Data from: Observed forest sensitivity to climate implies large changes in 21st century North American forest growth - Margaret E. K. Evans; Valerie M. Trouet; Flurin Babst; Noah D. Charney; David Frank; Benjamin Poulter; Brian J. Enquist; Sydne Record (other, 2017)
Predicting long-term trends in forest growth requires accurate characterisation of how the relationship between forest productivity and climatic stress varies across climatic regimes. Using a network of over two million tree-ring observations spanning North America and a space-for-time substitution methodology, we forecast climate impacts on future forest growth. We explored differing scenarios of increased water-use efficiency (WUE) due to CO2-fertilisation, which we simulated as increased effective precipitation. In our forecasts: (1) climate change negatively impacted forest growth rates in the interior west and positively impacted forest growth along the western, southeastern and northeastern coasts; (2) shifting climate sensitivities offset positive effects of warming on high-latitude forests, leaving no evidence for continued ‘boreal greening’; and (3) it took a 72% WUE enhancement to compensate for continentally averaged growth declines under RCP 8.5. Our results highlight the importance of locally adapted forest management strategies to handle regional differences in growth responses to climate change.

Catchment-flowline network and selected model inputs for an enhanced and updated spatially referenced statistical assessment of dissolved-solids load sources and transport in streams of the Upper Colorado River Basin - Susan G Buto (other, 2017)
This USGS data release consists of the synthetic stream network and associated catchments used to develop spatially referenced regressions on watershed attributes (SPARROW) model of dissolved-solids sources and transport in the Upper Colorado River Basin as well as geology and selected Basin Characterization Model (BCM) data used as input to the model.

Temperature data - Jordan Stark; Rebecca Lehman; Lake Crawford; Brian J. Enquist; Benjamin Blonder (other, 2017)
Half-hour resolution temperature data (degrees C) collected by iButtons

Docility data - Enrico Pirottay; Matthew B. Petellez; Julien G. A. Martin; Daniel T. Blumstein (other, 2017)
Data including docility scores, trial number (scaled), day of the year (scaled), time of the day (0: AM; 1:PM), age (0:juveniles, 1: yearlings; 2:adults), year and individual identity

Pedigree - Enrico Pirottay; Matthew B. Petellez; Julien G. A. Martin; Daniel T. Blumstein (other, 2017)
Pruned pedigree including only individuals with docility data and their ancestors.

Argon data for Poncha Pass Geologic Map (other, 2017)
This dataset was collected by Leah E. Morgan and Michael A. Cosca in the Argon Geochronology Laboratory of the USGS in Denver, Colorado in 2015. The dataset contains full raw argon isotopic data for samples presented in: Geologic Map of the Poncha Map Area, Chaffee, Fremont, and Saguache Counties, Colorado.

Data from: Sex-specific responses to climate change in plants alter population sex ratio and performance - Tom E. X. Miller; David William Inouye; Ana Chicas-Mosier; Judith D. Soule; Amy M. Iler; William K. Petry; Kailen A. Mooney (other, 2017)
Males and females are ecologically distinct in many species, but whether responses to climate change are sex-specific is unknown. We document sex-specific responses to climate change in the plant Valeriana edulis (valerian) over four decades and across its 1800m elevation range. Increased elevation was associated with increased water availability and female frequency, likely due to sex-specific water use efficiency and survival. Recent aridification caused male frequency to move up-slope at 175 m/decade, a rate of trait shift outpacing reported species range shifts by an order of magnitude. This increase in male frequency reduced pollen limitation and increased seedset. Coupled with previous studies reporting sex-specific arthropod communities, these results underscore the importance of ecological differences between the sexes in mediating biological responses to climate change.

Selected geologic data for the shallow groundwater system in the Lower Gunnison River Basin, Colorado (other, 2017)
This point dataset contains geologic information concerning regolith thickness and top-of-bedrock altitude at selected well and test-hole locations in the Lower Gunnison River Basin in Delta, Montrose, Ouray, and Gunnison Counties, Colorado. Regolith-thickness data were compiled from lithologic logs of wells and boreholes reported by the Colorado Division of Water Resources, U.S. Geological Survey, and Bureau of Reclamation. Bedrock-altitude values were computed from the bedrock altitude raster dataset (bralt). The U.S. Geological Survey prepared this dataset in cooperation with the Colorado Water Conservation Board.

Data from: Interannual bumble bee abundance is driven by indirect climate effects on floral resource phenology. - Sean R. Griffin; Zachariah J. Gezon; N. C. Underwood; Jane E. Ogilvie; Brian D. Inouye; Rebecca E. Irwin; David William Inouye (other, 2017)
This is an archive of the data used in the publication: Ogilvie JE, Griffin SR, Gezon ZJ, Inouye BD, Underwood N, Inouye DW, Irwin RE. 2017. Interannual bumble bee abundance is driven by indirect climate effects on floral resource phenology. Ecology Letters, doi: 10.1111/ele.12854 DATA DESCRIPTION Bombus_floral_climate_data_for_SEMs.csv This file has the 2009-2016 data used in the structural equation models. peak.bee.count is the annual peak number of bumble bees netted from flowers on a sampling day. sampling.time.hr is the amount of time in hours that a site was sampled on the peak abundance sampling day. floral.sum is the sum of flowers from first flower accumulated to 80% of the season's total flower count. number.floral.days is the number of days above a low flower threshold of 0.75 flowers/m 2 (or 3 flowers per 2 x 2 m plot). Flowers were counted within 30 2 x 2 m plots (120 m 2 ) every two days. may.to.july.precip.cm is the amount of precipitation (snow and rain) from May 1 through to the end of July in cm water content (measured at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, RMBL). snowmelt.doy is the day of year that a 5 x 5 m plot was bare of snow. Longterm_climate_floral_data.csv This file has the data used to examine long-term trends in the climate and floral variables, 1974-2016. snowmelt.doy is the day of year that a 5 x 5 m plot was bare of snow. may.to.july.precip.cm is the amount of precipitation (snow and rain) from May 1 through to the end of July in cm water content (measured at Crested Butte). floral.sum is the sum of flowers from first flower accumulated to 80% of the season's total flower count. number.floral.days is the number of days above a low flower threshold of 0.75 flowers/m 2 (or 3 flowers per 2 x 2 m plot). Flowers were counted within 23 2 x 2 m plots (92 m 2 ) every two days. There are separate floral variables for the three bumble bee species. Please see the original paper for additional details.

Focal female locations 2015 - David W. Inouye; Judith D. Soule; William K. Petry; Ana Chicas-Mosier; Amy M. Iler; Kailen A. Mooney; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
This .zip archive contains a shapefile (including .shp, .shx, .dbf, and .prj components) that describes the locations of focal females used in 2015 in the study of the effect of neighborhood operational sex ratio on seed set rates in Valeriana edulis.

Data from: Quantifying direct vs. indirect effects of nectar robbers on male and female components of plant fitness - Candace Galen; P. E. Howell; Rebecca E. Irwin (other, 2016)
1. Plants interact simultaneously with both mutualists and antagonists. While webs of plant-animal interactions in natural systems can be highly complex, most interactions can be simplified into those that are either direct (mediated through pairwise interactions) or indirect (mediated through third-party species). Mechanistic studies of the direct and indirect pathways by which foliar herbivores affect plants have been well explored; however, mechanistic explorations of how floral herbivores, such as nectar robbers, affect total plant fitness via direct vs. indirect pathways have received less attention. 2. The goal of this study was to assess the importance of direct vs. pollinator-mediated indirect effects of a floral antagonist on female and male components of plant fitness. We focused on the hummingbird-pollinated plant scarlet gilia, Ipomopsis aggregata, which is nectar-robbed by the bumble bee Bombus occidentalis. Prior studies have found evidence for pollinator-mediated indirect effects of robbing on female and male components of I. aggregata fitness, but the mechanisms by which these indirect effects occur, and experimental evidence supporting or refuting direct effects of robbing, have been lacking. 3. We found no evidence for direct effects of robbing on plant fitness. Robbers did not act as pollinators of I. aggregata nor did they directly affect seed production by making nectar-robber holes or removing nectar in hand-pollinated flowers. Moreover, robbing had no direct effect on pollen production per flower or the ability of pollen from robbed flowers to sire seeds in hand-pollinations. 4. However, nectar robbing had indirect effects on plant reproduction mediated through per-visit pollinator effectiveness at depositing pollen in robbed vs. unrobbed flowers. A simple model of a plant-robber-pollinator system suggested that robbing effects in general may occur through more indirect mechanisms when nectar removal by robbers is high relative to nectar replenishment, and that compensation for robbing is then more profitable through the production of additional flowers. 5. Synthesis. Our results highlight the importance of indirect effects in mediating the fitness consequences of species interactions.

