the rate of adaptation, even if substantial genetic variation exists. We examine potential genetic responses to selection by comparing multivariate genetic variance-covariances of traits and fitness (multivariate Robertson-Price identities) across different environments in a reciprocal transplant experiment of the forb Boechera stricta in the Rocky Mountains. By transplanting populations into four common gardens arrayed along an elevational gradient, and exposing populations to control and snow removal treatments, we simulated future and current climates and snowmelt regimes. Genetic variation in flowering and germination phenology declined in plants moved downslope to warmer, drier sites, suggesting that these traits may have a limited ability to evolve under future climates. Simulated climate change via snow removal altered the strength of selection on flowering traits, but we found little evidence that genetic correlations among traits are likely to affect the rate of adaptation to climate change. Overall, our results suggest that climate change may alter the evolutionary potential of B. stricta, but reduced expression of genetic variation may be a larger impediment to adaptation than constraints imposed by antagonistic genetic correlations.

Data from: Early snowmelt projected to cause population decline in a subalpine plant - Diane R. Campbell (other, 2019)
How climate change influences the dynamics of plant populations is not well understood, as few plant studies have measured responses of vital rates to climatic variables and modeled the impact on population growth. I used 25 years of demographic data to analyze how survival, growth, and fecundity respond to date of spring snow melt for a subalpine plant. Fecundity was estimated by seed production (over 15 years) and also divided into flower number, fruit set, seeds per fruit, and escape from seed predation. Despite no apparent effects on flower number, plants produced more seeds in years with later snowmelt. Survival and probability of flowering were reduced by early snow melt in the previous year. Based on demographic models, earlier snowmelt with warming is expected to lead to negative population growth, driven especially by changes in seedling establishment and seed production. These results provide a rare example of how climate change is expected to influence the dynamics of a plant population. They furthermore illustrate the potential for strong population impacts even in the absence of more commonly reported visual signs, such as earlier blooming or reduced floral display in early melting years.

snowmelt - Amy M. Iler (other, 2019)
Data on first day of bare ground (snowmelt date, shown as day of year; 1 Jan = 1) from a long-term snow monitoring plot monitored by billy barr, near the mid-elevation study population described in the paper (The Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory). snowmeltT1 refers to the date of melt in year t+1 and snowmeltTm1 refers to the date of melt in year t-1.

Data from: Seed size predicts community composition and carbon storage potential of tree communities in rainforest fragments in India’s Western Ghats - Anand M. Osuri; Mahesh Sankaran (other, 2019)
Fragmentation is ubiquitous across tropical forests and drives marked shifts in tree community composition by differentially affecting species’ dispersal, establishment and survival. Such compositional shifts can potentially alter ecosystem-level properties such as above-ground carbon storage, but our understanding of the factors linking compositional shifts to carbon storage is limited. We compared tree communities of contiguous and fragmented tropical rainforests in the Western Ghats (India) and assessed the ability of various plant functional traits associated with seed dispersal, establishment and survival processes to predict species’ responses to fragmentation. Further, we assessed relationships between functional traits that predict tree community turnover and those that govern carbon storage to examine how fragmentation effects on species’ composition can alter the ability of tree communities to store carbon. Seed size, as indexed by seed length, was the best predictor of species’ responses, with larger-seeded species declining in fragments. Across species, seed length was positively correlated with maximum attainable height, which decreased by 10% on average at the community level in fragments. Such shifts towards smaller-seeded communities could decrease forest stature and reduce above-ground carbon stocks by 8%. Synthesis and applications. Our study highlights a previously undescribed mechanism by which fragmentation-driven declines of large-seeded tree species can reduce above-ground carbon stocks by promoting shorter-statured forests. These results imply that strict protection alone might be insufficient, and that a multi-pronged conservation strategy would be required to sustain carbon stocks in tropical forest fragments. Such interventions will need to combine restoration programmes for large-seeded tree species in fragments with broader-scale efforts to maintain hospitable and well-connected landscapes for their seed dispersers.

Fruit/seed traits and phenology of trees in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar - Onja H. Razafindratsima; Amy E. Dunham (other, 2019)
This dataset contains information on fruit/seed traits of plants in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar as well as a summary of their fruiting phenology for the period of July 2012 - June 2014.

Cross-Section Geometry and Sediment-Size Distribution Data from Muddy Creek and North Fork Gunnison River below Paonia Reservoir, Colorado, 2018 - Rodney J Richards; Mark F Henneberg (other, 2019)
This dataset contains cross-section geometry and sediment-size distribution data collected in the fall of 2018 from Muddy Creek and North Fork Gunnison River below Paonia Reservoir, western Colorado. Six cross-sections were surveyed using Real-Time Kinematic Global Navigation Satellite System (RTK-GNSS) methods to document channel geometry below the reservoir in 2015. Those same cross-sections were re-surveyed using the same methods in 2018 to document any changes. One cross-section was surveyed on Muddy Creek below Paonia Reservoir, and five cross-sections were surveyed from North Fork Gunnison River below Paonia Reservoir. All six cross-sections are incorporated in this data release within one shapefile. Pebble counts were performed at each of the six cross-sections to document sediment-size distributions downstream from the reservoir. Four transects were located in the vicinity of each cross-section, where sediment size was measured and recorded. All of the sediment-size distribution data are presented in .CSV files, with one file for each cross-section location incorporating all of the data for each of the four transects at that location.

Influence of hydrological, biogeochemical and temperature transients on subsurface carbon fluxes in a flood plain environment, Biogeochemistry: Dataset - Nick Spycher; Jiamin Wan; Sergi Molins; M. E. Conrad; Bhavna Arora; Tetsu Tokunaga; Carl I. Steefel; Boris Faybishenko; Markus Bill; Wenming Dong; Kenneth Hurst Williams (other, 2019)
Data tables used in Arora et al. 2016b Influence of hydrological, biogeochemical and temperature transients on subsurface carbon fluxes in a flood plain environment. Biogeochemistry, 127(2-3), 367-396. Files include reactive transport model parameters describing soil physical and thermal parameters, geochemical reaction network and rate laws, as well as initial and boundary conditions. The last table documents modeling results with respect to annual carbon fluxes from the site to the river.

Vaccine driven virulence evolution: Consequences of unbalanced reductions in mortality and transmission and implications for pertussis vaccines - C. Jessica Metcalf (other, 2019)
Many vaccines have heterogenous effects across individuals. Additionally, some vaccines do not prevent infection, but reduce disease-associated mortality and transmission. Both of these factors will alter selection pressures on pathogens, and thus shape the evolution of pathogen virulence. We use a mathematical modeling framework to show that 1. the balance of how vaccines reduce transmission vs. mortality, and 2. individual variability in protection conferred, both shape the evolution of pathogen virulence. Epidemiological (burden of disease) and evolutionary (pathogen virulence) outcomes are both worse when vaccines confer smaller reductions in transmission than mortality. Furthermore, outcomes are modulated by variability in vaccine effects, with increased variability limiting the extent of virulence evolution but in some cases preventing eradication. These findings are pertinent to current concerns about the global resurgence of pertussis and the efficacy of pertussis vaccines, as the two classes of these vaccines may reduce disease symptoms without preventing infection and differ in their ability to reduce transmission. Furthermore, these findings point to the importance of generating precise predictions for virulence evolution in B. pertussis (and other similar pathogens) by incorporating empirical characterizations of vaccine effects into models capturing the epidemiological details of this system.

Data release for Geologic Map of the Poncha Pass Area, Chaffee, Fremont, and Saguache Counties, Colorado (other, 2019)
This release presents the GIS data (in GDB, shapefile, and e00 [coverage] formats) and metadata for a 1:24,000-scale geologic map of the Poncha Pass area in central Colorado. A cartographic version of the geologic map, including map unit descriptions, interpretative text, and accessory figures and tables, is being separately published as a U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map (SIM). The map area is irregular in shape, covering all of one 7.5' quadrangle (Poncha Pass) and parts of five others (Mount Ouray, Maysville, Salida West, Salida East, and Wellsville). The map boundaries were drawn to cover all of the "Poncha mountain block", coincident with the approximately 15-kilometer-long northwestern end of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. The map data convey the areal distribution of: (1) Proterozoic basement rocks forming the core of the Poncha mountain block, (2) overlying Tertiary volcanic rocks, (3) Miocene and younger basin-fill deposits, (4) Quaternary surficial glacial and alluvial deposits, and (5) faults and folds affecting all of the above units.

Data from: Transmission pathways and spillover of an erythrocytic bacterial pathogen from domestic cats to wild felids (other, 2019)
Many pathogens infect multiple hosts, and spillover from domestic to wild species poses a significant risk for spread of diseases that threaten wildlife and humans. Documentation of cross-species transmission, and unravelling the mechanisms that drive it, remains a challenge. Focusing on co-occurring domestic and wild felids, we evaluate possible transmission mechanisms and evidence of spillover of 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum' (CMhm), an erythrocytic bacterial parasite of cats. We examine transmission and possibility of spillover by analysing CMhm prevalence, modeling possible transmission pathways, deducing genotypes of CMhm pathogens infecting felid hosts based on sequences of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene, and conducting phylogenetic analyses with ancestral state reconstruction to identify likely cross-species transmission events. Model selection analyses suggest both indirect (i.e., spread via vectors) and direct (i.e., via inter-specific predation) pathways may play a role in CMhm transmission. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that transmission of CMhm appears to predominate within host species, with occasional spillover, at unknown frequency, between species. These analyses are consistent with transmission by predation of smaller cats by larger species, with subsequent within-species persistence after spillover. Our results implicate domestic cats as a source of global dispersal and spillover to wild felids via predation. We contribute to the emerging documentation of predation as a common means of pathogen spillover from domestic to wild cats, including pathogens of global conservation significance. These findings suggest risks for top predators as bioaccumulators of pathogens from subordinate species.

Sample collection information and microsatellite data for Gunnison sage-grouse pre and post translocation (other, 2019)
Maintenance of genetic diversity is important for conserving species, especially those with fragmented habitats and/or ranges. In the absence of natural dispersal, translocation can be used to achieve this goal. However, the long-term impacts from translocation can be expensive and difficult to evaluate. This dataset is used to evaluate genetic change as a result of translocation and represents samples collected before and after translocations were conducted.

The Sagebrush Biome Range Extent, as Derived from Classified Landsat Imagery - Michelle I. Jeffries; Sean P. Finn (other, 2019)
This feature estimates the geographic extent of the sagebrush biome in the United States. It was created for the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agency's (WAFWA) Sagebrush Conservation Strategy publication as a visual for the schematic figures. This layer does not represent the realized distribution of sagebrush and should not be used to summarize statistics about the distribution or precise location of sagebrush across the landscape. This layer is intended to generalize the sagebrush biome distribution using Landsat derived classified vegetation rasters (Rigge at al. 2019), Bureau of Land Management-designated Habitat Management Areas, state-designated Priority Areas for Conservation for sage-grouse, the current range of the Greater Sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), Gunnison Sage-grouse (Centrocercus minimus) and Pygmy Rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis). Rigge, M., Homer, C., Cleeves, L., Meyer, D., Bunde, B., Shi, H., Xian, G., and Bobo, M. 2019. Quantifying western U.S. Rangelands as Fractional Components with Landsat. Remote Sensing of Environment, in Review.

Lupine alkaloid data - Stephen T. Lee; Daniel Cook; Jacob M. Heiling; Rebecca E. Irwin (other, 2019)
This is an Excel file containing one sheet with 23 columns. Each row represents the data and metadata for a single tissue sample from a single individual. Column 1: specifies the species; Column 2: species the individual ID (ID numbers repeat across species); Column 3: specifies the tissue; Column 4: specifies the site that the sample was taken from; Columns 5 and 6: GPS coordinates (degrees.decimal); Column 7: caffeine standard; Columns 8-23: individual alkaloid concentrations (expressed as micrograms/gram), "N/D" indicates that the alkaloid corresponding to a given column was not detected in the sample.

High Resolution Aeromagnetic Survey, Villa Grove, Colorado, USA, 2011 (other, 2019)
This data release includes data collected from the Villa Grove helicopter magnetic survey in northern San Luis Valley and Poncha Pass region in south-central Colorado, USA. The survey area extends over the northern part of Great Sand Dunes National Park, Poncha Pass and vicinity, and into the southern end of the Upper Arkansas Valley. It includes the communities of Crestone, Villa Grove, Saguache, and Salida. Several U.S. Geological Survey programs (including the National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program, Mineral Resources Program, and Geothermal Program), as well as the Colorado Geological Survey, funded the survey. The data are part of studies to help refine our knowledge in this area about the nature of aquifers, the potential for geothermal energy resources, the likelihood of seismic hazards, and the geology of the northern Rio Grande rift.

The East River, Colorado, Watershed: A Mountainous Community Testbed for Improving Predictive Understanding of Multiscale Hydrological-Biogeochemical Dynamics: Dataset (ess_dive, 2019)
This dataset contains snow water, precipitation, and discharge data collected from the East River watershed. This provides insight as to how the watershed works as a system and responds to hydrological perturbations.

Spectral data for quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) clones of different ploidy levels - H. Pai; M. Haagsma; J. Rieksta; K. Helsen; B. T. Greer; D. Sapena; R. Strimbeck; Rozália E Kapás; Bente J. Graae; Benjamin Blonder; Christopher Still (other, 2019)
Data comprise measurements of spectral reflectance for quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) trees at a range of sites in southwestern Colorado near the town of Crested Butte. Spectra were measured in three different ways: hyperspectral measurements of leaves, hyperspectral measurements of bark, and multispectral measurements of canopies. The first two measurements were made using a handheld spectrometer, while the latter were made via airborne imaging from an unmanned aerial system. In addition to these reflectance data, the dataset also includes information on the genotype and/or ploidy level of each sample, as determined by either DNA microsatellite analysis or flow cytometry. All samples are georeferenced. The data include extracted data and raw imagery.

U-Pb detrital zircon data for: lower Paleozoic sedimentary rocks near Silverton, CO USA (other, 2019)
This Laser ablation ICPMS U-Pb detrital zircon data set supports mapping and stratigraphic interpretations of the Upper Devonian Ignacio Formation in southwestern Colorado (Silverton area). All samples were collected from a measured stratigraphic section called "Sultan Creek South" located at 37.710010 and -107.67530 (Evans and others, 2019). The Ignacio Formation was previously interpreted as Cambrian, but evidence that it is Devonian includes reexamined fossil data and detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology. The Ignacio Formation has a stratigraphic trend of detrital zircon ages shifting from a single ca. 1.7 Ga age peak to bimodal ca. 1.4 Ga and ca. 1.7 Ga age peaks, which represents local source-area unroofing history. Specifically, the upper plate of a Proterozoic thrust system (ca. 1.7 Ga Twilight Gneiss) was eroded prior to exposure of the lower plate (ca. 1.4 Ga Uncompahgre Formation). These results are a significant alternative interpretation of the geologic history of the southern Rocky Mountains.

Grand Mesa 2017-02-01 snow depth estimate (other, 2019)
Elevation difference (snow depth estimate for exposed ground surfaces) between co-registered WorldView-3 optical stereo DSM products from 2016-09-25 (snow-off) and 2017-02-01 (snow-on). These are preliminary products from the Stereo2SWE workflow, used to derive snow depth estimates from time series of very-high-resolution commercial stereo imagery. More formal releases of data products will be available in the coming years. Analysis of this dataset is presented in the following publication: McGrath, D., Webb, R., Shean, D., Bonnell, R., Marshall, H-P., Painter, T., Molotch, N., Elder, K., Hiemstra, C., Brucker, L., (2019), Spatially Extensive Ground-Penetrating Radar Snow Depth Observations During NASA's 2017 SnowEx Campaign: Comparison With In Situ, Airborne, and Satellite Observations, Water Resources Research, 55 (19), 10026-10036, doi:10.1029/2019WR024907. If you use these data, please cite the above publication.

NOAA_CB_data - Regan Cross; Jessica R. K. Forrest; Paul J. CaraDonna (other, 2018)
Processed data from NOAA's Crested Butte weather station. Please see README file for details.

Cross-Section Geometry at Two Bridges over the Gunnison River in Western Colorado, 2016-17 - Mark F Henneberg (other, 2018)
This dataset contains cross-section surveys of the Gunnison River at Colorado Department of Transportation bridges I-04-K and I-03-A, western Colorado, 2016-17. The surveys were performed using a combination of: Trimble R8 Real-Time Kinematic Global Navigation Satellite System (RTK-GNSS) receiver, a USGS bridge crane with sounding weights, and optical levels. During surveys performed in 2016, a base was established at each bridge using the RTK-GNSS equipment. Subsequent surveys of channel geometry were performed using optical levels for ground surface observations above the water line and sounding weights for streambed observations below the water line, referenced to the base established in 2016. Streambed elevations were interpolated at 10 foot intervals between the measured points for both bridges because measured elevations were not always obtained at the exact same stationing from 2016 to 2017. Additionally, streambed elevations were interpolated at 5 foot intervals for stations within 20 feet of either side of the monitored piers. Stationing and elevation data are presented in the .CSV files, with one file for each bridge. Discussion of these data is presented in Henneberg (2018) USGS Scientific Investigations Report, Real-Time Streambed Scour Monitoring at Two Bridges over the Gunnison River in Western Colorado, 2016-17." These data were collected in cooperation with the Colorado Department of Transportation.

Model output and meta-analysis data from INTERFACE paper (other, 2018)
Model output and meta-analysis data from model-experiment comparison that came out of INTERFACE workshop. Includes output from five soil carbon models and a meta-analysis of warming and litter addition experiments. Code is posted at: https://github.com/bsulman/INTERFACE-model-experiment-synthesis

Data from: Short-term, low-level nitrogen deposition dampens a trophic cascade between bears and plants - Joshua B. Grinath (other, 2018)
Human activities have substantially increased atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition in ecosystems worldwide, often leading to higher plant quality for herbivores and greater herbivory. Predators frequently suppress herbivores and indirectly benefit plants via ‘trophic cascades’, and the strength of these interactions can also depend on N availability. However, the evidence for N deposition effects on cascades primarily comes from studies of high-level N deposition. Most terrestrial ecosystems currently receive elevated, but low-level N deposition, and it is unclear whether this subtle N enrichment has any effect on cascades. Here, I asked whether low-level N deposition alters a trophic cascade from black bears to plants in Colorado. In this ecological network, bears indirectly benefit plants by consuming ants and suppressing positive effects of ants on herbivores. Using a three year N enrichment experiment, I assessed changes in this cascade by measuring plant and arthropod responses to simulated N deposition, bear damage to ant nests, and the presence of mutualist herbivores and ants. I found that low-level N enrichment and bears had interacting effects on plant reproduction. In ambient N conditions, bears indirectly increased plant reproduction by causing ant nests to become inactive and suppressing positive ant effects on herbivores that were detrimental for plants. Yet, bear-induced ant nest inactivity had no effect on plant reproduction in N-enriched conditions. When N was added, ants had greater positive effects on herbivores, but herbivores had weak effects on plants, potentially because plants were more resistant to herbivores. Ultimately, the results indicate that N enrichment strengthened resource control of the community and weakened plant-herbivore interactions and the cascade from bears to plants. This study suggests that common rates of low-level N deposition are changing the strength of trophic cascades and may have already altered resource vs. consumer control of ecological community structure in many ecosystems.

Relatedness matrix - Robert Wayne; Tiffany Armenta; Daniel T. Blumstein (other, 2018)
This data file contains a matrix of genetic kinship for the 43 individual marmots analyzed in this study. Kinship was calculated as pair-wise relatedness between individuals based on genotypes taken from 12 microsatellite loci (detailed genotyping methods described in Blumstein et al. 2010 doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.01967.x).

Trait data for the 43 individuals/RNA samples - Tiffany Armenta; Daniel T. Blumstein (other, 2018)
This data file contains trait information concerning the 43 individual marmots, or their blood samples (one per individual), analyzed in this study. Much of the data was collected in the field (e.g., sex, dispersal status), whereas other data were collected in the lab (e.g., RIN score, cell counts). "jdate" signifies Julien date.

Appendix 2 Metadata (CSV) - Bente J. Graae; Rebecca M. Dalton; Jacob M. Heiling; Benjamin Blonder (other, 2018)

Osmia_iridis_summer_duration_expt_2013-14 - Regan Cross; Jessica R. K. Forrest; Paul J. CaraDonna (other, 2018)
Please see README file.

Osmia_iridis_parsivoltinism_stats - Regan Cross; Jessica R. K. Forrest; Paul J. CaraDonna (other, 2018)
Data used to generate Fig. 6. Please see README file for details.

natural_populations_individual - Emily Mattoon; Ansley McDurmon; Priya Vaidya; Michaela Keefe; Robin Bingham (other, 2018)
This file contains data from transects in natural populations on individual plants. This dataset supports the section on the methods and results called "Environmental correlates of flower color variation"

common_garden - Emily Mattoon; Ansley McDurmon; Priya Vaidya; Robin Bingham; Michaela Keefe (other, 2018)
This file contains the data for family-level analyses of the common garden experiment.

Appendix 1 (GRI) - Rebecca M. Dalton; Bente J. Graae; Jacob M. Heiling; Benjamin Blonder (other, 2018)
Kriged maps of microenvironment variables in global coordinates (Arc Grid format).

marmot_ipm_transientLTRE: First release - Adriana A. Maldonado-Chaparro (other, 2018)
Code as implemented in the paper "Transient LTRE analysis reveals the demographic and trait mediated processes that buffer population growth"

Data from: Cumulative reproductive costs on current reproduction in a wild polytocous mammal - Jane M. Reid; Svenja B. Kroeger; Kenneth B. Armitage; Julien G. A. Martin; Daniel T. Blumstein (other, 2018)
The cumulative cost of reproduction hypothesis predicts that reproductive costs accumulate over an individual’s reproductive lifespan. While short-term costs have been extensively explored, the prevalence of cumulative long-term costs and the circumstances under which such costs occur alongside or instead of short-term costs, are far from clear. Indeed, few studies have simultaneously tested for both short-term and cumulative long-term reproductive costs in natural populations. Even in mammals, comparatively little is known about cumulative effects of previous reproduction, especially in species with high variation in offspring numbers, where costs could vary among successful reproductive events. Here, we quantify effects of previous short-term and cumulative long-term reproduction on current reproduction probability and litter size in wild female yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventer), and test how these effects vary with age and between two contrasting environments. We provide evidence for cumulative long-term effects: females that had both reproduced frequently and weaned large litters on average in previous years had decreased current reproduction probability. We found no evidence for short-term reproductive costs between reproductive bouts. However, females weaned larger litters when they had weaned larger litters on average in previous years, and had lower current reproduction probability when their previous reproductive success was low. Together these results suggest that, alongside persistent among-individual variation, long-term reproductive history affects current reproductive success.

Data from: Age, state, environment and season dependence of senescence in body mass - Svenja B. Kroeger; Jane M. Reid; Kenneth B. Armitage; Julien G. A. Martin; Daniel T. Blumstein (other, 2018)
[No abstract entered]

Data from: Transgenerational and within-generation plasticity in response to climate change: insights from a manipulative field experiment across an elevational gradient - Rachel M. MacTavish; Susana M. Wadgymar (other, 2018)
Parental environmental effects, or transgenerational plasticity, can influence an individual’s phenotype or fitness, yet remain underexplored in the context of global change. Using the perennial self-pollinating plant Boechera stricta, we explored the effects of climate change on transgenerational and within-generation plasticity in dormancy, germination, growth, and survival. We first conducted a snow removal experiment in the field, in which we transplanted 16 families of known origin into three common gardens at different elevations and exposed half of the siblings to contemporary snow dynamics and half to early snow removal. We planted the offspring of these individuals in a factorial manipulation of temperature and water level in the growth chamber, and reciprocally transplanted them across all parental environments in the field. The growth chamber experiment revealed that the effects of transgenerational plasticity persist in traits expressed after establishment, even when accounting for parental effects on seed mass. The field experiment showed that transgenerational and within-generation plasticity can interact and that plasticity varies clinally in populations distributed across elevations. These findings demonstrate that transgenerational plasticity can influence fitness-related traits and should be incorporated in studies of biological responses to climate change.

Data from: Young inversion with multiple linked QTLs under selection in a hybrid zone (other, 2018)
Fixed chromosomal inversions can reduce gene flow and promote speciation in two ways: by suppressing recombination and by carrying locally favoured alleles at multiple loci. However, it is unknown whether favoured mutations slowly accumulate on older inversions or if young inversions spread because they capture pre-existing adaptive quantitative trait loci (QTLs). By genetic mapping, chromosome painting and genome sequencing, we have identified a major inversion controlling ecologically important traits in Boechera stricta. The inversion arose since the last glaciation and subsequently reached local high frequency in a hybrid speciation zone. Furthermore, the inversion shows signs of positive directional selection. To test whether the inversion could have captured existing, linked QTLs, we crossed standard, collinear haplotypes from the hybrid zone and found multiple linked phenology QTLs within the inversion region. These findings provide the first direct evidence that linked, locally adapted QTLs may be captured by young inversions during incipient speciation.

greenhouse_experiment - Ansley McDurmon; Robin Bingham; Priya Vaidya; Emily Mattoon; Michaela Keefe (other, 2018)
This file contains data from the greenhouse experiment.

NOAA_CB_DD12_1950-2015 - Regan Cross; Jessica R. K. Forrest; Paul J. CaraDonna (other, 2018)
Please see README file.

pivot points and responses by polygon - Seth M. Munson; David P. Thoma; Dana L. Witwicki (other, 2018)
Data from: Thoma, D.P., S.M. Munson & D.L. Witwicki 2018. Landscape pivot points and responses to water balance in national parks of the southwest U.S. Contact: David Thoma Dave_thoma@nps.gov 406-994-7725 These data are the polygon attributes and linear regression coefficients of iNDVI and water balance relations for years 2000-2014 where we found significant relationships (P-val < 0.10). Polygons greater than 6.25 ha (the area of a single MODIS pixel) were delineated along ecological site boundaries or, in areas where ecological sites have not been mapped, along soil or vegetation map unit boundaries (Witwicki et al. 2016). Ecological sites are unique combinations of vegetation and soil properties that provide an organizing framework for understanding management-relevant patterns in production at landscape scales (Herrick et al 2006; Munson et al. 2016b). Data from this digital file were used to create figures 3-5 in “Landscape pivot points and responses to water balance in national parks of the southwest U.S.” Column definitions Park: four letter code that identifies park unit arch = Arches National Park blca = Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park cure = Curecanti National Recreation Area cany = Canyonlands National Park care = Capitol Reef National Park dino = Dinosaur National Monument zion = Zion National Park Polygon: polygon identifier randomly generated Area: polygon area (hectares) Latitude: latitude in decimal degrees based on the World Geodetic System (WGS) 1984 Longitude: longitude in decimal degrees based on the World Geodetic System (WGS) 1984 Waterbalance: a water balance variable significantly related to annual production (iNDVI) for the polygon D= annual sum water deficit (mm) AET = annual sum actual evapotranspiration (mm) PCRP = annual sum precipitation (mm) SM = annual average soil moisture (mm) Response: slope of the regression between annual production and annual water balance. Units are change in iNDVI per 1000 mm of water balance term listed in the Waterbalance column Pivot: the pivot point, the water balance amounts at which production shifted from above to below average values for the polygon and associated water balance variable. SE: standard error of the pivot point (mm) Correlation: Pearson’s correlation between iNDVI and annual water balance rsq: coefficient of determination of the regression between iNDVI and annual water balance pval: p value of the regression between iNDVI and annual water balance slope: topographic slope of the ground surface (degrees) at the center of the target polygon aspect: topographic aspect (degrees) at the center of the target polygon whc: spatially weighted polygon average of water holding capacity (millimeters) which is water at field capacity minus water at wilting point in the top meter of soil. Field capacity is water remaining in the soil after excess has drained by gravity (−0.33 bar suction pressure). Permanent wilting point is water held too tightly for plant use ( −15 bar of suction pressure). Sand: spatially weighted polygon average of percent sand in top meter of soil that intersected the target polygon Clay: spatially weighted polygon average of percent clay in top meter of soil that intersected the target polygon Soil Depth: spatially weighted polygon average depth of soil (centimeters) that intersected the target polygon Vegetation: dominant vegetation type of the target polygon Elevation: elevation (meters) at the center of the target polygon Annual PCRP: annual sum of precipitation at center of the target polygon (millimeters)

Appendix 4 Metadata (CSV) - Bente J. Graae; Rebecca M. Dalton; Jacob M. Heiling; Benjamin Blonder (other, 2018)

Appendix 3 (CSV) - Rebecca M. Dalton; Bente J. Graae; Jacob M. Heiling; Benjamin Blonder (other, 2018)
Complete plant census data in all plots for years 2014-2017, transformed into format suitable for spatial analyses (CSV format with text metadata).