Data from: The effect of repeated, lethal sampling on wild bee abundance and diversity - John S. Ascher; Zachariah J. Gezon; Eli S. Wyman; Rebecca E. Irwin; David William Inouye (other, 2016)
1. Bee pollinators provide a critical ecosystem service to wild and agricultural plants but are reported to be declining world-wide due to anthropogenic change. Long-term data on bee abundance and diversity are scarce, and the need for additional quantitative sampling using repeatable methods has been emphasized. Recently, monitoring programmes have begun using a standardized method that employs a combination of pan traps and sweep netting, resulting in lethal sampling of bees. This standardized method can remove a large number of bees from sites during each sampling day, raising concern that the sampling itself could have a negative effect on bee populations. 2. We conducted an experiment to assess whether lethal sampling for bees using pan traps and netting affected bee abundance and diversity when done every two weeks throughout a season and over multiple years. We compared bee abundance, richness, evenness and functional group composition between sites that had been sampled every two weeks from 2009 to 2012 to similar sites not previously sampled. 3. We found that the standardized method for sampling bees, with specimens from 132 morphospecies, did not affect bee communities in terms of abundance, rarefied richness, evenness, or functional group composition. Thus, our results indicate that the bee communities we sampled are robust to such sampling efforts, despite removing an average of 2862 bees per season. 4. We discuss several explanations for why sampling did not affect bee abundance or community structure, including a density-dependent response to reduced competition for resources. 5. These results suggest that bee monitoring programmes sampling once every two weeks with pan traps and netting will not affect bee community structure. We urge researchers monitoring bees to utilize standardized protocols so that results can be compared across space and time.

Appendix A. List of the graminoid species in the experimental warming meadow, Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Gunnison County, Colorado, USA. (other, 2016)
List of the graminoid species in the experimental warming meadow, Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Gunnison County, Colorado, USA.

Long-term individual-level population dynamics of a native desert chamaephyte (2016)
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Snowmelt dates 1978-2014 - Ana Chicas-Mosier; William K. Petry; David W. Inouye; Judith D. Soule; Kailen A. Mooney; Amy M. Iler; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
Long-term snowmelt data (1978-2014) collected at one mid-elevation location near the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory by billy barr. See README.txt for column descriptions.

Appendix A. The environmental settings of the 59 plots on the Uncompahgre Plateau in western Colorado. (other, 2016)
The environmental settings of the 59 plots on the Uncompahgre Plateau in western Colorado.

Integrated water use efficiency by sex in four population of Valeriana edulis - David W. Inouye; Judith D. Soule; Ana Chicas-Mosier; William K. Petry; Amy M. Iler; Kailen A. Mooney; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
Carbon isotope ratios of Valeriana edulis leaf samples used to test for sex differences in integrated water use efficiency. See README.txt for column descriptions.

Sex- and size-specific rates of growth and survival in Valeriana edulis - David W. Inouye; Judith D. Soule; Ana Chicas-Mosier; William K. Petry; Kailen A. Mooney; Amy M. Iler; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
Annual rates of sex- and size-specific growth and survival from tagged plants at four populations (1978-1981). See README.txt for column descriptions.

Climate analyses (R script) - Judith D. Soule; William K. Petry; Ana Chicas-Mosier; David W. Inouye; Amy M. Iler; Kailen A. Mooney; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
Analyses of climate change over elevation and time in the study area.

Soil moisture across the elevation range of Valeriana edulis - David W. Inouye; Ana Chicas-Mosier; William K. Petry; Judith D. Soule; Kailen A. Mooney; Amy M. Iler; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
Climate station data from the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory to test for effect of elevation on soil moisture. See README.txt for column descriptions.

Metadata for data and analysis scripts - William K. Petry; Judith D. Soule; Ana Chicas-Mosier; David W. Inouye; Kailen A. Mooney; Amy M. Iler; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
Describes all data files and R analysis scripts.

Operational sex ratios of Valeriana edulis populations - Ana Chicas-Mosier; Judith D. Soule; William K. Petry; David W. Inouye; Amy M. Iler; Kailen A. Mooney; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
Operational sex ratios across the elevation range of Valeriana edulis from 1978 and 2011. See README.txt for column descriptions.

Dispersal of pollen analogue by Valeriana edulis pollinators - Ana Chicas-Mosier; William K. Petry; David W. Inouye; Judith D. Soule; Amy M. Iler; Kailen A. Mooney; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
Pollen analogue (fluorescent dye) transfer by Valeriana edulis pollinators from dyed males to surrounding females. See README.txt for column descriptions.

Operational sex ratio analyses (R script) - Judith D. Soule; Ana Chicas-Mosier; David W. Inouye; William K. Petry; Amy M. Iler; Kailen A. Mooney; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
Analyses of Valeriana edulis operational sex ratios across the species' elevation range and over time (1978-2011).

Flower number calibration dataset - Ana Chicas-Mosier; Judith D. Soule; William K. Petry; David W. Inouye; Amy M. Iler; Kailen A. Mooney; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
Calibration dataset to measure and correct for individual observer effects on estimated numbers of flowers. See README.txt for column descriptions.

Reproductive life expectancy (R script) - William K. Petry; Ana Chicas-Mosier; David W. Inouye; Judith D. Soule; Kailen A. Mooney; Amy M. Iler; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
Analysis of sex differences in Valeriana edulis life expectancy upon reaching sexual maturity and population operational sex ratios.

Water use efficiency (R script) - Judith D. Soule; Ana Chicas-Mosier; David W. Inouye; William K. Petry; Kailen A. Mooney; Amy M. Iler; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
Analysis of Valeriana edulis sex differences in integrated water use efficiency and population operational sex ratios.

Valeriana edulis spatial dispersion plot - Judith D. Soule; William K. Petry; David W. Inouye; Ana Chicas-Mosier; Kailen A. Mooney; Amy M. Iler; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
This .zip archive contains a shapefile (including .shp, .shx, .dbf, and .prj components) that describes the boundary of a representative plot of Valeriana edulis plants growing at Emerald Lake.

Data from: Leaf traits of African woody savanna species across climate and soil fertility gradients: evidence for conservative vs. acquisitive resource use strategies - Benjamin J. Wigley; William J. Bond; Sandra Diaz; Corli Coetsee; Jasper A. Slingsby; Herve Fritz (other, 2016)
1. Establishing trade-offs among traits and the degree to which they co-vary along environmental gradients has become a key focal point in the effort to develop community ecology into a predictive science. While there is evidence for these relationships across global datasets, they are often too broad in scale, and do not consider the particularities of local to regional species pools. This decreases their usefulness for developing predictive models at scales relevant for conservation and management. 2. We tested for trade-offs between traits and relationships with environmental gradients in trees and shrubs sampled across southern African savannas and explored evidence for acquisitive vs. conservative resource use strategies using a phylogenetically explicit approach. 3. We found a distinct trade-off between two major poles of specialization indicative of acquisitive (high leaf nitrogen concentration (LNC), leaf phosphorus concentration (LPC), leaf N:P, specific leaf area (SLA) and average leaf area (ALA)) and conservative resource use strategies (high leaf carbon to nitrogen ratios (C:N), tensile strength (TS) and leaf dry matter content (LDMC)). Although we found that trait variance and species occurrence were constrained by phylogeny, phylogenetically informed analyses did not contradict non-phylogenetic analyses, strengthening relationships in most cases. 4. The high intra-site trait variability and weak relationships with soils and climate may in part be explained by the high levels of deciduousness and disturbance (i.e. fire and herbivory) inherent in African savannas. 5. Synthesis: The relationships between traits and between traits and environmental gradients were far weaker than, and often contradictory to, broad scale studies that compare these relationships across biomes and growth forms, cautioning against making generalizations about relationships at specific sites based on broad scale analyses.

Snowmelt dates across the elevation range of Valeriana edulis - Judith D. Soule; William K. Petry; Ana Chicas-Mosier; David W. Inouye; Amy M. Iler; Kailen A. Mooney; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
Snowmelt data used to test for an effect of elevation on snowmelt date. See README.txt for column descriptions.

Spatial dispersion of Valeriana edulis plants in four populations - Judith D. Soule; Ana Chicas-Mosier; David W. Inouye; William K. Petry; Amy M. Iler; Kailen A. Mooney; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
GPS coordinates of Valeriana edulis plants in four populations and their sex. See README.txt for column descriptions.