Data from: Atypical flowers can be as profitable as typical hummingbird flowers - Mary V. Price; Nickolas M. Waser; Paul J. CaraDonna (other, 2018)
In western North America, hummingbirds can be observed systematically visiting flowers that lack the typical reddish color, tubular morphology, and dilute nectar of "hummingbird flowers". Curious about this behavior, we asked whether these atypical flowers are energetically profitable for hummingbirds. Our field measurements of nectar content and hummingbird foraging speeds, taken over four decades at multiple localities, show that atypical flowers can be as profitable as typical ones and suggest that the profit can support 24-hr metabolic requirements of the birds. Thus, atypical flowers may contribute to successful migration of hummingbirds, enhance their population densities, and allow them to occupy areas seemingly depauperate in suitable resources. These results illustrate what can be gained by attending to the unexpected.

dataRetrieval - David Watkins; J Michael Johnson; Laura A DeCicco; Robert M Hirsch; David Lorenz (other, 2018)
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) developed an R package called dataRetrieval to help simplify the process of discovering and retrieving water quality sample data, streamflow, groundwater, and other data available from Federal hydrologic web services such as National Water Information Systems (NWIS), the EPA Water Quality Exchange (WQX) System, and the National Hydrologic Dataset via the Hydro-Network-linked Data Index (NLDI)

Data for Tritium deposition in precipitation in the United States, 1953 - 2023 (ver. 2.0, May 2023) - Bryant Jurgens (other, 2018)

ASO L4 Lidar Snow Water Equivalent 50m UTM Grid, Version 1 - Thomas Painter (other, 2018)

ASO L4 Lidar Snow Depth 50m UTM Grid, Version 1 - Thomas Painter (other, 2018)

Gunnison Sage-grouse (Centrocercus minimus) bGUSGx_CONUS_2001v1 Habitat Map - Ken Boykin (other, 2018)
This dataset represents a species habitat distribution map for Gunnison Sage-grouse (Centrocercus minimus) within the conterminous United States (CONUS) based on 2001 ground conditions. This habitat map was created by applying a deductive habitat model to remotely-sensed data layers within the species' known range. See Gap Analysis Project Species Habitat Maps for more information regarding model process and user constraints. For species specific model information, see the attached Species Habitat Model Report.

Gunnison Sage-grouse (Centrocercus minimus) bGUSGx_CONUS_2001v1 Range Map - Jeff Lonneker (other, 2018)
This dataset represents a species known range extent for Gunnison Sage-grouse (Centrocercus minimus) within the conterminous United States (CONUS) based on 2001 ground conditions. This range map was created by attributing sub-watershed polygons with information of a species' presence, origin, seasonal and reproductive use. See Gap Analysis Project Species Range Maps for more information regarding data creation and user constraints. For species specific range information, see the attached Range data.

Data from: Progressive sensitivity of trophic levels to warming underlies an elevational gradient in ant-aphid mutualism strength - Jessica D. Pratt; Riley T. Pratt; Cathrine Prenot; Cole T. Symanski; Richard Alexander Smith; Annika S. Nelson; Kailen A. Mooney (other, 2018)
Although species interactions are often proposed to be stronger at lower latitudes and elevations, few studies have evaluated the mechanisms driving such patterns. In this study, we assessed whether, and by which mechanisms, abiotic changes associated with elevation altered the outcome of an ant-aphid protection mutualism. To do so, we characterized the multi-trophic interactions among the ant Formica podzolica, the aphid Aphis varians, and aphid natural enemies occurring on the plant Chamerion angustifolium within replicate high and low elevation valleys. Low (vs. high) elevation sites had longer summers (snowmelt 13 days earlier) and were on average 1.1°C warmer and 41% drier throughout the year. At low elevations, individual ant colonies consumed approximately double the volume of carbohydrate baits, likely due to a higher foraging tempo, and possibly due to a greater demand for sugar- vs. protein-rich resources (as indicated by stable isotope analysis). Wild aphid colonies at low elevations were visited by 1.4-fold more natural enemies (controlling for variation in aphid abundance), while experimental aphid colonies on potted plants were tended 52% more frequently by ants. As a result, ants increased aphid colony survival by 66% at low elevations but had no detectable effect at high elevations; at low (vs. high) elevations aphid colonies without ants had lower survival, demonstrating stronger predator effects, while aphid colonies with ants had higher survival, demonstrating even stronger ant benefits. Analyses for the effects of mean summer temperature yielded qualitatively identical results to those based on elevation. Collectively, these findings support predictions for a greater sensitivity of higher trophic levels to warming and demonstrate how species interactions can vary across environmental gradients due to simultaneous changes in species traits and abundances across multiple trophic levels.

Transmission_models (other, 2018)
All code (.R) and raw data necessary to run model selection analyses of 'Ca. Mycoplasma haemominutum' transmission among felids as described in Kellner et al. 2018.

Phylogenetics.zip (other, 2018)
Sequence alignment (.fas) and information associated with phylogenetic analysis and ancestral state reconstruction in Kellner et al. 2018.

Data from: Interaction rewiring and the rapid turnover of plant-pollinator networks - James L. Cunningham; Ross M. Brennan; Nathan J. Sanders; Nickolas M. Waser; Paul J. CaraDonna; William K. Petry (other, 2018)
Whether species interactions are static or change over time has wide-reaching ecological and evolutionary consequences. However, species interaction networks are typically constructed from temporally aggregated interaction data, thereby implicitly assuming that interactions are fixed. This approach has advanced our understanding of communities, but it obscures the timescale at which interactions form (or dissolve) and the drivers and consequences of such dynamics. We address this knowledge gap by quantifying the within-season turnover of plant–pollinator interactions from weekly censuses across 3 years in a subalpine ecosystem. Week-to-week turnover of interactions (1) was high, (2) followed a consistent seasonal progression in all years of study and (3) was dominated by interaction rewiring (the reassembly of interactions among species). Simulation models revealed that species' phenologies and relative abundances constrained both total interaction turnover and rewiring. Our findings reveal the diversity of species interactions that may be missed when the temporal dynamics of networks are ignored.

Data from: Microenvironment and functional-trait context dependence predict alpine plant community dynamics - Bente J. Graae; Jacob M. Heiling; Rebecca M. Dalton; Benjamin Blonder (other, 2018)
Predicting the structure and dynamics of communities is difficult. Approaches linking functional traits to niche boundaries, species co‐occurrence and demography are promising, but have so far had limited success. We hypothesized that predictability in community ecology could be improved by incorporating more accurate measures of fine‐scale environmental heterogeneity and the context‐dependent function of traits. We tested these hypotheses using long term whole‐community demography data from an alpine plant community in Colorado. Species distributions along microenvironmental gradients covaried with traits important for below‐ground processes. Positive associations between species distributions across life stages could not be explained by abiotic microenvironment alone, consistent with facilitative processes. Rates of growth, survival, fecundity and recruitment were predicted by the direct and interactive effects of trait, microenvironment, macroenvironment and neighbourhood axes. Synthesis. Context‐dependent interactions between multiple traits and microenvironmental axes are needed to predict fine‐scale community structure and dynamics.

Data release of OSL, 14C, and U-series age data supporting geologic mapping along the South Platte River corridor in northeastern Colorado - Margaret E. Berry (other, 2018)
In conjunction with geologic mapping of four 7.5′ quadrangles along the South Platte River corridor in northeastern Colorado (Masters, Orchard, Weldona, and Fort Morgan), geochronology samples were collected and analyzed using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), radiocarbon (14C), or U-series methods to provide age control for mapping units. This section of river corridor is largely covered by surficial deposits that formed from alluvial, eolian, and hillslope processes operating in concert with environmental changes from the Pleistocene to the present. The South Platte River originates high in the Colorado Rocky Mountains and recurrent glaciation of basin headwaters has affected river discharge and sediment supply far downstream, [...]

Iron_Vegetation_Modifiedwhitakerplots (other, 2018)
Initial baseline (2016 or 2017) Modified Whitaker Plots conducted for sites associated with the interactive Roaring Fork Observation Network (iRON) in the Southern Rockies of Colorado. Plots were all 20m x 50m and taken using the Modified Whitaker Plot Method.

ARM: KAZRCFRGE (2018)
[object Object]

Heiling.et.al.Oikos.2018.data - Heather Ellison; Trevor Ledbetter; Jacob M. Heiling; Rebecca E. Irwin (other, 2018)
An Excel workbook of data for Heiling et al 2018. First sheet is a metadata file, all other sheets are arrange chronologically. Sheet names describe the analysis the data were used for.

Appendix 3 Metadata (CSV) - Rebecca M. Dalton; Bente J. Graae; Jacob M. Heiling; Benjamin Blonder (other, 2018)

Appendix 1 Metadata (CSV) - Rebecca M. Dalton; Bente J. Graae; Jacob M. Heiling; Benjamin Blonder (other, 2018)

Iron_Soil Moisture_Calibrated_2013 To 2018 (other, 2018)
*** An error has been caught in time codes. The time codes currently read GMT-5:00. The CORRECT time code is GMT-7:00 for all datasets .*** These data are the complete data set from installation through March 15, 2018 for AGCI's interactive Roaring Fork Observation Network (iRON). The network consists of 9 stations in the Southern Rockies (Colorado, USA). Descriptions of soil type and site locations can be found at: www.agci.org/iron/stations Please note: Measurements taken for rain are recorded via tipping bucket rain gauge and may not be accurate for winter precipitation events (e.g. snow). Error readings are represented by -888.88, -138.25, or -162.469 represents a sensor error. Absent data is represented by N/A. Sensors used for soil moisture readings are Decagon EC-5 Dielectric probe (5cm/2in depth); Decagon 10-HS (20cm/8in; 50cm/20in depths). All other equipment is Onset, and the logger device is the RX3000 model. Data collection is generally set to every 20 minutes (most stations) or every hour (Independence Pass station), but maintenance resets, etc. may occasionally have contributed to other collection intervals, e.g. every 5 minutes. Conversely, on occasions of logger failure, there may be full days of data absent. Snow data are available for Northstar Transition Zone and Independence Pass by request. Updated calibrations (V2) are anticipated in the summer of 2018 for the following stations: Glassier Ranch (3), Glenwood Springs (5), Northstar Transition Zone (7), Spring Valley (8) Some instruments have been replaced over the life of a station. In 2015, all original U30 logger boxes were replaced with the RX3000 model. For complete metadata or records of instrumentation, please contact project advisor E. Osenga at eliseo at agci.org. **Glassier Ranch site is a wetland and the soils are often completely saturated (leading to sensor difficulties in taking accurate readings) much of the year.

Iron_Soil_Moisture_Uncalibrated_2013_2017 (other, 2018)
These data are the complete data set from installation through Dec 31, 2017 for AGCI's interactive Roaring Fork Observation Network (iRON). The network consists of 9 stations in the Southern Rockies (Colorado, USA). Descriptions of soil type and site locations can be found at: www.agci.org/iron/stations Please note that these soil moisture data readings are uncalibrated . Measurements taken for rain are recorded via tipping bucket rain gauge and may not be accurate for winter precipitation events (e.g. snow). Blank spaces represent absent or false readings. -888.88, -138.25, or -162.469 represents a sensor error. Sensors used for soil moisture readings are Decagon EC-5 Dielectric probe (5cm/2in depth); Decagon 10-HS (20cm/8in; 50cm/20in depths). All other equipment is Onset, and the logger device is the RX3000 model. Data collection is generally set to every 20 minutes (most stations) or every hour (Independence Pass station), but maintenance resets, etc. may occasionally have contributed to other collection intervals, e.g. every 5 minutes. Conversely, on occasions of logger failure, there may be full days of data absent. A V1 set of the data, planned for release in summer of 2018 will provided cleaned and calibrated versions of the data. Some instruments have been replaced over the life of a station. In 2015, all original U30 logger boxes were replaced with the RX3000 model. For complete metadata or records of instrumentation, please contact project advisor E. Osenga at eliseo at agci.org.

Iron_Soil_Moisture_Uncalibrated_2013_2017 (other, 2018)
These data are the complete data set from installation through Dec 31, 2017 for AGCI's interactive Roaring Fork Observation Network (iRON). The network consists of 9 stations in the Southern Rockies (Colorado, USA). Descriptions of soil type and site locations can be found at: www.agci.org/iron/stations Please note that these soil moisture data readings are uncalibrated . Measurements taken for rain are recorded via tipping bucket rain gauge and may not be accurate for winter precipitation events (e.g. snow). Blank spaces represent absent or false readings. -888.88, -138.25, or -162.469 represents a sensor error. Sensors used for soil moisture readings are Decagon EC-5 Dielectric probe (5cm/2in depth); Decagon 10-HS (20cm/8in; 50cm/20in depths). All other equipment is Onset, and the logger device is the RX3000 model. Data collection is generally set to every 20 minutes (most stations) or every hour (Independence Pass station), but maintenance resets, etc. may occasionally have contributed to other collection intervals, e.g. every 5 minutes. Conversely, on occasions of logger failure, there may be full days of data absent. A V1 set of the data, planned for release in summer of 2018 will provided cleaned and calibrated versions of the data. Some instruments have been replaced over the life of a station. In 2015, all original U30 logger boxes were replaced with the RX3000 model. For complete metadata or records of instrumentation, please contact project advisor E. Osenga at eliseo at agci.org.

Transmission_models (other, 2018)
All code (.R) and raw data necessary to run model selection analyses of 'Ca. Mycoplasma haemominutum' transmission among felids as described in Kellner et al. 2018.

Iron_Soil Moisture_Calibrated_2013 To 2018 (other, 2018)
*** An error has been caught in time codes. The time codes currently read GMT-5:00. The CORRECT time code is GMT-7:00 for all datasets .*** These data are the complete data set from installation through March 15, 2018 for AGCI's interactive Roaring Fork Observation Network (iRON). The network consists of 9 stations in the Southern Rockies (Colorado, USA). Descriptions of soil type and site locations can be found at: www.agci.org/iron/stations Please note: Measurements taken for rain are recorded via tipping bucket rain gauge and may not be accurate for winter precipitation events (e.g. snow). Error readings are represented by -888.88, -138.25, or -162.469 represents a sensor error. Absent data is represented by N/A. Sensors used for soil moisture readings are Decagon EC-5 Dielectric probe (5cm/2in depth); Decagon 10-HS (20cm/8in; 50cm/20in depths). All other equipment is Onset, and the logger device is the RX3000 model. Data collection is generally set to every 20 minutes (most stations) or every hour (Independence Pass station), but maintenance resets, etc. may occasionally have contributed to other collection intervals, e.g. every 5 minutes. Conversely, on occasions of logger failure, there may be full days of data absent. Snow data are available for Northstar Transition Zone and Independence Pass by request. Updated calibrations (V2) are anticipated in the summer of 2018 for the following stations: Glassier Ranch (3), Glenwood Springs (5), Northstar Transition Zone (7), Spring Valley (8) Some instruments have been replaced over the life of a station. In 2015, all original U30 logger boxes were replaced with the RX3000 model. For complete metadata or records of instrumentation, please contact project advisor E. Osenga at eliseo at agci.org. **Glassier Ranch site is a wetland and the soils are often completely saturated (leading to sensor difficulties in taking accurate readings) much of the year.

natural_populations_plot - Priya Vaidya; Emily Mattoon; Ansley McDurmon; Robin Bingham; Michaela Keefe (other, 2018)
This file contains the data to analyze the environmental correlates of flower color variation. The results are laid out in the text (Environmental correlates of flower color variation) and Table S3.

Iron_Vegetation_Modifiedwhitakerplots (other, 2018)
Initial baseline (2016 or 2017) Modified Whitaker Plots conducted for sites associated with the interactive Roaring Fork Observation Network (iRON) in the Southern Rockies of Colorado. Plots were all 20m x 50m and taken using the Modified Whitaker Plot Method.

Iron_Soil_Moisture_Uncalibrated_2013_2017 (other, 2018)
These data are the complete data set from installation through Dec 31, 2017 for AGCI's interactive Roaring Fork Observation Network (iRON). The network consists of 9 stations in the Southern Rockies (Colorado, USA). Descriptions of soil type and site locations can be found at: www.agci.org/iron/stations Please note that these soil moisture data readings are uncalibrated . Measurements taken for rain are recorded via tipping bucket rain gauge and may not be accurate for winter precipitation events (e.g. snow). Blank spaces represent absent or false readings. -888.88, -138.25, or -162.469 represents a sensor error. Sensors used for soil moisture readings are Decagon EC-5 Dielectric probe (5cm/2in depth); Decagon 10-HS (20cm/8in; 50cm/20in depths). All other equipment is Onset, and the logger device is the RX3000 model. Data collection is generally set to every 20 minutes (most stations) or every hour (Independence Pass station), but maintenance resets, etc. may occasionally have contributed to other collection intervals, e.g. every 5 minutes. Conversely, on occasions of logger failure, there may be full days of data absent. A V1 set of the data, planned for release in summer of 2018 will provided cleaned and calibrated versions of the data. Some instruments have been replaced over the life of a station. In 2015, all original U30 logger boxes were replaced with the RX3000 model. For complete metadata or records of instrumentation, please contact project advisor E. Osenga at eliseo at agci.org.

Appendix 1 (GRD) - Rebecca M. Dalton; Bente J. Graae; Jacob M. Heiling; Benjamin Blonder (other, 2018)
Kriged maps of microenvironment variables in global coordinates (Arc Grid format).

Osmia_iridis_2015_summer_incubator_expt - Regan Cross; Jessica R. K. Forrest; Paul J. CaraDonna (other, 2018)
Data used to generate Fig. 3A-B. Please see README file for details.

Osmia_iridis_development_by_DD_2015-16 - Regan Cross; Jessica R. K. Forrest; Paul J. CaraDonna (other, 2018)
Data used to generate Fig. 4. Please see README file for details.

Grand Mesa Study Plot (other, 2018)
Cleaned (quality checked) and continuous hourly records of snow energy and mass balance variables from Grand Mesa Study Plot (GMSP). GMSP is located in an opening in a pine forest on the northern rim of the Grand Mesa (39.050802, -108.061435) in west central Colorado at 3239 m. The site was funded by the USGS (poc: Jayne Belnap), installed by the Center for Snow and Avalanche Studies (poc: Jeff Derry), and is maintained by the Snow Optics Laboratory at NASA- JPL (poc: Thomas Painter). The study plot is primarily used to assess the spatial variability in the hydrologic impacts of dust on snow (see Skiles et al., 2015, DOI: 10.1002/hyp.10569). Real time data can be retried from MesoWest (station ID: GMSPC). The study plot consists of a snow profile plot that contains a tower holding the instrumentation array. Tower measurements include wind speed and direction, air temperature and relative humidity, snowpack depth, incoming and outgoing broadband (BB; 0.285 2.800 m) and near-infrared/shortwave-infrared (NIR/SWIR; 0.695 2.800 m) solar radiation, and incoming longwave radiation values. Precipitation is from the nearby Mesa Lakes Snow Telemetry site (SNOTEL; NRCS), which is located approximately 500m north of GMSP at 3048m under the assumption that precipitation is similar at the two sites. Variables are accompanied by notes in adjacent columns to indicate if the value is measured, interpolated, or 'cleaned' (i.e snow depths are set to 0 after the snow depletion date). Note: Grand Mesa was a field site for the NASA SnowEx field campaign in Year 1 (2017), and will be again Year 3 (2019). GMSP is/was within airborne flight domains. Dataset point of contact: S. McKenzie Skiles, Department of Geography, University of Utah (m.skiles@geog.utah.edu)

Forrest_HOBO_data_May2013-Dec2016 - Regan Cross; Jessica R. K. Forrest; Paul J. CaraDonna (other, 2018)
Temperature data from field sites. Please see README file for details.

Grand Mesa Study Plot (other, 2018)
Cleaned (quality checked) and continuous hourly records of snow energy and mass balance variables from Grand Mesa Study Plot (GMSP). GMSP is located in an opening in a pine forest on the northern rim of the Grand Mesa (39.050802, -108.061435) in west central Colorado at 3239 m. The site was funded by the USGS (poc: Jayne Belnap), installed by the Center for Snow and Avalanche Studies (poc: Jeff Derry), and is maintained by the Snow Optics Laboratory at NASA- JPL (poc: Thomas Painter). The study plot is primarily used to assess the spatial variability in the hydrologic impacts of dust on snow (see Skiles et al., 2015, DOI: 10.1002/hyp.10569). Real time data can be retried from MesoWest (station ID: GMSPC). The study plot consists of a snow profile plot that contains a tower holding the instrumentation array. Tower measurements include wind speed and direction, air temperature and relative humidity, snowpack depth, incoming and outgoing broadband (BB; 0.285–2.800 μm) and near-infrared/shortwave-infrared (NIR/SWIR; 0.695–2.800 μm) solar radiation, and incoming longwave radiation values. Precipitation is from the nearby ‘Mesa Lakes’ Snow Telemetry site (SNOTEL; NRCS), which is located approximately 500m north of GMSP at 3048m under the assumption that precipitation is similar at the two sites. Variables are accompanied by notes in adjacent columns to indicate if the value is measured, interpolated, or 'cleaned' (i.e snow depths are set to 0 after the snow depletion date). Note: Grand Mesa was a field site for the NASA SnowEx field campaign in Year 1 (2017), and will be again Year 3 (2019). GMSP is/was within airborne flight domains. Dataset point of contact: S. McKenzie Skiles, Department of Geography, University of Utah (m.skiles@geog.utah.edu)

Iron_Soil_Moisture_Uncalibrated_2013_2017 (other, 2018)
These data are the complete data set from installation through Dec 31, 2017 for AGCI's interactive Roaring Fork Observation Network (iRON). The network consists of 9 stations in the Southern Rockies (Colorado, USA). Descriptions of soil type and site locations can be found at: www.agci.org/iron/stations Please note that these soil moisture data readings are uncalibrated . Measurements taken for rain are recorded via tipping bucket rain gauge and may not be accurate for winter precipitation events (e.g. snow). Blank spaces represent absent or false readings. -888.88, -138.25, or -162.469 represents a sensor error. Sensors used for soil moisture readings are Decagon EC-5 Dielectric probe (5cm/2in depth); Decagon 10-HS (20cm/8in; 50cm/20in depths). All other equipment is Onset, and the logger device is the RX3000 model. Data collection is generally set to every 20 minutes (most stations) or every hour (Independence Pass station), but maintenance resets, etc. may occasionally have contributed to other collection intervals, e.g. every 5 minutes. Conversely, on occasions of logger failure, there may be full days of data absent. A V1 set of the data, planned for release in summer of 2018 will provided cleaned and calibrated versions of the data. Some instruments have been replaced over the life of a station. In 2015, all original U30 logger boxes were replaced with the RX3000 model. For complete metadata or records of instrumentation, please contact project advisor E. Osenga at eliseo at agci.org.

Grand Mesa Study Plot (other, 2018)
Cleaned (quality checked) and continuous hourly records of snow energy and mass balance variables from Grand Mesa Study Plot (GMSP). GMSP is located in an opening in a pine forest on the northern rim of the Grand Mesa (39.050802, -108.061435) in west central Colorado at 3239 m. The site was funded by the USGS (poc: Jayne Belnap), installed by the Center for Snow and Avalanche Studies (poc: Jeff Derry), and is maintained by the Snow Optics Laboratory at NASA- JPL (poc: Thomas Painter). The study plot is primarily used to assess the spatial variability in the hydrologic impacts of dust on snow (see Skiles et al., 2015, DOI: 10.1002/hyp.10569). Real time data can be retried from MesoWest (station ID: GMSPC). The study plot consists of a snow profile plot that contains a tower holding the instrumentation array. Tower measurements include wind speed and direction, air temperature and relative humidity, snowpack depth, incoming and outgoing broadband (BB; 0.285–2.800 μm) and near-infrared/shortwave-infrared (NIR/SWIR; 0.695–2.800 μm) solar radiation, and incoming longwave radiation values. Precipitation is from the nearby ‘Mesa Lakes’ Snow Telemetry site (SNOTEL; NRCS), which is located approximately 500m north of GMSP at 3048m under the assumption that precipitation is similar at the two sites. Variables are accompanied by notes in adjacent columns to indicate if the value is measured, interpolated, or 'cleaned' (i.e snow depths are set to 0 after the snow depletion date). Note: Grand Mesa was a field site for the NASA SnowEx field campaign in Year 1 (2017), and will be again Year 3 (2019). GMSP is/was within airborne flight domains. Dataset point of contact: S. McKenzie Skiles, Department of Geography, University of Utah (m.skiles@geog.utah.edu)

DEFUNCT:_iRON_Soil Moisture_Calibrated_2013 to 2018 (other, 2018)
***An error has been caught in time codes. The time codes currently read GMT-5:00. The CORRECT time code is GMT-7:00 for all datasets. Files with FullRecord in the name are in correct, UTC time codes*** These data are the complete data set from installation through March 15, 2018 for AGCI's interactive Roaring Fork Observation Network (iRON). The network consists of 9 stations in the Southern Rockies (Colorado, USA). Descriptions of soil type and site locations can be found at: www.agci.org/iron/stations Please note: Measurements taken for rain are recorded via tipping bucket rain gauge and may not be accurate for winter precipitation events (e.g. snow). Error readings are represented by -888.88, -138.25, or -162.469 represents a sensor error. Absent data is represented by N/A. Sensors used for soil moisture readings are Decagon EC-5 Dielectric probe (5cm/2in depth); Decagon 10-HS (20cm/8in; 50cm/20in depths). All other equipment is Onset, and the logger device is the RX3000 model. Data collection is generally set to every 20 minutes (most stations) or every hour (Independence Pass station), but maintenance resets, etc. may occasionally have contributed to other collection intervals, e.g. every 5 minutes. Conversely, on occasions of logger failure, there may be full days of data absent. Snow data are available for Northstar Transition Zone and Independence Pass by request. Updated calibrations (V2) are anticipated in the summer of 2018 for the following stations: Glassier Ranch (3), Glenwood Springs (5), Northstar Transition Zone (7), Spring Valley (8) Some instruments have been replaced over the life of a station. In 2015, all original U30 logger boxes were replaced with the RX3000 model. For complete metadata or records of instrumentation, please contact project advisor E. Osenga at eliseo at agci.org. **Glassier Ranch site is a wetland and the soils are often completely saturated (leading to sensor difficulties in taking accurate readings) much of the year.

Grand Mesa Study Plot (other, 2018)
Cleaned (quality checked) and continuous hourly records of snow energy and mass balance variables from Grand Mesa Study Plot (GMSP). GMSP is located in an opening in a pine forest on the northern rim of the Grand Mesa (39.050802, -108.061435) in west central Colorado at 3239 m. The site was funded by the USGS (poc: Jayne Belnap), installed by the Center for Snow and Avalanche Studies (poc: Jeff Derry), and is maintained by the Snow Optics Laboratory at NASA- JPL (poc: Thomas Painter). The study plot is primarily used to assess the spatial variability in the hydrologic impacts of dust on snow (see Skiles et al., 2015, DOI: 10.1002/hyp.10569). Real time data can be retried from MesoWest (station ID: GMSPC). The study plot consists of a snow profile plot that contains a tower holding the instrumentation array. Tower measurements include wind speed and direction, air temperature and relative humidity, snowpack depth, incoming and outgoing broadband (BB; 0.285 2.800 m) and near-infrared/shortwave-infrared (NIR/SWIR; 0.695 2.800 m) solar radiation, and incoming longwave radiation values. Precipitation is from the nearby Mesa Lakes Snow Telemetry site (SNOTEL; NRCS), which is located approximately 500m north of GMSP at 3048m under the assumption that precipitation is similar at the two sites. Variables are accompanied by notes in adjacent columns to indicate if the value is measured, interpolated, or 'cleaned' (i.e snow depths are set to 0 after the snow depletion date). Note: Grand Mesa was a field site for the NASA SnowEx field campaign in Year 1 (2017), and will be again Year 3 (2019). GMSP is/was within airborne flight domains. Dataset point of contact: S. McKenzie Skiles, Department of Geography, University of Utah (m.skiles@geog.utah.edu)

choice_experiment - Ansley McDurmon; Emily Mattoon; Michaela Keefe; Robin Bingham; Priya Vaidya (other, 2018)
This file contains the data for the choice experiment.

Appendix 4 (CSV) - Bente J. Graae; Rebecca M. Dalton; Jacob M. Heiling; Benjamin Blonder (other, 2018)
Complete census data in all plots for years 2014-2017, transformed into format suitable for demographic regression (CSV format with text metadata).

Iron_Soil_Moisture_Uncalibrated_2013_2017 (other, 2018)
These data are the complete data set from installation through Dec 31, 2017 for AGCI's interactive Roaring Fork Observation Network (iRON). The network consists of 9 stations in the Southern Rockies (Colorado, USA). Descriptions of soil type and site locations can be found at: www.agci.org/iron/stations Please note that these soil moisture data readings are uncalibrated . Measurements taken for rain are recorded via tipping bucket rain gauge and may not be accurate for winter precipitation events (e.g. snow). Blank spaces represent absent or false readings. -888.88, -138.25, or -162.469 represents a sensor error. Sensors used for soil moisture readings are Decagon EC-5 Dielectric probe (5cm/2in depth); Decagon 10-HS (20cm/8in; 50cm/20in depths). All other equipment is Onset, and the logger device is the RX3000 model. Data collection is generally set to every 20 minutes (most stations) or every hour (Independence Pass station), but maintenance resets, etc. may occasionally have contributed to other collection intervals, e.g. every 5 minutes. Conversely, on occasions of logger failure, there may be full days of data absent. A V1 set of the data, planned for release in summer of 2018 will provided cleaned and calibrated versions of the data. Some instruments have been replaced over the life of a station. In 2015, all original U30 logger boxes were replaced with the RX3000 model. For complete metadata or records of instrumentation, please contact project advisor E. Osenga at eliseo at agci.org.