Data from: The oldest, slowest forests in the world? Exceptional biomass and slow carbon dynamics of Fitzroya cupressoides temperate rainforests in southern Chile - Rocio B. Urrutia-Jalabert; Antonio Lara; Yadvinder Malhi (other, 2016)
Old-growth temperate rainforests are, per unit area, the largest and most long-lived stores of carbon in the terrestrial biosphere, but their carbon dynamics have rarely been described. The endangered Fitzroya cupressoides forests of southern South America include stands that are probably the oldest dense forest stands in the world, with long-lived trees and high standing biomass. We assess and compare aboveground biomass, and provide the first estimates of net primary productivity (NPP), carbon allocation and mean wood residence time in medium-age stands in the Alerce Costero National Park (AC) in the Coastal Range and in old-growth forests in the Alerce Andino National Park (AA) in the Andean Cordillera. Aboveground live biomass was 113–114 Mg C ha-1 and 448–517 Mg C ha-1 in AC and AA, respectively. Aboveground productivity was 3.35–3.36 Mg C ha-1 year-1 in AC and 2.22–2.54 Mg C ha-1 year-1 in AA, values generally lower than others reported for temperate wet forests worldwide, mainly due to the low woody growth of Fitzroya. NPP was 4.21–4.24 and 3.78–4.10 Mg C ha-1 year-1 in AC and AA, respectively. Estimated mean wood residence time was a minimum of 539–640 years for the whole forest in the Andes and 1368–1393 years for only Fitzroya in this site. Our biomass estimates for the Andes place these ecosystems among the most massive forests in the world. Differences in biomass production between sites seem mostly apparent as differences in allocation rather than productivity. Residence time estimates for Fitzroya are the highest reported for any species and carbon dynamics in these forests are the slowest reported for wet forests worldwide. Although primary productivity is low in Fitzroya forests, they probably act as ongoing biomass carbon sinks on long-term timescales due to their low mortality rates and exceptionally long residence times that allow biomass to be accumulated for millennia.

Supplement 1. Temperature and light data recorded at trap-nest sites, 2007–2010. - James D. Thomson; James D. Thomson; Jessica R. K. Forrest; Jessica R. K. Forrest (other, 2016)
File List temp_data.txt light_data.txt Description Both files are tab-delimited text files. Temperatures (in degrees Celsius) were recorded in 2007–2008 using LogTag data-loggers, and in 2008–2010 using HOBO data-loggers. Light intensities (in lux) were recorded in 2008–2010 only, using HOBO data-loggers. Column definitions: 1 = Date (as month/day/year) 2 = Time 3–17 (temp) or 3–14 (light) = Readings for each site Readings were taken exactly hourly, but the recorded time is approximate (i.e., readings were taken within 30 minutes of the recorded times). Readings are missing for Brush Creek II from 9 June to 29 July 2009. Temperature data for this site in this time period were estimated based on regression on Cement Creek values. Temperature data from Kebler Clearing from 29 January to 17 May 2008 were estimated by regression on Splain’s Gulch values. Some sites were used only in one or two of three years; data are available only for those years. No data were recorded for Mt. Crested Butte and South Gothic after 15 August 2009. Summed values for the data columns of the temp file are: 28392, 43952, 55221, 15973, 80330, 39066, 30501, 60154, 17183, 18883, 49978, 47573, 71088, 98163, 55691 Summed values for the data columns of the light file are: 92165014, 42158964, 89745126, 24987620, 94314584, 25272394, 75036913, 117798095, 68286899, 99209764, 34132375

Data from: Seed source impacts germination and early establishment of dominant grasses in prairie restorations - Stuart Wagenius; M. Kate Gallagher (other, 2016)
Land managers choose seed from a variety of provenances for restoration projects. By selecting seed of the local ecotype, managers can increase establishment in the short term and prevent the disruption of local adaptations and genetic swamping in the long term. However, local seed may be disadvantageous if populations are inbred or maladapted to managed restoration environments. Seed selection may be further confounded by propagation methods. Three dominant C4 grasses, Andropogon gerardii, Bouteloua curtipendula and Sorghastrum nutans, from three types of seed provenances (remnant, restoration and nursery) were planted as seeds and plugs into experimental plots at three established tallgrass prairie restorations in western Minnesota, USA. Using a common garden design, we tested whether (i) provenance and (ii) site of planting influence germination and first-season survival and growth both (iii) for seeds directly planted in the field and for transplants (plugs). Seed provenance impacted germination and seedling survival in all cases, except S. nutans seeded directly in the field. Andropogon gerardii and B. curtipendula nursery seedlings were consistently taller than those of the other provenance types. When directly seeded, germination, survival and vigour differed among restoration sites; however, the results were species specific. Sorghastrum nutans germination varied among sites depending on provenance, indicating that this species may be particularly sensitive to environmental conditions. Germination was 3–12 times greater for plugs than for seeds directly planted in the field in summer, but mortality after planting in the field was low for both groups. Synthesis and applications. Provenance and restoration site had varying effects among species, indicating that the dominant C4 grasses used in this study ought not to be considered ecological equivalents. While we found little evidence of local adaptation, use of local remnant seeds diminishes the risk of spreading maladapted genotypes. Germination limited establishment when sowing seeds directly in summer. Supplemental use of plugs may increase species diversity in restorations.

Pollination neighborhood survey data - Ana Chicas-Mosier; Judith D. Soule; David W. Inouye; William K. Petry; Kailen A. Mooney; Amy M. Iler; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
Characteristics of the pollination neighborhoods within a 10m radius of focal females. See README.txt for column descriptions.

Data from: Biotic and abiotic variables influencing plant litter breakdown in streams: a global study - Mark Gessner; Javier Perez; Cang Hui; A. S. Flecker; Richard Pearson; Andrew Boulton; Russell Death; Charles M'Erimba; Andrea Encalada; Marcelo Moretti; Tajang Jinggut; Tomoya Iwata; et al. (other, 2016)
Plant litter breakdown is a key ecological process in terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. Streams and rivers, in particular, have high rates of carbon dioxide evasion and they contribute substantially to global carbon fluxes. However, there is little information available on the relative roles of different drivers of plant litter breakdown in fresh waters, particularly at large scales. We present a global-scale study of litter breakdown in streams to compare the roles of biotic, climatic and other environmental factors on breakdown rates. We conducted an experiment in 24 streams encompassing latitudes from 47.8ºN to 42.8ºS, using litter mixtures of local species differing in quality and phylogenetic diversity, and alder (Alnus glutinosa) to control for variation in litter traits. Our models revealed that breakdown of alder was driven by climate, with some influence of pH, while variation in breakdown of litter mixtures was explained mainly by litter quality and phylogenetic diversity. The influence of these litter variables and pH was modulated by temperature, indicating that different mechanisms may operate at different latitudes. These results reflect global variability caused by multiple factors, but unexplained variance points to the need for expanded global-scale comparisons.

Focal female data - Judith D. Soule; William K. Petry; David W. Inouye; Ana Chicas-Mosier; Amy M. Iler; Kailen A. Mooney; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
Measurements of focal females, including proportion of flowers that successfully produced seed. See README.txt for column descriptions.

Data from: Biotic resistance to tropical ornamental invasion - Matthew H. Lurie; Jennifer L. Bufford; Curtis C. Daehler (other, 2016)
We examined invasive, casual (found occasionally outside cultivation) and non-invasive (found only in cultivation) species to investigate the role of species traits and two forms of biotic resistance (plant neighbours and herbivores) in limiting invasion in Hawaiian lowlands. Seeds of 21 species of common woody ornamentals from three plant families (Acanthaceae, Apocynaceae, Bignoniaceae) that are non-invasive, casual or invasive in Hawai'i were outplanted at two field sites. We measured germination of seeds and growth and survival of seedlings for one year in plots with and without neighbours from the naturally-assembled community. The presence of neighbours reduced survival in some species, mostly non-invasive or casual species and completely excluded two non-invasive species from community plots. Damage from the existing community of herbivores was correlated with lower survival in the Acanthaceae and Bignoniaceae, but not the Apocynaceae. Non-invasive and casual species had lower survival and growth rates than invasive species and lower photosynthetic rates in the presence of neighbours than invasive species. Non-invasives without neighbours also had lower specific leaf area than invasives and casuals. We found evidence for barriers to invasion in some non-invasive and casual species, including low growth rate, low survival, or low survival in the presence of neighbours. By contrast, five of the six invasives flowered and three began setting fruit within the duration of the experiment, as did one of the casual species. Synthesis: Our research demonstrates biotic resistance, presumably as a result of competition. Neighbouring plants reduced survival and growth for most species. For non-invasive species with low survival and growth even without competition from neighbouring plants, this resulted in complete exclusion from community plots or such low growth rates that exclusion over longer time frames was likely. We also provide evidence for traits-based barriers to invasion in non-invasive and casual species. However, no single barrier to invasion was shared across all non-invasive and casual species.

Data from: Does one model fit all? patterns of beech mortality in natural forests of three European regions - Harald K.M. Bugmann; Brigitte Commarmot; Peter Brang; Peter Meyer; Lisa Hülsmann; Stephan Zimmermann (other, 2016)
Large uncertainties characterize forest development under global climate change. Although recent studies have found widespread increased tree mortality, the patterns and processes associated with tree death remain poorly understood, thus restricting accurate mortality predictions. Yet, projections of future forest dynamics depend critically on robust mortality models, preferably based on empirical data rather than theoretical, not well-constrained assumptions. We developed parsimonious mortality models for individual beech (Fagus sylvatica) trees and evaluated their potential for incorporation in Dynamic Vegetation Models (DVMs). We used inventory data from nearly 19′000 trees from unmanaged forests in Switzerland, Germany and Ukraine, representing the largest dataset used to date for calibrating such models. Tree death was modelled as a function of size and growth, i.e., stem diameter (dbh) and relative basal area increment (relBAI), using generalized logistic regression accounting for unequal re-measurement intervals. To explain the spatial and temporal variability in mortality patterns, we considered a large set of environmental and stand characteristics. Validation with independent datasets was performed to assess model generality. Our results demonstrate strong variability in beech mortality that was independent of environmental or stand characteristics. Mortality patterns in Swiss and German strict forest reserves were dominated by competition processes as indicated by J-shaped mortality over tree size and growth. The Ukrainian primeval beech forest was additionally characterized by windthrow and a U-shaped size-mortality function. Unlike the mortality model based on Ukrainian data, the Swiss and German models achieved good discrimination and acceptable transferability when validated against each other. We thus recommend these two models to be incorporated and examined in DVMs. Their mortality predictions respond to climate change via tree growth, which is sufficient to capture the adverse effects of water availability and competition on the mortality probability of beech under current conditions.

Data from: Environmental controls on canopy foliar N distributions in a neotropical lowland forest - Stephen Porder; Christopher S. Balzotti; Gregory P. Asner; Megan Nasto; Cory C. Cleveland; Brooke B. Osborne; Alan R. Townsend; Philip G. Taylor; Rebecca A. Cole; Roberta E. Martin (other, 2016)
Distributions of foliar nutrients across forest canopies can give insight into their plant functional diversity and improve our understanding of biogeochemical cycling. We used airborne remote sensing and Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) to quantify canopy foliar nitrogen (N) across ~164 km2 of wet lowland tropical forest in the Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica. We determined the relative influence of climate and topography on the observed patterns of canopy foliar N using a gradient boosting model (GBM) technique. At a local scale, where climate and substrate where constant, we explored the influence of slope position on canopy N by quantifying canopy N on remnant terraces, their adjacent slopes and knife edged ridges. In addition, we climbed and sampled 540 trees and analyzed foliar N in order to quantify the role of species identity (phylogeny) and environmental factors in predicting canopy N. Observed canopy N heterogeneity reflected environmental factors working at multiple spatial scales. Across the larger landscape, elevation and precipitation had the highest relative influence on predicting canopy foliar N (30 and 24%), followed by soils (15%), site exposure (9%), compound topographic index (8%), substrate (6%), and landscape dissection (6%). Phylogeny explained ~75% of the variation in the filed collected foliar N data, suggesting that phylogeny largely underpins the response to the environmental factors. Taken together, these data suggest that a large fraction of the variance in canopy N across the landscape is proximately driven by species composition, though ultimately this is likely a response to abiotic factors such as climate and topography. Future work should focus on the mechanisms and feedbacks involved, and how shifts in climate may translate to changes in forest function.

Data from: A cost of being amicable in a hibernating marmot - Wei Jenny Yang; Adriana A. Maldonado-Chaparro; Daniel T. Blumstein (other, 2016)
Amicable social interactions can enhance fitness in many species, have negligible consequences for some, and reduce fitness in others. For yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris), a facultatively social rodent species with demonstrable costs of social relationships during the active season, the effects of sociality on overwinter survival have yet to be fully investigated. Here, we explored how summer social interactions, quantified as social network attributes, influenced marmot survival during hibernation. Using social data collected from 2002 to 2012 on free-living yellow-bellied marmots, we calculated 8 social network measures (in-degree, out-degree, in-closeness, out-closeness, in-strength, out-strength, embeddedness, and clustering coefficient) for both affiliative and agonistic interactions. We performed a principal component analysis (PCA) to reduce those attributes to 3 affiliative (connectedness, strength, and clustering) and 4 agonistic (submissiveness, bullying, strength, and clustering) components. Then, we fitted a generalized linear mixed model to explain variation in overwinter survival as a function of these social components, along with body mass, sex, age, weather conditions, hibernation group size, and hibernation group composition. We found that individuals with stronger amicable relationships were more likely to die during hibernation. This suggests that social relationships, even affiliative ones, need not be beneficial; for yellow-bellied marmots, they can even be fatal.

Meta-analysis of montane plant elevation range shifts in response to climate change - Ana Chicas-Mosier; William K. Petry; Judith D. Soule; David W. Inouye; Amy M. Iler; Kailen A. Mooney; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
Rates of elevation range shift in montane plants due to climate change collected from the literature. See README.txt for column descriptions.

Data from: Size-related scaling of tree form and function in a mixed-age forest - Valentine Herrmann; William J. McShea; Amy C. Bennett; Kristina J. Anderson-Teixeira; Norman A. Bourg; Jennifer C. McGarvey; Sean M. McMahon; Helene C. Muller-Landau; Jonathan R. Thompson; Janice Y. Park; Erika B. Gonzalez-Akre; Christopher V. So (other, 2016)
Many morphological, physiological and ecological traits of trees scale with diameter, shaping the structure and function of forest ecosystems. Understanding the mechanistic basis for such scaling relationships is key to understanding forests globally and their role in Earth's changing climate system. Here, we evaluate theoretical predictions for the scaling of nine variables in a mixed-age temperate deciduous forest (CTFS-ForestGEO forest dynamics plot at the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Virginia, USA) and compare observed scaling parameters to those from other forests world-wide. We examine fifteen species and various environmental conditions. Structural, physiological and ecological traits of trees scaled with stem diameter in a manner that was sometimes consistent with existing theoretical predictions – more commonly with those predicting a range of scaling values than a single universal scaling value. Scaling relationships were variable among species, reflecting substantive ecological differences. Scaling relationships varied considerably with environmental conditions. For instance, the scaling of sap flux density varied with atmospheric moisture demand, and herbivore browsing dramatically influenced stem abundance scaling. Thus, stand-level, time-averaged scaling relationships (e.g., the scaling of diameter growth) are underlain by a diversity of species-level scaling relationships that can vary substantially with fluctuating environmental conditions. In order to use scaling theory to accurately characterize forest ecosystems and predict their responses to global change, it will be critical to develop a more nuanced understanding of both the forces that constrain stand-level scaling and the complexity of scaling variation across species and environmental conditions.

Data from: Effects of increased flight on the energetics and life history of the butterfly Speyeria mormonia - Kristjan Niitepõld; Carol L. Boggs (other, 2016)
Movement uses resources that may otherwise be allocated to somatic maintenance or reproduction. How does increased energy expenditure affect resource allocation? Using the butterfly Speyeria mormonia, we tested whether experimentally increased flight affects fecundity, lifespan or flight capacity. We measured body mass (storage), resting metabolic rate and lifespan (repair and maintenance), flight metabolic rate (flight capacity), egg number and composition (reproduction), and food intake across the adult lifespan. The flight treatment did not affect body mass or lifespan. Food intake increased sufficiently to offset the increased energy expenditure. Total egg number did not change, but flown females had higher early-life fecundity and higher egg dry mass than control females. Egg dry mass decreased with age in both treatments. Egg protein, triglyceride or glycogen content did not change with flight or age, but some components tracked egg dry mass. Flight elevated resting metabolic rate, indicating increased maintenance costs. Flight metabolism decreased with age, with a steeper slope for flown females. This may reflect accelerated metabolic senescence from detrimental effects of flight. These effects of a drawdown of nutrients via flight contrast with studies restricting adult nutrient input. There, fecundity was reduced, but flight capacity and lifespan were unchanged. The current study showed that when food resources were abundant, wing-monomorphic butterflies living in a continuous meadow landscape resisted flight-induced stress, exhibiting no evidence of a flight-fecundity or flight-longevity trade-off. Instead, flight changed the dynamics of energy use and reproduction as butterflies adopted a faster lifestyle in early life. High investment in early reproduction may have positive fitness effects in the wild, as long as food is available. Our results help to predict the effect of stressful conditions on the life history of insects living in a changing world.

Data from: Modelling short-rotation coppice and tree planting for urban carbon management – a city-wide analysis - Odhran S. O’Sullivan; Nicola McHugh; Jill L. Edmondson; Kevin J. Gaston; Jonathan R. Leake; Odhran S. O'Sullivan (other, 2016)
1. The capacity of urban areas to deliver provisioning ecosystem services is commonly overlooked and underutilized. Urban populations have globally increased fivefold since 1950, and they disproportionately consume ecosystem services and contribute to carbon emissions, highlighting the need to increase urban sustainability and reduce environmental impacts of urban dwellers. Here, we investigated the potential for increasing carbon sequestration, and biomass fuel production, by planting trees and short-rotation coppice (SRC), respectively, in a mid-sized UK city as a contribution to meeting national commitments to reduce CO2 emissions. 2. Iterative GIS models were developed using high-resolution spatial data. The models were applied to patches of public and privately owned urban greenspace suitable for planting trees and SRC, across the 73 km2 area of the city of Leicester. We modelled tree planting with a species mix based on the existing tree populations, and SRC with willow and poplar to calculate biomass production in new trees, and carbon sequestration into harvested biomass over 25 years. 3. An area of 11 km2 comprising 15% of the city met criteria for tree planting and had the potential over 25 years to sequester 4200 tonnes of carbon above-ground. Of this area, 5·8 km2 also met criteria for SRC planting and over the same period this could yield 71 800 tonnes of carbon in harvested biomass. 4. The harvested biomass could supply energy to over 1566 domestic homes or 30 municipal buildings, resulting in avoided carbon emissions of 29 236 tonnes of carbon over 25 years when compared to heating by natural gas. Together with the net carbon sequestration into trees, a total reduction of 33 419 tonnes of carbon in the atmosphere could be achieved in 25 years by combined SRC and tree planting across the city. 5. Synthesis and applications. We demonstrate that urban greenspaces in a typical UK city are underutilized for provisioning ecosystem services by trees and especially SRC, which has high biomass production potential. For urban greenspace management, we recommend that planting SRC in urban areas can contribute to reducing food–fuel conflicts on agricultural land and produce renewable energy sources close to centres of population and demand.