Iron_Soil Moisture_Calibrated_2013 To 2018 (other, 2018)
*** An error has been caught in time codes. The time codes currently read GMT-5:00. The CORRECT time code is GMT-7:00 for all datasets . Files with FullRecord in the name are in correct, UTC time codes *** These data are the complete data set from installation through March 15, 2018 for AGCI's interactive Roaring Fork Observation Network (iRON). The network consists of 9 stations in the Southern Rockies (Colorado, USA). Descriptions of soil type and site locations can be found at: www.agci.org/iron/stations Please note: Measurements taken for rain are recorded via tipping bucket rain gauge and may not be accurate for winter precipitation events (e.g. snow). Error readings are represented by -888.88, -138.25, or -162.469 represents a sensor error. Absent data is represented by N/A. Sensors used for soil moisture readings are Decagon EC-5 Dielectric probe (5cm/2in depth); Decagon 10-HS (20cm/8in; 50cm/20in depths). All other equipment is Onset, and the logger device is the RX3000 model. Data collection is generally set to every 20 minutes (most stations) or every hour (Independence Pass station), but maintenance resets, etc. may occasionally have contributed to other collection intervals, e.g. every 5 minutes. Conversely, on occasions of logger failure, there may be full days of data absent. Snow data are available for Northstar Transition Zone and Independence Pass by request. Updated calibrations (V2) are anticipated in the summer of 2018 for the following stations: Glassier Ranch (3), Glenwood Springs (5), Northstar Transition Zone (7), Spring Valley (8) Some instruments have been replaced over the life of a station. In 2015, all original U30 logger boxes were replaced with the RX3000 model. For complete metadata or records of instrumentation, please contact project advisor E. Osenga at eliseo at agci.org. **Glassier Ranch site is a wetland and the soils are often completely saturated (leading to sensor difficulties in taking accurate readings) much of the year.

Osmia_iridis_summer_duration_expt_2014-15 - Regan Cross; Jessica R. K. Forrest; Paul J. CaraDonna (other, 2018)
Please see README file.

Phylogenetics.zip (other, 2018)
Sequence alignment (.fas) and information associated with phylogenetic analysis and ancestral state reconstruction in Kellner et al. 2018.

Osmia_iridis_2016_summer_incubator_expt - Regan Cross; Jessica R. K. Forrest; Paul J. CaraDonna (other, 2018)
Data used to generate Fig. 3C-D. Please see README file for details.

Grand Mesa Study Plot (other, 2018)
Cleaned (quality checked) and continuous hourly records of snow energy and mass balance variables from Grand Mesa Study Plot (GMSP). GMSP is located in an opening in a pine forest on the northern rim of the Grand Mesa (39.050802, -108.061435) in west central Colorado at 3239 m. The site was funded by the USGS (poc: Jayne Belnap), installed by the Center for Snow and Avalanche Studies (poc: Jeff Derry), and is maintained by the Snow Optics Laboratory at NASA- JPL (poc: Thomas Painter). The study plot is primarily used to assess the spatial variability in the hydrologic impacts of dust on snow (see Skiles et al., 2015, DOI: 10.1002/hyp.10569). Real time data can be retried from MesoWest (station ID: GMSPC). The study plot consists of a snow profile plot that contains a tower holding the instrumentation array. Tower measurements include wind speed and direction, air temperature and relative humidity, snowpack depth, incoming and outgoing broadband (BB; 0.285–2.800 μm) and near-infrared/shortwave-infrared (NIR/SWIR; 0.695–2.800 μm) solar radiation, and incoming longwave radiation values. Precipitation is from the nearby ‘Mesa Lakes’ Snow Telemetry site (SNOTEL; NRCS), which is located approximately 500m north of GMSP at 3048m under the assumption that precipitation is similar at the two sites. Variables are accompanied by notes in adjacent columns to indicate if the value is measured, interpolated, or 'cleaned' (i.e snow depths are set to 0 after the snow depletion date). Note: Grand Mesa was a field site for the NASA SnowEx field campaign in Year 1 (2017), and will be again Year 3 (2019). GMSP is/was within airborne flight domains. Dataset point of contact: S. McKenzie Skiles, Department of Geography, University of Utah (m.skiles@geog.utah.edu)

Grand Mesa Study Plot (other, 2018)
Cleaned (quality checked) and continuous hourly records of snow energy and mass balance variables from Grand Mesa Study Plot (GMSP). GMSP is located in an opening in a pine forest on the northern rim of the Grand Mesa (39.050802, -108.061435) in west central Colorado at 3239 m. The site was funded by the USGS (poc: Jayne Belnap), installed by the Center for Snow and Avalanche Studies (poc: Jeff Derry), and is maintained by the Snow Optics Laboratory at NASA- JPL (poc: Thomas Painter). The study plot is primarily used to assess the spatial variability in the hydrologic impacts of dust on snow (see Skiles et al., 2015, DOI: 10.1002/hyp.10569). Real time data can be retried from MesoWest (station ID: GMSPC). The study plot consists of a snow profile plot that contains a tower holding the instrumentation array. Tower measurements include wind speed and direction, air temperature and relative humidity, snowpack depth, incoming and outgoing broadband (BB; 0.285–2.800 μm) and near-infrared/shortwave-infrared (NIR/SWIR; 0.695–2.800 μm) solar radiation, and incoming longwave radiation values. Precipitation is from the nearby ‘Mesa Lakes’ Snow Telemetry site (SNOTEL; NRCS), which is located approximately 500m north of GMSP at 3048m under the assumption that precipitation is similar at the two sites. Variables are accompanied by notes in adjacent columns to indicate if the value is measured, interpolated, or 'cleaned' (i.e snow depths are set to 0 after the snow depletion date). Note: Grand Mesa was a field site for the NASA SnowEx field campaign in Year 1 (2017), and will be again Year 3 (2019). GMSP is/was within airborne flight domains. Dataset point of contact: S. McKenzie Skiles, Department of Geography, University of Utah (m.skiles@geog.utah.edu)

Iron_Soil_Moisture_Uncalibrated_2013_2017 (other, 2018)
These data are the complete data set from installation through Dec 31, 2017 for AGCI's interactive Roaring Fork Observation Network (iRON). The network consists of 9 stations in the Southern Rockies (Colorado, USA). Descriptions of soil type and site locations can be found at: www.agci.org/iron/stations Please note that these soil moisture data readings are uncalibrated . Measurements taken for rain are recorded via tipping bucket rain gauge and may not be accurate for winter precipitation events (e.g. snow). Blank spaces represent absent or false readings. -888.88, -138.25, or -162.469 represents a sensor error. Sensors used for soil moisture readings are Decagon EC-5 Dielectric probe (5cm/2in depth); Decagon 10-HS (20cm/8in; 50cm/20in depths). All other equipment is Onset, and the logger device is the RX3000 model. Data collection is generally set to every 20 minutes (most stations) or every hour (Independence Pass station), but maintenance resets, etc. may occasionally have contributed to other collection intervals, e.g. every 5 minutes. Conversely, on occasions of logger failure, there may be full days of data absent. A V1 set of the data, planned for release in summer of 2018 will provided cleaned and calibrated versions of the data. Some instruments have been replaced over the life of a station. In 2015, all original U30 logger boxes were replaced with the RX3000 model. For complete metadata or records of instrumentation, please contact project advisor E. Osenga at eliseo at agci.org.

Iron_Soil Moisture_Calibrated_2013 To 2018 (other, 2018)
*** An error has been caught in time codes. The time codes currently read GMT-5:00. The CORRECT time code is GMT-7:00 for all datasets .*** These data are the complete data set from installation through March 15, 2018 for AGCI's interactive Roaring Fork Observation Network (iRON). The network consists of 9 stations in the Southern Rockies (Colorado, USA). Descriptions of soil type and site locations can be found at: www.agci.org/iron/stations Please note: Measurements taken for rain are recorded via tipping bucket rain gauge and may not be accurate for winter precipitation events (e.g. snow). Error readings are represented by -888.88, -138.25, or -162.469 represents a sensor error. Absent data is represented by N/A. Sensors used for soil moisture readings are Decagon EC-5 Dielectric probe (5cm/2in depth); Decagon 10-HS (20cm/8in; 50cm/20in depths). All other equipment is Onset, and the logger device is the RX3000 model. Data collection is generally set to every 20 minutes (most stations) or every hour (Independence Pass station), but maintenance resets, etc. may occasionally have contributed to other collection intervals, e.g. every 5 minutes. Conversely, on occasions of logger failure, there may be full days of data absent. Snow data are available for Northstar Transition Zone and Independence Pass by request. Updated calibrations (V2) are anticipated in the summer of 2018 for the following stations: Glassier Ranch (3), Glenwood Springs (5), Northstar Transition Zone (7), Spring Valley (8) Some instruments have been replaced over the life of a station. In 2015, all original U30 logger boxes were replaced with the RX3000 model. For complete metadata or records of instrumentation, please contact project advisor E. Osenga at eliseo at agci.org. **Glassier Ranch site is a wetland and the soils are often completely saturated (leading to sensor difficulties in taking accurate readings) much of the year.

DEFUNCT:_iRON_Soil Moisture_Calibrated_2013 to 2018 (other, 2018)
***An error has been caught in time codes. The time codes currently read GMT-5:00. The CORRECT time code is GMT-7:00 for all datasets. Files with FullRecord in the name are in correct, UTC time codes*** These data are the complete data set from installation through March 15, 2018 for AGCI's interactive Roaring Fork Observation Network (iRON). The network consists of 9 stations in the Southern Rockies (Colorado, USA). Descriptions of soil type and site locations can be found at: www.agci.org/iron/stations Please note: Measurements taken for rain are recorded via tipping bucket rain gauge and may not be accurate for winter precipitation events (e.g. snow). Error readings are represented by -888.88, -138.25, or -162.469 represents a sensor error. Absent data is represented by N/A. Sensors used for soil moisture readings are Decagon EC-5 Dielectric probe (5cm/2in depth); Decagon 10-HS (20cm/8in; 50cm/20in depths). All other equipment is Onset, and the logger device is the RX3000 model. Data collection is generally set to every 20 minutes (most stations) or every hour (Independence Pass station), but maintenance resets, etc. may occasionally have contributed to other collection intervals, e.g. every 5 minutes. Conversely, on occasions of logger failure, there may be full days of data absent. Snow data are available for Northstar Transition Zone and Independence Pass by request. Updated calibrations (V2) are anticipated in the summer of 2018 for the following stations: Glassier Ranch (3), Glenwood Springs (5), Northstar Transition Zone (7), Spring Valley (8) Some instruments have been replaced over the life of a station. In 2015, all original U30 logger boxes were replaced with the RX3000 model. For complete metadata or records of instrumentation, please contact project advisor E. Osenga at eliseo at agci.org. **Glassier Ranch site is a wetland and the soils are often completely saturated (leading to sensor difficulties in taking accurate readings) much of the year.

no_choice_experiment - Emily Mattoon; Ansley McDurmon; Priya Vaidya; Robin Bingham; Michaela Keefe (other, 2018)
This file contains the data for the no choice experiment

Appendix 2 (CSV) - Bente J. Graae; Rebecca M. Dalton; Jacob M. Heiling; Benjamin Blonder (other, 2018)
Functional trait values (means and standard deviations) for species occurring in the plots (CSV format with text metadata).

Iron_Soil Moisture_Calibrated_2013 To 2018 (other, 2018)
*** An error has been caught in time codes. The time codes currently read GMT-5:00. The CORRECT time code is GMT-7:00 for all datasets .*** These data are the complete data set from installation through March 15, 2018 for AGCI's interactive Roaring Fork Observation Network (iRON). The network consists of 9 stations in the Southern Rockies (Colorado, USA). Descriptions of soil type and site locations can be found at: www.agci.org/iron/stations Please note: Measurements taken for rain are recorded via tipping bucket rain gauge and may not be accurate for winter precipitation events (e.g. snow). Error readings are represented by -888.88, -138.25, or -162.469 represents a sensor error. Absent data is represented by N/A. Sensors used for soil moisture readings are Decagon EC-5 Dielectric probe (5cm/2in depth); Decagon 10-HS (20cm/8in; 50cm/20in depths). All other equipment is Onset, and the logger device is the RX3000 model. Data collection is generally set to every 20 minutes (most stations) or every hour (Independence Pass station), but maintenance resets, etc. may occasionally have contributed to other collection intervals, e.g. every 5 minutes. Conversely, on occasions of logger failure, there may be full days of data absent. Snow data are available for Northstar Transition Zone and Independence Pass by request. Updated calibrations (V2) are anticipated in the summer of 2018 for the following stations: Glassier Ranch (3), Glenwood Springs (5), Northstar Transition Zone (7), Spring Valley (8) Some instruments have been replaced over the life of a station. In 2015, all original U30 logger boxes were replaced with the RX3000 model. For complete metadata or records of instrumentation, please contact project advisor E. Osenga at eliseo at agci.org. **Glassier Ranch site is a wetland and the soils are often completely saturated (leading to sensor difficulties in taking accurate readings) much of the year.

Iron_Soil Moisture_Calibrated_2013 To 2018 (other, 2018)
*** An error has been caught in time codes. The time codes currently read GMT-5:00. The CORRECT time code is GMT-7:00 for all datasets .*** These data are the complete data set from installation through March 15, 2018 for AGCI's interactive Roaring Fork Observation Network (iRON). The network consists of 9 stations in the Southern Rockies (Colorado, USA). Descriptions of soil type and site locations can be found at: www.agci.org/iron/stations Please note: Measurements taken for rain are recorded via tipping bucket rain gauge and may not be accurate for winter precipitation events (e.g. snow). Error readings are represented by -888.88, -138.25, or -162.469 represents a sensor error. Absent data is represented by N/A. Sensors used for soil moisture readings are Decagon EC-5 Dielectric probe (5cm/2in depth); Decagon 10-HS (20cm/8in; 50cm/20in depths). All other equipment is Onset, and the logger device is the RX3000 model. Data collection is generally set to every 20 minutes (most stations) or every hour (Independence Pass station), but maintenance resets, etc. may occasionally have contributed to other collection intervals, e.g. every 5 minutes. Conversely, on occasions of logger failure, there may be full days of data absent. Snow data are available for Northstar Transition Zone and Independence Pass by request. Updated calibrations (V2) are anticipated in the summer of 2018 for the following stations: Glassier Ranch (3), Glenwood Springs (5), Northstar Transition Zone (7), Spring Valley (8) Some instruments have been replaced over the life of a station. In 2015, all original U30 logger boxes were replaced with the RX3000 model. For complete metadata or records of instrumentation, please contact project advisor E. Osenga at eliseo at agci.org. **Glassier Ranch site is a wetland and the soils are often completely saturated (leading to sensor difficulties in taking accurate readings) much of the year.