Focal female locations 2014 - William K. Petry; Ana Chicas-Mosier; David W. Inouye; Judith D. Soule; Kailen A. Mooney; Amy M. Iler; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
This .zip archive contains a shapefile (including .shp, .shx, .dbf, and .prj components) that describes the locations of focal females used in 2014 in the study of the effect of neighborhood operational sex ratio on seed set rates in Valeriana edulis.

Data from: Burn or rot: leaf traits explain why flammability and decomposability are decoupled across species - Saskia Grootemaat; William K. Cornwell; Ian J. Wright; Peter M. van Bodegom; Johannes H. C. Cornelissen (other, 2016)
In fire-prone ecosystems, two important alternative fates for leaves are burning in a wildfire (when alive or as litter) or they get consumed (as litter) by decomposers. The influence of leaf traits on litter decomposition rate is reasonably well understood. In contrast, less is known about the influence of leaf traits on leaf and litter flammability. The aim of this study was twofold: (a) to determine which morphological and chemical leaf traits drive flammability; and (b) to determine if different (combinations of) morphological and chemical leaf traits drive interspecific variation in decomposition and litter flammability and, in turn, help us understand the relationship between decomposability and flammability. To explore the relationships between leaf traits and flammability of individual leaves, we used 32 evergreen perennial plant species from eastern Australia in standardised experimental burns on three types of leaf material (i.e. fresh, dried and senesced). Next, we compared these trait-flammability relationships to trait-decomposability relationships as obtained from a previous decomposition experiment (focusing on senesced leaves only). Among the three parameters of leaf flammability that we measured, interspecific variation in time to ignition was mainly explained by specific leaf area and moisture content. Flame duration and smoulder duration were mostly explained by leaf dry mass and to a lesser degree by leaf chemistry, i.e. nitrogen, phosphorus and tannin concentrations. The variation in the decomposition constant across species was unrelated to our measures of flammability. Moreover, different combinations of morphological and chemical leaf properties underpinned the interspecific variation in decomposability and flammability. In contrast to litter flammability, decomposability was driven by lignin and phosphorus concentrations. The decoupling of flammability and decomposability leads to three possible scenarios for species’ influence on litter fates: (I) fast-decomposing species for which flammability is irrelevant because there will not be enough litter to support a fire; (II) species with slow-decomposing leaves and a high flammability; and (III) species with slow-decomposing leaves and a low flammability. We see potential for making use of the decoupled trait – decomposition – flammability relationships when modelling carbon and nutrient fluxes. Including information on leaf traits in models can improve the prediction of fire behaviour. Herbivory is another key fate for leaves, but this study was focused on fire and decomposition.

Data from: Genetic parameters in subtropical pine F1 hybrids: heritabilities, between-trait correlations and genotype-by-environment interactions - Pomerayi Mutete; Washington J. Gapare; Ruramai Murepa (other, 2016)
Growth and stem straightness traits of 29 Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis × Pinus tecunumanii (PCH × PTEC) and 26 P. caribaea var. hondurensis × Pinus oocarpa (PCH × POOC) hybrid pair-crosses plus a total of 16 intraspecific families were assessed at ages 5, 8 and 15 years from planting at two sites. The PCH × PTEC hybrid was the most productive, yielding 37 % more than a Pinus elliottii local control and was 21 % superior to either parental species in DBH growth. PCH × POOC hybrid was, on average, 16 % superior to either parental species for DBH. Narrow-sense heritability estimates were low to moderate for growth traits (average of 0.27) and stem straightness (0.16). The estimated additive genetic correlations between growth traits and ages within traits were high (>0.8) and positive, providing confidence in early selection based on diameter at breast height. The high proportion of estimated additive genetic variance compared to dominance variance in the F1 pine hybrids suggests that breeding strategies that maximize the use of additive genetic variance may be effective. The ranking of the 11 PCH parents based on general hybridizing ability predictions (estimated breeding values as hybrids) was somewhat inconsistent between PTEC and POOC hybrid crosses for all traits (r 9 d.f. = 0.38–0.45; p ∼0.15–0.25). There was no evidence of practically important G × E interaction for the hybrids except for PCH × PTEC height growth. This study suggests that a single, multi-hybrid breeding population seems appropriate in Zimbabwe if the trial sites are representative of the planting target zone.

Data from: Relationships between resprouting ability, species traits, and resource allocation patterns in woody species in a temperate forest - Rei Shibata; Mitsue Shibata; Takashi Masaki; Hiroko Kurokawa; Hiroshi Tanaka; Tohru Nakashizuka; Shigeo Iida (other, 2016)
Many woody plants resprout to restore above-ground biomass after disturbances or to survive in stressful environments. Resprouting requires carbohydrate storage, but the general relationship between resource allocation patterns and resprouting ability remains unclear because it can be influenced by the disturbance regime to which species have adapted. We studied deciduous broadleaved trees that coexist in a Japanese cool-temperate forest to investigate the relationships among the biomass and total non-structural carbohydrate (TNC) allocation patterns of saplings, resprouting ability and functional traits. The study species comprised 16 single-stemmed species that only resprout when above-ground biomass loss occurs and eight multi-stemmed species that resprout regardless of whether above-ground damage occurs or not. Single-stemmed species with better juvenile resprouting ability had larger roots, whereas multi-stemmed species with better juvenile resprouting ability did not necessarily depend on below-ground reserves. Species that retain their ability to resprout until a larger size had a higher root TNC content as saplings, suggesting that they can survive major disturbances such as fire and coppicing by resprouting supported by TNC stored in their roots. Species with shade-tolerant traits (i.e. low foliar nitrogen indicating low photosynthetic capacity, high wood density indicating high defensive investment) had small below-ground TNC reserves irrespective of resprouting types. On the other hand, multi-stemmed species with high wood density and high LMA (indicating high photosynthetic capacity) had small above-ground TNC reserves. Contrary to our hypothesis, a species’ maximum size did not relate to the size of its below-ground reserves. By considering the differences in resprouting types, we suggest more complex control of resprouting than was formerly proposed. Variation in the resprouting ability of single-stemmed species was based on a trade-off between below-ground reserves for resprouting and shade-tolerant traits. However, multi-stemmed species can vigorously resprout irrespective of the size of its below-ground reserves. Their multi-stemmed architecture, well-defended wood, high photosynthetic capacity or large above-ground carbohydrate reserves seem to respectively contribute to their persistence. Such variation in the resprouting strategy based on a trade-off between shade tolerance and resource storage would promote species coexistence under a range of disturbance regimes and light environments.

Valeriana edulis spatial dispersion plants - Ana Chicas-Mosier; William K. Petry; David W. Inouye; Judith D. Soule; Kailen A. Mooney; Amy M. Iler; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
This .zip archive contains a shapefile (including .shp, .shx, .dbf, and .prj components) that describes the locations of all Valeriana edulis plants in a representative 200m^2 plot at Emerald Lake.

Map data and Unmanned Aircraft System imagery from the May 25, 2014 West Salt Creek rock avalanche in western Colorado (other, 2016)
On May 25, 2014, a rain-on-snow induced rock avalanche occurred in the West Salt Creek Valley on the northern flank of Grand Mesa in western Colorado. The avalanche traveled 4.6 km down the confined valley, killing 3 people. The avalanche was rare for the contiguous U.S. because of its large size (54.5 Mm3) and long travel distance. To understand the avalanche failure sequence, mechanisms, and mobility, we mapped landslide structures, geology, and ponds at 1:1000-scale. We used high-resolution, Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) imagery from July 2014 as a base for our field mapping. Here we present the map data and UAS imagery. The data accompany an interpretive paper published in the journal Geosphere. The full citation for this interpretive journal paper is: Coe, J.A., Baum, R.L., Allstadt, K.E., Kochevar, B.F., Schmitt, R.G., Morgan, M.L., White, J.L., Stratton, B.T., Hayashi, T.A., and Kean, J.W., 2016, Rock avalanche dynamics revealed by large-scale field mapping and seismic signals at a highly mobile avalanche in the West Salt Creek Valley, western Colorado: Geosphere, v. 12, no. 2, p. 607-631, doi:10.1130/GES01265.1.

Data from: Relative impacts of environmental variation and evolutionary history on the nestedness and modularity of tree-herbivore networks. - Céline Hauzy; Benedicte R. Albrectsen; Kathryn M. Robinson; Nicolas Loeuille (other, 2016)
Nestedness and modularity are measures of ecological networks whose causative effects are little understood. We analyzed antagonistic plant–herbivore bipartite networks using common gardens in two contrasting environments comprised of aspen trees with differing evolutionary histories of defence against herbivores. These networks were tightly connected owing to a high level of specialization of arthropod herbivores that spend a large proportion of the life cycle on aspen. The gardens were separated by ten degrees of latitude with resultant differences in abiotic conditions. We evaluated network metrics and reported similar connectance between gardens but greater numbers of links per species in the northern common garden. Interaction matrices revealed clear nestedness, indicating subsetting of the bipartite interactions into specialist divisions, in both the environmental and evolutionary aspen groups, although nestedness values were only significant in the northern garden. Variation in plant vulnerability, measured as the frequency of herbivore specialization in the aspen population, was significantly partitioned by environment (common garden) but not by evolutionary origin of the aspens. Significant values of modularity were observed in all network matrices. Trait-matching indicated that growth traits, leaf morphology, and phenolic metabolites affected modular structure in both the garden and evolutionary groups, whereas extra-floral nectaries had little influence. Further examination of module configuration revealed that plant vulnerability explained considerable variance in web structure. The contrasting conditions between the two gardens resulted in bottom-up effects of the environment, which most strongly influenced the overall network architecture, however, the aspen groups with dissimilar evolutionary history also showed contrasting degrees of nestedness and modularity. Our research therefore shows that, while evolution does affect the structure of aspen–herbivore bipartite networks, the role of environmental variations is a dominant constraint.

Data from: Closing a gap in tropical forest biomass estimation: taking crown mass variation into account in pantropical allometries - John Katembo Mukirania; Pierre Couteron; Maxime Réjou-Méchain; Raphaël Pélissier; David Kenfack; Faustin Boyemba Bosela; Nicholas Barbier; Mathieu Henry; Adeline Fayolle; Narcisse Guy Kamdem; Vincent Droissart; Pierre Ploton; et al. (other, 2016)
Accurately monitoring tropical forest carbon stocks is an outstanding challenge. Allometric models that consider tree diameter, height and wood density as predictors are currently used in most tropical forest carbon studies. In particular, a pantropical biomass model has been widely used for approximately a decade, and its most recent version will certainly constitute a reference in the coming years. However, this reference model shows a systematic bias for the largest trees. Because large trees are key drivers of forest carbon stocks and dynamics, understanding the origin and the consequences of this bias is of utmost concern. In this study, we compiled a unique tree mass dataset on 673 trees measured in five tropical countries (101 trees > 100 cm in diameter) and an original dataset of 130 forest plots (1 ha) from central Africa to quantify the error of biomass allometric models at the individual and plot levels when explicitly accounting or not accounting for crown mass variations. We first showed that the proportion of crown to total tree aboveground biomass is highly variable among trees, ranging from 3 to 88 %. This proportion was constant on average for trees < 10 Mg (mean of 34 %) but, above this threshold, increased sharply with tree mass and exceeded 50 % on average for trees ≥ 45 Mg. This increase coincided with a progressive deviation between the pantropical biomass model estimations and actual tree mass. Accounting for a crown mass proxy in a newly developed model consistently removed the bias observed for large trees (> 1 Mg) and reduced the range of plot-level error from −23–16 to 0–10 %. The disproportionally higher allocation of large trees to crown mass may thus explain the bias observed recently in the reference pantropical model. This bias leads to far-from-negligible, but often overlooked, systematic errors at the plot level and may be easily corrected by accounting for a crown mass proxy for the largest trees in a stand, thus suggesting that the accuracy of forest carbon estimates can be significantly improved at a minimal cost.

Paces of species range shifts (R script) - William K. Petry; Judith D. Soule; Ana Chicas-Mosier; David W. Inouye; Kailen A. Mooney; Amy M. Iler; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
Meta-analysis of montane plant species range shifts in response to climate change.

DataScriptsResults - Andrew J. Bibian; Hans Jacquemyn; Brad M. Ochocki; Emily L. Schultz; Bret D. Elderd; Michelle E. Sneck; Aldo Compagnoni; Haldre S. Rogers; Tom E. X. Miller; David William Inouye; Amy M. Iler (other, 2016)
This file contains the data and R scripts to: 1. fit vital rate models, 2. build population projection models, and 3. run stochastic simulations. The 'Results' directory also reports the results of vital rate models and simulations. Readme and metadata files are provided within the main, and 'Data' folders, respectively.

GAP/LANDFIRE National Terrestrial Ecosystems 2011 - Anne Davidson; Alexa McKerrow (other, 2016)
The U.S. Geological Survey Gap Analysis Program (GAP) National Terrestrial Ecosystems - Ver 3.0 is a 2011 update of the National Gap Analysis Program Land Cover Data - Version 2.2 for the conterminous U.S. The GAP National Terrestrial Ecosystems - Version 3.0 represents a highly thematically detailed land cover map of the U.S. The map legend includes types described by NatureServe's Ecological Systems Classification (Comer et al. 2002) as well as land use classes described in the National Land Cover Dataset 2011 (Homer et al. 2015). These data cover the entire continental U.S. and are a continuous data layer. These raster data have a 30 m x 30 m cell resolution. GAP used the best information available to create the land cover data; however GAP seeks to improve and update these data as new information becomes available.

Appendix A. List of the graminoid species in the experimental warming meadow, Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Gunnison County, Colorado, USA. - Kenneth D. Whitney; John Harte; John Harte; Kenneth D. Whitney; Mary V. Price; Mary V. Price; Stephanie N. Kivlin; Stephanie N. Kivlin; Nickolas M. Waser; Jennifer A. Rudgers; Nickolas M. Waser; Jennifer A. Rudgers (other, 2016)
List of the graminoid species in the experimental warming meadow, Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Gunnison County, Colorado, USA.

Species range shifts in response to climate change - Judith D. Soule; William K. Petry; Ana Chicas-Mosier; David W. Inouye; Amy M. Iler; Kailen A. Mooney; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
Data for meta-analysis of montane plant species range shifts in response to climate change.

Mating function (R script) - Judith D. Soule; William K. Petry; David W. Inouye; Ana Chicas-Mosier; Amy M. Iler; Kailen A. Mooney; Tom E. X. Miller (other, 2016)
Estimation of the mating function – how local operational sex ratio affects female reproductive success – of Valeriana edulis. This script includes a simulation of pollen limitation across a range of operational sex ratios.

Supplement 1. Temperature and light data recorded at trap-nest sites, 2007–2010. (other, 2016)
File List temp_data.txt light_data.txt Description Both files are tab-delimited text files. Temperatures (in degrees Celsius) were recorded in 2007–2008 using LogTag data-loggers, and in 2008–2010 using HOBO data-loggers. Light intensities (in lux) were recorded in 2008–2010 only, using HOBO data-loggers. Column definitions: 1 = Date (as month/day/year) 2 = Time 3–17 (temp) or 3–14 (light) = Readings for each site Readings were taken exactly hourly, but the recorded time is approximate (i.e., readings were taken within 30 minutes of the recorded times). Readings are missing for Brush Creek II from 9 June to 29 July 2009. Temperature data for this site in this time period were estimated based on regression on Cement Creek values. Temperature data from Kebler Clearing from 29 January to 17 May 2008 were estimated by regression on Splain’s Gulch values. Some sites were used only in one or two of three years; data are available only for those years. No data were recorded for Mt. Crested Butte and South Gothic after 15 August 2009. Summed values for the data columns of the temp file are: 28392, 43952, 55221, 15973, 80330, 39066, 30501, 60154, 17183, 18883, 49978, 47573, 71088, 98163, 55691 Summed values for the data columns of the light file are: 92165014, 42158964, 89745126, 24987620, 94314584, 25272394, 75036913, 117798095, 68286899, 99209764, 34132375

Data from: High genetic variation and moderate to high values for genetic parameters of Picea abies resistance to Pissodes strobi - Marie-Josée Mottet; Josianne DeBlois; Martin Perron (other, 2016)
Genetic parameters of Picea abies resistance to the white pine weevil (Pissodes strobi Peck) were estimated from 193 full-sib and 166 half-sib families in six 10-year-old progeny trials. The estimated family and individual heritability values for the cumulative weevil attack rate between ages 6 and 10 (CWA6–10) were high and moderate for both full-sib families (0.61 and 0.28, respectively) and half-sib families (0.85 and 0.40, respectively), indicating strong genetic control for this trait in Norway spruce. The fact that specific combining ability (SCA) variance represents 35 % of the general combining ability (GCA) variance suggests that non-additive (dominant) effects are weak. The strong type B correlations found for CWA6–10 (rˆB=0.96 for full-sib families and rˆB=0.81 for half-sib families) indicate that family ranks were stable across sites. For three of the five sites with high attack levels, genetic correlations were not significant between CWA6–10 and tree height at age 5. Moderate positive genetic correlations were detected between CWA6–10 and tree diameter at age 10 (rˆA from 0.29 to 0.60), but specific families showing both high resistance and good diameter growth can be found. These results suggest that the genetic improvement of Norway spruce for resistance to white pine weevil can be achieved successfully without adversely affecting growth.