Iron_Soil Moisture_Calibrated_2013 To 2018 (other, 2018)
*** An error has been caught in time codes. The time codes currently read GMT-5:00. The CORRECT time code is GMT-7:00 for all datasets . Files with FullRecord in the name are in correct, UTC time codes *** These data are the complete data set from installation through March 15, 2018 for AGCI's interactive Roaring Fork Observation Network (iRON). The network consists of 9 stations in the Southern Rockies (Colorado, USA). Descriptions of soil type and site locations can be found at: www.agci.org/iron/stations Please note: Measurements taken for rain are recorded via tipping bucket rain gauge and may not be accurate for winter precipitation events (e.g. snow). Error readings are represented by -888.88, -138.25, or -162.469 represents a sensor error. Absent data is represented by N/A. Sensors used for soil moisture readings are Decagon EC-5 Dielectric probe (5cm/2in depth); Decagon 10-HS (20cm/8in; 50cm/20in depths). All other equipment is Onset, and the logger device is the RX3000 model. Data collection is generally set to every 20 minutes (most stations) or every hour (Independence Pass station), but maintenance resets, etc. may occasionally have contributed to other collection intervals, e.g. every 5 minutes. Conversely, on occasions of logger failure, there may be full days of data absent. Snow data are available for Northstar Transition Zone and Independence Pass by request. Updated calibrations (V2) are anticipated in the summer of 2018 for the following stations: Glassier Ranch (3), Glenwood Springs (5), Northstar Transition Zone (7), Spring Valley (8) Some instruments have been replaced over the life of a station. In 2015, all original U30 logger boxes were replaced with the RX3000 model. For complete metadata or records of instrumentation, please contact project advisor E. Osenga at eliseo at agci.org. **Glassier Ranch site is a wetland and the soils are often completely saturated (leading to sensor difficulties in taking accurate readings) much of the year.

Iron_Soil Moisture_Calibrated_2013 To 2018 (other, 2018)
*** An error has been caught in time codes. The time codes currently read GMT-5:00. The CORRECT time code is GMT-7:00 for all datasets .*** These data are the complete data set from installation through March 15, 2018 for AGCI's interactive Roaring Fork Observation Network (iRON). The network consists of 9 stations in the Southern Rockies (Colorado, USA). Descriptions of soil type and site locations can be found at: www.agci.org/iron/stations Please note: Measurements taken for rain are recorded via tipping bucket rain gauge and may not be accurate for winter precipitation events (e.g. snow). Error readings are represented by -888.88, -138.25, or -162.469 represents a sensor error. Absent data is represented by N/A. Sensors used for soil moisture readings are Decagon EC-5 Dielectric probe (5cm/2in depth); Decagon 10-HS (20cm/8in; 50cm/20in depths). All other equipment is Onset, and the logger device is the RX3000 model. Data collection is generally set to every 20 minutes (most stations) or every hour (Independence Pass station), but maintenance resets, etc. may occasionally have contributed to other collection intervals, e.g. every 5 minutes. Conversely, on occasions of logger failure, there may be full days of data absent. Snow data are available for Northstar Transition Zone and Independence Pass by request. Updated calibrations (V2) are anticipated in the summer of 2018 for the following stations: Glassier Ranch (3), Glenwood Springs (5), Northstar Transition Zone (7), Spring Valley (8) Some instruments have been replaced over the life of a station. In 2015, all original U30 logger boxes were replaced with the RX3000 model. For complete metadata or records of instrumentation, please contact project advisor E. Osenga at eliseo at agci.org. **Glassier Ranch site is a wetland and the soils are often completely saturated (leading to sensor difficulties in taking accurate readings) much of the year.

Spin: A Docker-based Platform for Deploying Science Gateways at NERSC - Shreyas Cholia; Stefan Lasiewski; Valerie Hendrix; Cory Snavely; Gonzalo Alvarez (other, 2018)
This demonstration presents Spin, a Docker-based, on-premise cloud platform at NERSC that enables researchers to design, build, and manage their own science gateways and other services using container technology. After explaining the rationale behind building Spin and describing its basic architecture, staff will show how simple services can be created in a few minutes using basic tools. A discussion of science gateways that have been implemented with Spin will follow.

NOAA_CB_DD12_1950-2015_by_day - Regan Cross; Jessica R. K. Forrest; Paul J. CaraDonna (other, 2018)
Data used to generate Fig. 5. Please see README file for details.

Cross-Section Geometry and Sediment-Size Distribution Data from Muddy Creek and North Fork Gunnison River below Paonia Reservoir, Colorado, 2015 - Cory A. Williams; Rodney J Richards; Mark F Henneberg (other, 2017)
This data set contains cross-section geometry and sediment-size distribution data collected in the fall of 2015 from Muddy Creek and North Fork Gunnison River below Paonia Reservoir, Colorado. Six cross-sections were surveyed using Real-Time Kinematic Global Navigation Satellite System (RTK-GNSS) methods to document channel geometry below the reservoir. One cross-section was surveyed on Muddy Creek below Paonia Reservoir, and five cross-sections were surveyed from North Fork Gunnison River below Paonia Reservoir. All six cross-sections are incorporated in this data release within one shapefile. Pebble-counts were performed at each of the six cross-sections to document sediment-size distributions downstream from the reservoir. Four transects were located in the vicinity of each cross-section, where sediment size was measured and recorded. Transect locations were based on bankfull channel width; with transect 1 located one bankfull channel width upstream from the surveyed cross-section, transect 2 at the surveyed cross-section, and transects 3 and 4 located one and two bankfull channel widths downstream from the surveyed cross-section, respectively. All of the sediment-size distribution data are presented in .CSV files, with one file for each cross-section location incorporating all of the data for each of the four transects at that location.

Data from: Genomic single-nucleotide polymorphisms confirm that Gunnison and Greater sage-grouse are genetically well differentiated and that the Bi-State population is distinct - Jennifer A. Fike; Kenneth L. Jones (other, 2017)
Sage-grouse are iconic, declining inhabitants of sagebrush habitats in western North America, and their management depends on an understanding of genetic variation across the landscape. Two distinct species of sage-grouse have been recognized, Greater (Centrocercus urophasianus) and Gunnison sage-grouse (C. minimus), based on morphology, behavior, and variation at neutral genetic markers. A parapatric group of Greater Sage-Grouse along the border of California and Nevada ("Bi-State") is also genetically distinct at the same neutral genetic markers, yet not different in behavior or morphology. Because delineating taxonomic boundaries and defining conservation units is often difficult in recently diverged taxa and can be further complicated by highly skewed mating systems, we took advantage of new genomic methods that improve our ability to characterize genetic variation at a much finer resolution. We identified thousands of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among Gunnison, Greater, and Bi-State sage-grouse and used them to comprehensively examine levels of genetic diversity and differentiation among these groups. The pairwise multilocus fixation index (FST) was high (0.49) between Gunnison and Greater sage-grouse, and both principal coordinates analysis and model-based clustering grouped samples unequivocally by species. Standing genetic variation was lower within the Gunnison Sage-Grouse. The Bi-State population was also significantly differentiated from Greater Sage-Grouse, albeit more weakly (FST = 0.09), and genetic clustering results were consistent with reduced gene flow with Greater Sage-Grouse. No comparable genetic divisions were found within the Greater Sage-Grouse sample, which spanned the southern half of the range. Thus, we provide much stronger genetic evidence supporting the recognition of Gunnison Sage-Grouse as a distinct species with low genetic diversity. Further, our work confirms that the Bi-State population is differentiated from other Greater Sage-Grouse. The level of differentiation is much less than the divergence between Greater and Gunnison sage-grouse, supporting the idea that the Bi-State represents a unique population within the Greater Sage-Grouse. New genomic methods like the restriction-site-associated DNA (RAD-tag) method used here illustrate how increasing the number of markers and coverage of the genome can better characterize patterns of genetic variation, particularly among recently diverged taxa, providing vital information for conservation and management.

Data from: Trait-mediated community assembly: distinguishing the signatures of biotic and abiotic filters - Deirdre Loughnan; Benjamin Gilbert (other, 2017)
Conflicting hypotheses predict how traits mediate species establishment and community assembly. Traits of newly establishing individuals are predicted to converge, or be more similar to the resident, preexisting community, when the biotic or abiotic environment favors a single best phenotype, but are predicted to diverge when trait differences reduce competitive interactions. We tested these competing hypotheses using transplant seedlings in an old-field environment, and assessed the contribution of inter- and intra-specific transplant trait variation to community-level patterns. Using a soil moisture gradient and resident plant removals, we determined when traits of newly-establishing plants converge or diverge from the resident community by calculating community weighted mean traits for transplant and resident communities. We saw evidence of environmentally- and competitively-driven trait shifts that resulted in both trait convergence and divergence from the resident community, whose traits reflect the combined effects of both drivers. Leaf dry matter content (LDMC) of transplants diverged in the presence of competition, whereas plant height and stem-specific density (SSD) showed the opposite pattern, converging with the resident community in their presence. Specific leaf area (SLA) shifted with competition but did not reflect resident community SLA. All transplant traits were influenced by soil moisture, often in an interaction with competition, indicating that the strength of convergence or divergence is contingent on the abiotic environment. Intraspecific differences in transplant traits among treatments were evident in three of four traits; intraspecific height and SLA trends mirrored transplant community-level trends, whereas intraspecific shifts in SSD were distinct from community-level trends. Our study shows competition between plant species may cause traits of newly establishing plants to converge with the resident community, as frequently as it selects for trait divergence. These opposing effects of competition suggest that it plays a pervasive role in both intraspecific and species-level trait differences among communities.

Cross-Section Geometry and Sediment-Size Distribution Data from Muddy Creek and North Fork Gunnison River below Paonia Reservoir, western Colorado, 2017 - Rodney J Richards; Mark F Henneberg (other, 2017)
This data set contains cross-section geometry and sediment-size distribution data collected in the fall of 2017 from Muddy Creek and North Fork Gunnison River below Paonia Reservoir, western Colorado. Six cross-sections were surveyed using Real-Time Kinematic Global Navigation Satellite System (RTK-GNSS) methods to document channel geometry below the reservoir in 2015. Those same cross-sections were re-surveyed using the same methods in 2016 and 2017 to document any changes. One cross-section was surveyed on Muddy Creek below Paonia Reservoir, and five cross-sections were surveyed from North Fork Gunnison River below Paonia Reservoir. All six cross-sections are incorporated in this data release within one shapefile. Pebble counts were performed at each of the six cross-sections to document sediment-size distributions downstream from the reservoir. Four transects were located in the vicinity of each cross-section, where sediment size was measured and recorded. All of the sediment-size distribution data are presented in .CSV files, with one file for each cross-section location incorporating all of the data for each of the four transects at that location.

Cross-Section Geometry and Sediment-Size Distribution Data from Muddy Creek and North Fork Gunnison River below Paonia Reservoir, Colorado, 2016 - Cory A. Williams; Rodney J Richards; Mark F Henneberg (other, 2017)
This data set contains cross-section geometry and sediment-size distribution data collected in the fall of 2016 from Muddy Creek and North Fork Gunnison River below Paonia Reservoir, Colorado. Six cross-sections were surveyed using Real-Time Kinematic Global Navigation Satellite System (RTK-GNSS) methods to document channel geometry below the reservoir in 2015. Those same cross-sections were re-surveyed using the same methods in 2016 to document any changes. One cross-section was surveyed on Muddy Creek below Paonia Reservoir, and five cross-sections were surveyed from North Fork Gunnison River below Paonia Reservoir. All six cross-sections are incorporated in this data release within one shapefile. Pebble-counts were performed at each of the six cross-sections to document sediment-size distributions downstream from the reservoir. Four transects were located in the vicinity of each cross-section, where sediment size was measured and recorded. Transect locations were based on bankfull channel width; with transect 1 located one bankfull channel width upstream from the surveyed cross-section, transect 2 at the surveyed cross-section, and transects 3 and 4 located one and two bankfull channel widths downstream from the surveyed cross-section, respectively. All of the sediment-size distribution data are presented in .CSV files, with one file for each cross-section location incorporating all of the data for each of the four transects at that location.

Data from: Experimental species removals impact the architecture of pollination networks - Kyle Niezgoda; Heather M. Briggs (other, 2017)
Mutualistic networks are key for the creation and maintenance of biodiversity, yet are threatened by global environmental change. Most simulation models assume that network structure remains static after species losses, despite theoretical and empirical reasons to expect dynamic responses. We assessed the effects of experimental single bumblebee species removals on the structure of entire flower visitation networks. We hypothesized that network structure would change following processes linking interspecific competition with dietary niche breadth. We found that single pollinator species losses impact pollination network structure: resource complementarity decreased, while resource overlap increased. Despite marginally increased connectance, fewer plant species were visited after species removals. These changes may have negative functional impacts, as complementarity is important for maintaining biodiversity–ecological functioning relationships and visitation of rare plant species is critical for maintaining diverse plant communities.

Expected-heterozygosity-FST-between-species - Kenneth L. Jones; Jennifer A. Fike (other, 2017)
Excel spreadsheet comparing expected heterozygosity and FST at SNP loci, along with actual base counts from reads. Comparison is between the Greater Sage-grouse and Gunnison Sage-grouse samples, ie it does not include the Bi-state population for this analysis.

Argon data for Poncha Pass Map (other, 2017)
This dataset accompanies publication: Minor, S.A., Caine, J.S., Ruleman, C.A., Fridrich, C.J., Chan, C.F., Brandt, T.R., Morgan,L.E., Cosca, M.A., and Grauch, V.J.S., in prep, Geologic map of the Poncha Pass area, Chaffee, Fremont, and Saguache Counties, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map (in revision), 2 plates, 27 ms. p, 1:24,000 scale.

Selected water-level data for the shallow aquifer system in the Lower Gunnison River Basin, Colorado (other, 2017)
This point dataset contains water-level information concerning depth to water, potentiometric-surface altitude, and saturated thickness for the shallow groundwater system at selected well and borehole locations in the Lower Gunnison River Basin in Delta, Montrose, Ouray, and Gunnison Counties, Colorado. Depth-to-water data were compiled from measurements reported by the Colorado Division of Water Resources, U.S. Geological Survey, and Bureau of Reclamation. Potentiometric-surface altitude values were computed from the potentiometric-surface altitude raster dataset (potalt). Saturated-thickness values were computed from the saturated-thickness raster dataset (satthk). The U.S. Geological Survey prepared this dataset in cooperation with the Colorado Water Conservation Board.

Potentiometric-surface altitude contours for the shallow groundwater system in the Lower Gunnison River Basin, Colorado (other, 2017)
This dataset consists of contours showing the generalized altitude of the potentiometric surface for the shallow groundwater system in the Lower Gunnison River Basin in Delta, Montrose, Ouray, and Gunnison Counties, Colorado. Potentiometric-surface altitude was contoured from values in the raster dataset potalt. The U.S. Geological Survey prepared this dataset in cooperation with the Colorado Water Conservation Board.