Appendix A. The environmental settings of the 59 plots on the Uncompahgre Plateau in western Colorado. (other, 2016)
The environmental settings of the 59 plots on the Uncompahgre Plateau in western Colorado.

Appendix A. The environmental settings of the 59 plots on the Uncompahgre Plateau in western Colorado. (other, 2016)
The environmental settings of the 59 plots on the Uncompahgre Plateau in western Colorado.

Appendix A. The environmental settings of the 59 plots on the Uncompahgre Plateau in western Colorado. (other, 2016)
The environmental settings of the 59 plots on the Uncompahgre Plateau in western Colorado.

sapygid_pollen_experiment - Dakota M. Spear; Jessica R. K. Forrest (other, 2016)
Many specialist herbivores eat foods that are apparently "low-quality". The compensatory benefits of a poor diet may include protection from natural enemies. Several bee lineages specialize on pollen of the plant family Asteraceae, which is known to be a poor-quality food. Here we tested the hypothesis that specialization on Asteraceae pollen protects bees from parasitism. We compared rates of brood parasitism by Sapyga wasps on Asteraceae-specialist, Fabeae-specialist, and other species of Osmia bees in the field over several years and sites, and found that Asteraceae-specialist species were parasitized significantly less frequently than other species. We then tested the effect of Asteraceae pollen on parasites by raising Sapyga larvae on three pollen mixtures: Asteraceae, Fabeae, and generalist (a mix of primarily non-Asteraceae pollens). Survival of parasite larvae was significantly reduced on Asteraceae provisions. Our results suggest that specialization on low-quality pollen may evolve because it helps protect bees from natural enemies.

sapygid_parasitism_2008-2015 - Dakota M. Spear; Jessica R. K. Forrest (other, 2016)
Incidence of parasitism by sapygid wasps on species of Osmia using different types of pollen, based on trapnests established at multiple field sites between 2008 and 2015. Please consult the ReadMe file for details.

Data from: Asteraceae pollen provisions protect Osmia mason bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) from brood parasitism - Dakota M. Spear; Sarah Silverman; Jessica R. K. Forrest (other, 2016)
Many specialist herbivores eat foods that are apparently low quality. The compensatory benefits of a poor diet may include protection from natural enemies. Several bee lineages specialize on pollen of the plant family Asteraceae, which is known to be a poor-quality food. Here we tested the hypothesis that specialization on Asteraceae pollen protects bees from parasitism. We compared rates of brood parasitism by Sapyga wasps on Asteraceae-specialist, Fabeae-specialist, and other species of Osmia bees in the field over several years and sites and found that Asteraceae-specialist species were parasitized significantly less frequently than other species. We then tested the effect of Asteraceae pollen on parasites by raising Sapyga larvae on three pollen mixtures: Asteraceae, Fabeae, and generalist (a mix of primarily non-Asteraceae pollens). Survival of parasite larvae was significantly reduced on Asteraceae provisions. Our results suggest that specialization on low-quality pollen may evolve because it helps protect bees from natural enemies.

Data from: Effects of soil resources on expression of a sexual conflict over timing of stigma receptivity in a mixed-mating plant - Sofia Hydbom; Asa Lankinen (other, 2016)
While environmental factors strongly influence plant growth and reproduction, less is known about environmental effects on sexual selection and sexual conflict. In this study on mixed-mating Collinsia heterophylla we investigated whether soil resource environment affected traits associated with sexual conflict. In C. heterophylla a sexual conflict over timing of stigma receptivity occurs. Early stigma receptivity benefits pollen parents by securing paternity while late stigma receptivity benefits female fitness in terms of increased seed production. We performed hand-pollinations combining recipients and donors grown either in high or low resource environments and asked whether these treatments influenced sexual conflict traits – recipient- and donor-based influence on timing of stigma receptivity – and conflict costs related to reduced early seed production. We also asked whether resource environment affected nine traits related to general fitness and mating system. Sexual conflict-associated traits – timing of stigma receptivity and seed production – were generally unaffected by resource environment. While no universal effect of resources was detected, we did observe donor-specific responses to environment, suggesting that environment can nonetheless contribute to variation in timing of stigma receptivity. Recipients grown under low resources showed pronounced differences among donors for number of seeds per capsule, indicating that recipients favour some donors over others under resource-low conditions. Moreover, high resources increased number of flowers but reduced pollen germination rate, while other traits were unaffected, indicating variation in the response to resource environment for fitness- and mating system-traits. Our results suggest that even though soil resource environment had a low impact on the sexual conflict traits and related costs in C. heterophylla, it generated variability in pollen donor-influence on this trait and in recipient sorting among donors. Thus, it is possible that both sexual conflict and sexual selection is affected by environmental factors not only in animals but also in plants.

Map data and Unmanned Aircraft System imagery from the May 25, 2014 West Salt Creek rock avalanche in western Colorado (other, 2016)
On May 25, 2014, a rain-on-snow induced rock avalanche occurred in the West Salt Creek Valley on the northern flank of Grand Mesa in western Colorado. The avalanche traveled 4.6 km down the confined valley, killing 3 people. The avalanche was rare for the contiguous U.S. because of its large size (54.5 Mm3) and long travel distance. To understand the avalanche failure sequence, mechanisms, and mobility, we mapped landslide structures, geology, and ponds at 1:1000-scale. We used high-resolution, Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) imagery from July 2014 as a base for our field mapping. Here we present the map data and UAS imagery. The data accompany an interpretive paper published in the journal Geosphere. The full citation for this interpretive journal paper is: Coe, J.A., Baum, R.L., Allstadt, K.E., Kochevar, B.F., Schmitt, R.G., Morgan, M.L., White, J.L., Stratton, B.T., Hayashi, T.A., and Kean, J.W., 2016, Rock avalanche dynamics revealed by large-scale field mapping and seismic signals at a highly mobile avalanche in the West Salt Creek Valley, western Colorado: Geosphere, v. 12, no. 2, p. 607-631, doi:10.1130/GES01265.1.

Data from: Crown asymmetry in high latitude forests: disentangling the directional effects of tree competition and solar radiation - Ichiro Shimatani; Tuomas Aakala; Toshihiro Abe; Timo Kuuluvainen; Yasuhiro Kubota (other, 2015)
Light foraging by trees is a fundamental process shaping forest communities. In heterogeneous light environments this behavior is expressed as plasticity of tree growth and the development of structural asymmetries. We studied the relative influence of neighborhood structure and directional solar radiation on horizontal asymmetry of tree crowns in late-successional high latitude (67–68°N) forests in northern Fennoscandia. We described crown asymmetries as crown vectors (i.e. horizontal vectors from stem center to crown center), which we obtained from canopy maps based on crown perimeter measurements in the field. To disentangle the influence of the two main determinants, inter-tree competition and directionality of above-canopy solar radiation at high latitudes, we applied circular statistical models, utilizing cylindrical distributions, to these data consisting of orientations and intensities of crown asymmetry. At the individual tree level, our model predicted crown asymmetry vectors from the current stand structure, and the predictions became better when the intensity of asymmetry (i.e. crown vector length) was higher. Competition was the main determinant of crown asymmetry for 2/3 of trees, and the model predictions improved when we incorporated the directionality of solar radiation. At the stand-level, these asymmetries had resulted in a small increment of the projected canopy area and an increased regularity of spatial structure. Our circular statistical modelling approach provided a quantitative evaluation of the relative importance of directionality of solar radiation and neighborhood stand structure, showing how both of these factors play a role in formation of crown asymmetries in high latitude forests. This approach further demonstrated the applicability of circular statistical modeling in ecological studies where the response variable has both orientation and intensity.