Selected water-level data for the shallow aquifer system in the Lower Gunnison River Basin, Colorado (other, 2017)
This point dataset contains water-level information concerning depth to water, potentiometric-surface altitude, and saturated thickness for the shallow groundwater system at selected well and borehole locations in the Lower Gunnison River Basin in Delta, Montrose, Ouray, and Gunnison Counties, Colorado. Depth-to-water data were compiled from measurements reported by the Colorado Division of Water Resources, U.S. Geological Survey, and Bureau of Reclamation. Potentiometric-surface altitude values were computed from the potentiometric-surface altitude raster dataset (potalt). Saturated-thickness values were computed from the saturated-thickness raster dataset (satthk). The U.S. Geological Survey prepared this dataset in cooperation with the Colorado Water Conservation Board.

Data from: A global test for phylogenetic signal in shifts in flowering time under climate change - Nicole E. Rafferty; Paul D. Nabity (other, 2017)
1.Shifts in the timing of flowering are a conspicuous biological signal of climate change. These shifts have been documented across the globe for diverse communities. Although many species are flowering earlier, others have exhibited no shifts or delays in flowering. 2.How species respond phenologically will shape interactions both with other community members and with the abiotic environment, altering fitness, abundance, and ultimately persistence. 3.To understand if variability in phenological response is influenced by evolutionary history, we tested for phylogenetic signal in shifts in flowering onset for thirteen communities representing 116 families across the Northern Hemisphere. We compared the fit of models of neutral evolution (Brownian Motion) with models that incorporate selection (Ornstein-Uhlenbeck). 4.We found significant signal in whether species had shifted and the magnitude of response, with both traits conforming to an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model of trait evolution. 5.Synthesis. These results show there is global phylogenetic signal in the direction and magnitude of shifts in flowering onset and indicate selection has shaped flowering time responses of related species under climate change; thus, environmentally determined optima may constrain whether and to what degree species respond phenologically to climate change. Our findings further demonstrate the value of testing for phylogenetic signal across multiple communities and comparing multiple models of trait evolution.

Leaf trait data - Jordan Stark; Lake Crawford; Rebecca Lehman; Brian J. Enquist; Benjamin Blonder (other, 2017)
Leaf wet weight (g), dry weight (g) and area (square cm) used to calculate leaf traits.

Data from: Plasticity in plant functional traits is shaped by variability in neighbourhood species composition - Anu Lepik; Kristjan Zobel; Maria Abakumova; Marina Semchenko (other, 2017)
Plant functional traits can vary widely as a result of phenotypic plasticity to abiotic conditions. Trait variation may also reflect responses to the identity of neighbours, although not all species are equally responsive to their biotic surroundings. We hypothesized that responses to neighbours are shaped by spatial community patterns and resulting variability in neighbour composition. More precisely, we tested the theoretical prediction that plasticity is most likely to evolve if alternative environments (in this case, different neighbour species) are common and encountered at similar frequencies. We estimated the frequencies of encountering different neighbour species in the field for 27 grassland species and measured the aboveground morphological responses of each species to conspecific vs heterospecific neighbours in a common garden. Responses to neighbour identity were dependent on how frequently the experimental neighbours were encountered by the focal species in their home community, with the greatest plasticity observed in species that encountered both neighbours (conspecific and heterospecific) with high and even frequency. Biotic interactions with neighbouring species can impose selection on plasticity in functional traits, which may feed back through trait divergence and niche differentiation to influence species coexistence and community structure.

Data from: Aboveground resilience to species loss but belowground resistance to nitrogen addition in a montane plant community - Quentin D Read (other, 2017)
Data from: Aboveground resilience to species loss but belowground resistance to nitrogen addition in a montane plant community, Read, Quentin D., Henning, Jeremiah A., Classen, Aimée T., Sanders, Nathan J. Journal of Plant Ecology. DOI: 10.1093/jpe/rtx015 Data are contained in comma-separated value (CSV) files.Please see readme.txt for column metadata.

Saturated-thickness contours for the shallow groundwater system in the Lower Gunnison River Basin, Colorado - Colorado Water Science Center (other, 2017)
This dataset consists of contours showing the generalized saturated thickness of the shallow groundwater system in the Lower Gunnison River Basin in Delta, Montrose, Ouray, and Gunnison Counties, Colorado. Saturated thickness was contoured from values in the raster dataset satthk. The U.S. Geological Survey prepared this dataset in cooperation with the Colorado Water Conservation Board.

Data from: How persistent are the impacts of logging roads on Central African forest vegetation? - Frédéric Mortier; Plinio Sist; Fritz Kleinschroth; John R. Healey; Sylvie Gourlet-Fleury (other, 2017)
1. Logging roads can trigger tropical forest degradation by reducing the integrity of the ecosystem and providing access for encroachment. Therefore, road-management is crucial in reconciling selective logging and biodiversity conservation. Most logging roads are abandoned after timber harvesting, however little is known about their long-term impacts on forest vegetation and accessibility, especially in Central Africa. 2. In 11 logging concessions in the Congo Basin we field-sampled a chronosequence of roads that, judged by satellite images, had been abandoned between 1985 and 2015. We assessed recovery of timber resources, tree diversity and above-ground biomass in three zones: the road track, the road edge (where forest had been cleared during road construction) and the adjacent logged forest. 3. The density of commercial timber species ≤ 15 cm DBH was almost three times higher in the road track (327 individuals ha-1) and edge (278) than in the logged adjacent forest (111). Over time, tree species diversity converged to a comparable level between roads and adjacent forests, along with decreasing soil compaction and increasing canopy closure. 4. The average width of forest clearing for road construction was 20 m, covering a total 0.76% of the forest area inside concessions. After 15 years following abandonment, road tracks had recovered 24 Mg ha-1 of above-ground woody biomass, which was 6% of that in the adjacent forest, while road edges had accumulated 167 Mg ha-1 (42%). Ten years after abandonment, roads were no longer penetrable by poachers on motorcycles. Exotic herb species were fully replaced by dominant Marantaceae that have even higher abundance in the adjacent forest. 5. Synthesis and applications. Our evidence of vegetation recovery suggests that logging roads are mostly transient elements in forest landscapes. However, given the slow recovery of biomass on abandoned road tracks, we advocate both reducing the width of forest clearing for road construction and reopening old logging roads for future harvests, rather than building new roads in intact forests. Road edges seem suitable for post-logging silviculture which needs to be assisted by removing dominant herbs during the early years after abandonment while the road track is still accessible

Regolith-thickness contours for the shallow groundwater system in the Lower Gunnison River Basin, Colorado - Colorado Water Science Center (other, 2017)
This dataset consists of isopach contours showing the generalized thickness of regolith sediments (alluvium, colluvium, and weathered bedrock) overlying well-consolidated bedrock in the Lower Gunnison River Basin in Delta, Montrose, Ouray, and Gunnison Counties, Colorado. Regolith thickness was contoured manually on the basis of regolith-thickness values in the point dataset geologic_data. The U.S. Geological Survey prepared this dataset in cooperation with the Colorado Water Conservation Board.

Depth-to-water contours for the shallow groundwater system in the Lower Gunnison River Basin, Colorado - Colorado Water Science Center (other, 2017)
This dataset consists of contours showing the generalized depth to water for the shallow groundwater system in the Lower Gunnison River Basin in Delta, Montrose, Ouray, and Gunnison Counties, Colorado. Depth to water was contoured from values in the raster dataset dtw. The U.S. Geological Survey prepared this dataset in cooperation with the Colorado Water Conservation Board.

Data from: Evidence of local adaptation to fine- and coarse-grained environmental variability in Poa alpina in the Swiss Alps - Elena Hamann; Jürg Stöcklin; Georg F. J. Armbruster; J. F. Scheepens; Halil Kesselring (other, 2017)
In the alpine landscape, characterized by high spatiotemporal heterogeneity and barriers, divergent selection is likely to lead to local adaptation of plant populations either through adaptive genetic differentiation or through phenotypic plasticity. The relative importance of these processes has rarely been investigated in relation to the spatial scale of environmental heterogeneity. In this study, we used reciprocal transplantation experiments of populations across nearby and distant field sites to shed light on these complementary processes. We reciprocally transplanted populations of the widespread alpine grass, Poa alpina, within and across regions in the Swiss Alps. We inferred local adaptation at the metapopulation level by comparing fitness of plants transplanted to their site of origin and to nearby or distant novel sites. Additionally, we measured specific leaf area (SLA) and performed selection analyses to investigate directional selection on mean trait value at each field site and on the degree of plasticity of this trait to assess whether plastic responses were adaptive. In parallel, all populations were genotyped with microsatellite markers to assess neutral molecular differentiation. Molecular differentiation was high among populations within and among regions, indicating restricted gene flow among P. alpina populations. Reproductive biomass was highest in individuals grown in their region of origin, revealing local adaptation to coarse-grained environmental variability. Similarly, inflorescence height, associated with reproductive biomass, reflected adaptation to fine- and coarse-grained environmental variability. Furthermore, we found evidence that plasticity in SLA across coarse-grained habitats was correlated with plant fitness, suggesting that plasticity in this trait is adaptive. Synthesis. Our results revealed adaptive genetic differentiation between P. alpina populations in the Swiss Alps reflecting local adaptation. Furthermore, high phenotypic plasticity in SLA contributed to the maintenance of fitness homoeostasis across habitats. Hence, adaptive genetic differentiation and phenotypic plasticity play a complementary role for adaption of P. alpina to environmental heterogeneity in the Swiss Alps and both may be critical to mitigate local extinction risk under rapid climate change.

Data from: Is plant fitness proportional to seed set? An experiment and a spatial model - George Aldridge; Alison K. Brody; Mary V. Price; Nickolas M. Waser; Diane R. Campbell (other, 2017)
Individual differences in fecundity often serve as proxies for differences in overall fitness, especially when it is difficult to track the fate of an individual's offspring to reproductive maturity. Using fecundity may be biased, however, if density-dependent interactions between siblings affect survival and reproduction of offspring from high- and low-fecundity parents differently. To test for such density-dependent effects in plants, we sowed seeds of the wildflower Ipomopsis aggregata (scarlet gilia) to mimic partially-overlapping seed shadows of pairs of plants, one of which produced twice as many seeds. We tested for differences in offspring success using a genetic marker to track offspring to flowering multiple years later. Without density dependence the high-fecundity parent should produce twice as many surviving offspring. We also developed a model that considered the geometry of seed shadows and assumed limited survivors so that number of juvenile recruits is proportional to area. Rather than a ratio of 2:1 offspring success from high- vs. low-fecundity parents, our model predicted a ratio of 1.42 to 1, which would translate into weaker selection. Empirical ratios of juvenile offspring and of flowers produced conformed well to the model's prediction. Extending the model shows how spatial relationships of parents and seed dispersal patterns modify inferences about relative fitness based solely on fecundity.

Data from: Foraging strategy predicts foraging economy in a facultative secondary nectar robber - Rebecca E. Irwin (other, 2017)
In mutualistic interactions, the decision whether to cooperate or cheat depends on the relative costs and benefits of each strategy. In pollination mutualisms, secondary nectar robbing is a facultative behavior employed by a diverse array of nectar-feeding organisms, and is thought to be a form of cheating. Primary robbers create holes in floral tissue through which they feed on nectar, whereas secondary robbers, which often lack chewing mouthparts, feed on nectar through existing holes. Because primary robbers make nectar more readily available to secondary robbers, primary robbers facilitate the behaviors of secondary robbers. However, the net effect of facilitation on secondary robber fitness has not been empirically tested: it is unknown whether the benefit secondary robbers receive is strong enough to overcome the cost of competing with primary robbers for a shared resource. We conducted foraging experiments using the bumble bee Bombus bifarius, which can alternatively forage ‘legitimately’ (from the floral opening) or secondary-rob. We measured the relative foraging efficiencies (handling time per flower, flowers visited per minute, proportion of foraging bout spent consuming nectar) of these alternative behaviors, and tested whether the frequency of primary robbing and nectar standing crop in primary-robbed flowers of Linaria vulgaris (Plantaginaceae) affected foraging efficiency. Surprisingly, there was no effect of primary robbing frequency on the foraging efficiency of secondary-robbing B. bifarius. Instead, foraging strategy was a major predictor of foraging efficiency, with legitimate foraging being significantly more efficient than secondary robbing. Legitimate foraging was the more common strategy used by B. bifarius in our study; however, it is rarely used by B. bifarius foraging on L. vulgaris in nature, despite indications that it is more efficient. Our results suggest the need for deeper investigations into why bees adopt secondary robbing as a foraging strategy, specifically, the environmental contexts that promote the behavior.

Data from: The mechanical defence advantage of small seeds - Evan C. Fricke; S. Joseph Wright (other, 2017)
Seed size and toughness affect seed predators, and size-dependent investment in mechanical defence could affect relationships between seed size and predation. We tested how seed toughness and mechanical defence traits (tissue density and protective tissue content) are related to seed size among tropical forest species. Absolute toughness increased with seed size. However, smaller seeds had higher specific toughness both within and among species, with the smallest seeds requiring over 2000 times more energy per gram to break than the largest seeds. Investment in mechanical defence traits varied widely but independently of the toughness-mass allometry. Instead, a physical scaling relationship confers a toughness advantage on small seeds independent of selection on defence traits and without a direct cost. This scaling relationship may contribute to seed size diversity by decreasing fitness differences among large and small seeds. Allometric scaling of toughness reconciles predictions and conflicting empirical relationships between seed size and predation.

Argon data for Poncha Pass Geologic Map (other, 2017)
This dataset was collected by Leah E. Morgan and Michael A. Cosca in the Argon Geochronology Laboratory of the USGS in Denver, Colorado in 2015. The dataset contains full raw argon isotopic data for samples presented in: Geologic Map of the Poncha Map Area, Chaffee, Fremont, and Saguache Counties, Colorado.

Data from: Facilitated exploitation of pollination mutualisms: fitness consequences for plants - Cherie J. Nelson; Rebecca E. Irwin (other, 2017)
Mutualisms are only rarely one-to-one interactions: each species generally interacts with multiple mutualists. Exploitation is ubiquitous in mutualisms, and we would therefore expect that each mutualist interacts with multiple exploiters as well. Exploiter species may also interact with one another. For example, the action of one exploiter species might open the opportunity for exploitation by a second species. Exploitation is common in many plant–pollinator mutualisms: 'primary' nectar robbers feed through holes they make in flowers, which can be subsequently used by 'secondary' nectar robbers unable to create holes themselves. The overall effect of nectar robbing on plant fitness is often (although not always) negative. No study has separated the effects of interacting with primary vs. secondary robbers. Here, we examine the effects of primary vs. secondary nectar robbing on pollinator visitation rate and female fitness in Ipomopsis aggregata. Manipulating the type of nectar robbing that flowers experienced, we found that secondary nectar robbing inflicted fitness costs to plants beyond that inflicted by primary robbing alone. Secondary nectar robbing significantly reduced pollen receipt to flowers, as well as fruit and seed production. Although the causes are elusive, the effect may be attributed to changes in pollinator behaviour at these plants. Synthesis. Our findings provide evidence that interacting with multiple exploiters can lead to increased negative effects for mutualists, and highlight the importance of incorporating multiple exploiters into the conceptual framework of mutualism.

Data from: Strong social relationships are associated with decreased longevity in a facultatively social mammal - Dana M. Williams; Alexandra N. Lim; Svenja B. Kroeger; Julien G. A. Martin; Daniel T. Blumstein (other, 2017)
Humans in strong social relationships are more likely to live longer because social relationships may buffer stressors and thus have protective effects. However, a shortcoming of human studies is that they often rely on self-reporting of these relationships. By contrast, observational studies of nonhuman animals permit detailed analyses of the specific nature of social relationships. Thus, discoveries that some social animals live longer and healthier lives if they are involved in social grooming, forage together, or have more affiliative associates emphasizes the potential importance of social relationships on health and longevity. Previous studies have focused on the impact of social metrics on longevity in obligately social species. However, if sociality indeed has a key role in longevity, we might expect that affiliative relationships should also influence longevity in less social species. We focused on socially flexible yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventer) and asked whether female longevity covaries with the specific nature of social relationships. We quantified social relationships with social network statistics that were based on affiliative interactions, and then estimated the correlation between longevity and sociality using bivariate models. We found a significant negative phenotypic correlation between affiliative social relationship strength and longevity; marmots with greater degree, closeness, and those with a greater negative average shortest path length died at younger ages. We conclude that sociality plays an important role in longevity, but how it does so may depend on whether a species is obligately or facultatively social.

Geospatial datasets of regolith thickness, bedrock altitude, depth to water, potentiometric-surface altitude, and saturated thickness for the shallow groundwater system in the Lower Gunnison River Basin, Delta, Montrose, Ouray, and Gunnison Counties, Colorado - Larry R. Arnold (other, 2017)
Thirteen geospatial datasets were developed to characterize the shallow groundwater system in the Lower Gunnison River Basin, Colorado. These geospatial datasets provide information about regolith thickness and altitude of the bedrock surface underlying regolith and display, in vector and raster formats, the generalized extent and thickness of regolith sediments that comprise the shallow groundwater system in the Lower Gunnison River Basin; display, in raster and vector format, the generalized altitude and configuration of the bedrock surface that comprises the base of the shallow groundwater system in the Lower Gunnison River Basin; provide information about depth to water, altitude of the potentiometric surface, and saturated thickness of the shallow groundwater system and display, in raster and vector format, the generalized depth to water, altitude and configuration of the potentiometric surface and generalized extent saturated thickness for the shallow groundwater system in the Lower Gunnison River Basin; and define and display the boundary extent used for datasets of regolith thickness, bedrock altitude, depth to water, potentiometric-surface altitude, and saturated thickness in the Lower Gunnison River Basin, Colorado.

Soil moisure values - Jordan Stark; Lake Crawford; Rebecca Lehman; Brian J. Enquist; Benjamin Blonder (other, 2017)

Argon data for Poncha Pass Map (other, 2017)
This dataset accompanies publication: Minor, S.A., Caine, J.S., Ruleman, C.A., Fridrich, C.J., Chan, C.F., Brandt, T.R., Morgan,L.E., Cosca, M.A., and Grauch, V.J.S., in prep, Geologic map of the Poncha Pass area, Chaffee, Fremont, and Saguache Counties, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map (in revision), 2 plates, 27 ms. p, 1:24,000 scale.

Data from: Growth and carbon relations of mature Picea abies trees under 5 years of free-air CO2 enrichment - Christian Koerner; Tamir Klein; Patrick Schleppi; Martin K. F. Bader; Manuel Mildner; Sebastian Leuzinger; Rolf T. W. Siegwolf (other, 2017)
Are mature forests carbon limited? To explore this question, we exposed ca. 110-year-old, 40-m tall Picea abies trees to a 550-ppm CO2 concentration in a mixed lowland forest in NW Switzerland. The site receives substantial soluble nitrogen (N) via atmospheric deposition, and thus, trees are unlikely N-limited. We used a construction crane to operate the free-air CO2 release system and for canopy access. Here, we summarize the major results for growth and carbon (C) fluxes. Tissue 13C signals confirmed the effectiveness of the CO2 enrichment system and permitted tracing the continuous flow of new C in trees. Tree responses were individually standardized by pre-treatment signals. Over the five experimental years, needles retained their photosynthetic capacity and absorbed up to 37% more CO2 under elevated (E) compared to ambient (A) conditions. However, we did not detect an effect on stem radial growth, branch apical growth and needle litter production. Neither stem nor soil CO2 efflux was stimulated under elevated CO2. The rate at which fine roots filled soil ingrowth cores did not significantly differ between A- and E-trees. Since trees showed no stomatal responses to elevated CO2, sap flow remained unresponsive, both in the long run as well as during short-term CO2 on–off experiments. As a consequence, soil moisture remained unaffected. We trapped significantly more nitrate in the root sphere of E-trees suggesting a CO2-stimulated breakdown of soil organic matter, presumably induced by extra carbohydrate exudation (‘priming’). Synthesis. The lack of a single enhanced C sink to match the increased C uptake meant a missing C sink. Increased C transport to below-ground sinks was indicated by C transfer to ectomycorrhiza and on to neighbouring trees and by increased C export to soil. We conclude that these tall Picea abies trees are not C limited at current CO2 concentrations and further atmospheric CO2 enrichment will have at most subtle effects on growth, despite enhanced N availability.

Data from: Evidence for enemy release and increased seed production and size for two invasive Australian acacias - Susana Rodríguez-Echeverría; Kristine French; Daniel Montesinos; Marta Correia (other, 2017)
Invasive plants are hypothesized to have higher fitness in introduced areas due to their release from pathogens and herbivores and the relocation of resources to reproduction. However, few studies have tested this hypothesis in native and introduced regions. A biogeographical approach is fundamental to understanding the mechanisms involved in plant invasions and to detect rapid evolutionary changes in the introduced area. Reproduction was assessed in native and introduced ranges of two invasive Australian woody legumes, Acacia dealbata and A. longifolia. Seed production, pre-dispersal seed predation, seed and elaiosome size and seedling size were assessed in 7–10 populations from both ranges, taking into account the effect of differences in climate. There was a significantly higher percentage of fully developed seeds per pod, a lower proportion of aborted seeds and the absence of pre-dispersal predation in the introduced range for both Acacia species. Acacia longifolia produced more seeds per pod in the invaded range, whereas A. dealbata produced more seeds per tree in the invaded range. Seeds were bigger in the invaded range for both species, and elaiosome: seed ratio was smaller for A. longifolia in the invaded range. Seedlings were also larger in the invaded range, suggesting that the increase in seed size results into greater offspring growth. There were no differences in the climatic conditions of sites occupied by A. longifolia in both regions. Minimum temperature was higher in Portuguese A. dealbata populations, but this difference did not explain the increase in seed production and seed size in the introduced range. It did have, however, a positive effect on the number of pods per tree. Synthesis. Acacia dealbata and A. longifolia escape pre-dispersal predation in the introduced range and display a higher production of fully developed seeds per fruit and bigger seeds. These differences may explain the invasion of both species because they result in an increased seedling growth and the production of abundant soil seedbanks in the introduced area.

Flowering phenology and abundance, Gothic, CO, USA, 1973-present - Jane E. Ogilvie; David William Inouye (other, 2017)
Prof. David Inouye has been collecting data on the abundance and timing of flowers that fall within permanent plots at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory (RMBL), in Gothic, Colorado, USA, from 1973 to present. During the growing season, flowers of each species are counted approximately every other day, though in some years the start and/or end of flowering were missed, and data were not collected in 1978 and 1990. A core set of 23 2 x 2 m plots have been followed 1974-present (excluding 1978 and 1990), and additional plots have been added through the years (two in 1985, three in 1998, and two in 2004). Data are now collected in a total of 30 plots and up to 135 plant species have been recorded in the plots.

Potentiometric-surface altitude contours for the shallow groundwater system in the Lower Gunnison River Basin, Colorado (other, 2017)
This dataset consists of contours showing the generalized altitude of the potentiometric surface for the shallow groundwater system in the Lower Gunnison River Basin in Delta, Montrose, Ouray, and Gunnison Counties, Colorado. Potentiometric-surface altitude was contoured from values in the raster dataset potalt. The U.S. Geological Survey prepared this dataset in cooperation with the Colorado Water Conservation Board.

Data from: Integrating viability and fecundity selection to illuminate the adaptive nature of genetic clines - S. Caroline Daws; Susana M. Wadgymar (other, 2017)
Genetically-based trait variation across environmental gradients can reflect adaptation to local environments. However, natural populations that appear well-adapted often exhibit directional, not stabilizing, selection on ecologically-relevant traits. Temporal variation in the direction of selection could lead to stabilizing selection across multiple episodes of selection, which might be overlooked in short-term studies that evaluate relationships of traits and fitness under only one set of conditions. Furthermore, non-random mortality prior to trait expression can bias inferences about trait evolution if viability selection opposes fecundity selection. Here, we leveraged fitness and trait data to test whether phenotypic clines are genetically based and adaptive, whether temporal variation in climate imposes stabilizing selection, and whether viability selection acts on adult phenotypes. We monitored transplants of the subalpine perennial forb, Boechera stricta (Brassicaceae), in common gardens at two elevations over 2-3 years that differed in drought intensity, quantifying viability and fecundity fitness components for four heritable traits: specific leaf area, integrated water-use efficiency, height at first flower, and flowering phenology. Our results indicate that genetic clines are maintained by selection, but their expression is context dependent, as they do not emerge in all environments. Moreover, selection varied spatially and temporally. Stabilizing selection was most pronounced when we integrated data across years. Finally, viability selection prior to trait expression targeted adult phenotypes (age and size at flowering). Indeed, viability selection for delayed flowering opposed fecundity selection for accelerated flowering, demonstrating that neglecting to account for viability selection could lead to inaccurate conclusions that populations are maladapted. Our results suggest that reconciling clinal trait variation with selection requires data collected across multiple spatial scales, time frames, and life history stages.

Selected geologic data for the shallow groundwater system in the Lower Gunnison River Basin, Colorado (other, 2017)
This point dataset contains geologic information concerning regolith thickness and top-of-bedrock altitude at selected well and test-hole locations in the Lower Gunnison River Basin in Delta, Montrose, Ouray, and Gunnison Counties, Colorado. Regolith-thickness data were compiled from lithologic logs of wells and boreholes reported by the Colorado Division of Water Resources, U.S. Geological Survey, and Bureau of Reclamation. Bedrock-altitude values were computed from the bedrock altitude raster dataset (bralt). The U.S. Geological Survey prepared this dataset in cooperation with the Colorado Water Conservation Board.

Data from: Vegetation as self-adaptive coastal protection: reduction of current velocity and morphologic plasticity of a brackish marsh pioneer - Meiman, Paul; Jana Carus; Boris Schröder (other, 2017)
By reducing current velocity, tidal marsh vegetation can diminish storm surges and storm waves. Conversely, currents often exert high mechanical stresses onto the plants and hence affect vegetation structure and plant characteristics. In our study, we aim at analysing this interaction from both angles. On the one hand, we quantify the reduction of current velocity by Bolboschoenus maritimus, and on the other hand, we identify functional traits of B. maritimus’ ramets along environmental gradients. Our results show that tidal marsh vegetation is able to buffer a large proportion of the flow velocity at currents under normal conditions. Cross-shore current velocity decreased with distance from the marsh edge and was reduced by more than 50% after 15 m of vegetation. We were furthermore able to show that plants growing at the marsh edge had a significantly larger diameter than plants from inside the vegetation. We found a positive correlation between plant thickness and cross-shore current which could provide an adaptive value in habitats with high mechanical stress. With the adapted morphology of plants growing at the highly exposed marsh edge, the entire vegetation belt is able to better resist the mechanical stress of high current velocities. This self-adaptive effect thus increases the ability of B. maritimus to grow and persist in the pioneer zone and may hence better contribute to ecosystem-based coastal protection by reducing current velocity.

Data from: Evolutionary radiations of Proteaceae are triggered by the interaction between traits and climates in open habitats - Hervé Sauquet; Peter H. Weston; H. Peter Linder; Yanis Bouchenak-Khelladi; Raymond J. Carpenter; Gregory J. Jordan; Renske E. Onstein; Ian J. Wright (other, 2017)
Aim: Ecologically driven diversification can create spectacular diversity in both species numbers and form. However, the prediction that the match between intrinsic (e.g. functional trait) and extrinsic (e.g. climatic niche) variables may lead to evolutionary radiation has not been critically tested. Here, we test this hypothesis in the Southern Hemisphere plant family Proteaceae, which shows a spectacular diversity in open mediterranean shrublands in the Southwest Australian Floristic Region (SWAFR) and the Cape Floristic Region (CFR). Species in the Proteaceae family occupy habitats ranging from tropical rain forests to deserts and are remarkably variable in leaf morphology. Location: Southern Hemisphere. Methods: We built a phylogenetic tree for 337 Proteaceae species (21% of the total), representing all main clades, climatic tolerances and morphologies, and collected leaf functional traits (leaf area, sclerophylly, leaf shape) for 261 species and climatic niche data for 1645 species. Phylogenetic generalized least squares regression and quantitative-trait evolutionary model testing were used to investigate the evolutionary pathways of traits and climatic niches, and their effect on diversification rates. Results: We found that divergent selection may have caused lineages in open vegetation types to evolve towards trait and climatic niche optima distinct from those in closed forests. Furthermore, we show that the interaction between open habitats, dry, warm and/or mediterranean climates, and small, sclerophyllous, toothed leaves increases net diversification rates in Proteaceae. Main conclusions: Our results suggest that the evolution of specific leaf adaptations may have allowed Proteaceae to adapt to variable climatic niches and diversify extensively in open ecosystems such as those in the CFR and SWAFR. This match between morphology and environment may therefore more generally lead to evolutionary radiation.

Plant height and species information - Lake Crawford; Jordan Stark; Rebecca Lehman; Brian J. Enquist; Benjamin Blonder (other, 2017)

Cottonwood Lake Study Area - Invertebrate Counts - Ned Euliss; Matthew Solensky; David M. Mushet (other, 2017)
This dataset contains macroinvertebrate sampling data for the wetlands in the Cottonwood Lake Study Area, Stutsman County, North Dakota. This dataset is part of the Missouri Coteau Wetland Ecosystem Observatory database that is a collection of abiotic and biotic data documenting biotic and abiotic responses to long-term climate and land-use change in the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of the U.S. The PPR has a naturally dynamic climate that is characterized by extended wet and dry periods, and its wetlands have spatially variable hydrologic and biotic traits. The Cottonwood Lake Study Area in Stutsman County, North Dakota contains wetlands representative of multiple positions along a hydrologic continuum, from groundwater recharge to discharge. The extensive history of data collection in the Cottonwood Lakes Study Area provides a unique opportunity to assess the impact of climate variability on ecosystem health and productivity.