Data from: Spatiotemporal fire dynamics in mixed-conifer and aspen forests in the San Juan Mountains of southwestern Colorado, USA (other, 2015)
Mixed-severity fire regimes may be the most extensive yet poorly understood fire regimes of western North America. Understanding their long-term spatiotemporal dynamics is central to debates regarding altered fire regimes and the need for restoration in the context of changing climate and nearly a century of active fire suppression. However, the complexity of fire patterns and forest stand and landscape structures characteristic of mixed-severity regimes poses a substantial challenge to understanding their long-term dynamics. In this study, we develop analysis methods aimed at understanding the fire-driven forest dynamics of mixed-severity systems and apply them in the San Juan Mountains of southwestern Colorado. We sampled fire scars, stand structure, and 4,300 tree ages across two 1,340-ha landscapes (Williams Creek and Squaretop Mountain) that span the environmental gradient of montane mixed-conifer and aspen forests. New approaches were applied to identify pulses of tree recruitment, evaluate climate and fire as potential drivers of synchronous recruitment pulses, and combine fire scar and recruitment data to reconstruct fires. The reconstructions provided detailed fire history for each stand, which in turn was used to develop a fire-severity metric, compare fire frequency and severity by forest type, and develop a simulation procedure to evaluate the degree to which tree regeneration depended on fire by species within each forest type. Twenty fires were reconstructed since 1685 at Williams Creek and 13 fires since 1748 at Squaretop Mountain. Patterns of fire severity varied within each fire and over successive events, including high-severity patches of 100s of ha in both study areas. Dry mixed-conifer forests experienced relatively short fire intervals (mean 21 years) and low fire severity, and regeneration of the main conifer species was largely dependent on open conditions sustained over successive fires. Moist mixed-conifer forests experienced longer fire intervals (mean 32 years) and a broader range of severities, and fire-caused canopy openings were important for initiating pulses of tree recruitment. Most (83%) aspen stands included two or more post-fire cohorts. The methods presented here can be adapted to other mixed-severity systems to better understand their long-term spatial and temporal dynamics and develop restoration priorities.

Gridded Ensemble Precipitation and Temperature Estimates over the Contiguous United States Version 2.0 (2015)
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Data from: Evolution of the leaf economics spectrum in herbs: evidence from environmental divergences in leaf physiology across Helianthus (Asteraceae) - Lisa Alayne Donovan; Chase M. Mason (other, 2015)
The leaf economics spectrum (LES) describes a major axis of plant functional trait variation worldwide, defining suites of leaf traits aligned with resource-acquisitive to resource-conservative ecological strategies. The LES has been interpreted to arise from leaf-level trade-offs among ecophysiological traits common to all plants. However, it has been suggested that the defining leaf-level trade-offs of the LES may not hold within specific functional groups (e.g., herbs) nor within many groups of closely-related species, which challenges the usefulness of the LES paradigm across evolutionary scales. Here we examine the evolution of the LES across 28 species of the diverse herbaceous genus Helianthus (the sunflowers), which occupies a wide range of habitats and climate variation across North America. Using a phylogenetic comparative approach, we find repeated evolution of more resource-acquisitive LES strategies in cooler, drier, and more fertile environments. We also find macroevolutionary correlations among LES traits that recapitulate aspects of the global LES, but with one major difference: leaf mass per area is uncorrelated with leaf lifespan. This indicates that whole-plant processes likely drive variation in leaf lifespan across Helianthus, rather than leaf-level trade-offs. These results suggest that LES patterns do not reflect universal physiological trade-offs at small evolutionary scales.

Data from: Tropical trees in a wind-exposed island ecosystem: height-diameter allometry and size at onset of maturity - Erin E. Mycroft; Sean C. Thomas; Andrew P. Martin (other, 2015)
1. Tropical tree species adapted to high wind environments might be expected to differ systematically in terms of stem allometry and life-history patterns, as compared with species found in less windy forests. We quantified height-diameter (H-D) allometries and relative size at onset of maturity (RSOM) for rainforest tree and tree fern species native to Dominica, West Indies, an island that experiences some of the highest average wind speeds pantropically. 2. H-D allometries for 17 Dominican angiosperm tree species were strongly concave on a log-log scale with asymptotic heights ranging from 9-32 m among species, averaging 25 m for canopy trees. H-D allometries for species-pooled data deviated strongly from recorded patterns for other tropical forest trees: asymptotic heights for trees in Dominica were 30-116% lower than those recorded for continental rainforest trees in Australia, South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia. In a subset of canopy trees sampled in steep, sheltered valleys, heights were 12-26% larger at a given diameter, and approached those observed in other tropical regions, suggesting large phenotypic responses of H-D allometries to wind conditions. 3. RSOM (quantified as the ratio of height at onset of reproduction to asymptotic maximum height) for Dominican angiosperm species was highly variable, ranging from 0.23-0.89 (mean 0.54), similar to patterns observed in Malaysia and Panama; very low RSOM values were estimated for two tree fern species. Pooling data from Dominica with published values from other tropical forests, we observed a significant negative correlation between RSOM and wood density. 4. Synthesis: Our data suggest that wind regimes are a critical determinant of height-diameter (H-D) allometries of tropical trees at both the local and global scale. Although we found no evidence for a systematic differences in reproductive onset related to wind regime, RSOM was negatively correlated with species’ wood density, suggesting that more shade-tolerant tree species show a longer period of gradually increasing reproductive allocation through ontogeny.

Data from: Novel forests maintain ecosystem processes after the decline of native tree species - Joseph Mascaro; Stefan A. Schnitzer; R. Flint Hughes (other, 2015)

HC.auto.3pops - Kenneth L. Jones; Jennifer A. Fike (other, 2015)
This file is a text file in Arelquin input format. It contains autosome SNP genotypes for three groups. Two groups of C. urophasianus (one is GRSG which represents the southern part of the range and the other is BiState which represents the diverged population on the border between California and Nevada). The third group is the Gunnison Sage-grouse data.

Data from: Two low coverage bird genomes and a comparison of reference-guided versus de novo genome assemblies - Matthew K. Fujita; Todd A. Castoe; Jacobo Reyes-Velasco; Daren C. Card; Robert P. Ruggiero; Diana F. Tomback; Audra L. Andrew; Drew R. Schield; Jennifer A. Fike (other, 2015)
As a greater number and diversity of high-quality vertebrate reference genomes become available, it is increasingly feasible to use these references to guide new draft assemblies for related species. Reference-guided assembly approaches may substantially increase the contiguity and completeness of a new genome using only low levels of genome coverage that might otherwise be insufficient for de novo genome assembly. We used low-coverage (~3.5–5.5x) Illumina paired-end sequencing to assemble draft genomes of two bird species (the Gunnison Sage-Grouse, Centrocercus minimus, and the Clark's Nutcracker, Nucifraga columbiana). We used these data to estimate de novo genome assemblies and reference-guided assemblies, and compared the information content and completeness of these assemblies by comparing CEGMA gene set representation, repeat element content, simple sequence repeat content, and GC isochore structure among assemblies. Our results demonstrate that even lower-coverage genome sequencing projects are capable of producing informative and useful genomic resources, particularly through the use of reference-guided assemblies.

Abundance richness and evenness data ALL BEES - John S. Ascher; Eli S. Wyman; Zachariah J. Gezon; David William Inouye; Rebecca E. Irwin (other, 2015)
data of combined bees (vouchered + released) to test for differences between repeatedly sampled sites and single sample sites regarding abundance (as catch rate), rarefied richness, and evenness (as Evar).

Data from: Deciphering the adjustment between environment and life history in annuals: lessons from a geographically-explicit approach in Arabidopsis thaliana - Esperanza Manzano-Piedras; Arnald Marcer; F. Xavier Picó; Carlos Alonso-Blanco (other, 2015)
The role that different life-history traits may have in the process of adaptation caused by divergent selection can be assessed by using extensive collections of geographically-explicit populations. This is because adaptive phenotypic variation shifts gradually across space as a result of the geographic patterns of variation in environmental selective pressures. Hence, large-scale experiments are needed to identify relevant adaptive life-history traits as well as their relationships with putative selective agents. We conducted a field experiment with 279 geo-referenced accessions of the annual plant Arabidopsis thaliana collected across a native region of its distribution range, the Iberian Peninsula. We quantified variation in life-history traits throughout the entire life cycle. We built a geographic information system to generate an environmental data set encompassing climate, vegetation and soil data. We analysed the spatial autocorrelation patterns of environmental variables and life-history traits, as well as the relationship between environmental and phenotypic data. Almost all environmental variables were significantly spatially autocorrelated. By contrast, only two life-history traits, seed weight and flowering time, exhibited significant spatial autocorrelation. Flowering time, and to a lower extent seed weight, were the life-history traits with the highest significant correlation coefficients with environmental factors, in particular with annual mean temperature. In general, individual fitness was higher for accessions with more vigorous seed germination, higher recruitment and later flowering times. Variation in flowering time mediated by temperature appears to be the main life-history trait by which A. thaliana adjusts its life history to the varying Iberian environmental conditions. The use of extensive geographically-explicit data sets obtained from field experiments represents a powerful approach to unravel adaptive patterns of variation. In a context of current global warming, geographically-explicit approaches, evaluating the match between organisms and the environments where they live, may contribute to better assess and predict the consequences of global warming.

Fine-grained distribution of a non-native resource can alter the population dynamics of a native consumer - Mifuyu Nakajima (other, 2015)
Map data used in simulations described in: Mifuyu Nakajima and Carol l. Boggs. 2015. Fine-grained distribution of a non-native resource can alter the population dynamics of a native consumer. PLOS ONE.

Data from: Are leaf functional traits “invariant” with plant size, and what is “invariance” anyway? - Charles A. Price; David D. Ackerly; Ülo Niinemets; Erik J. Veneklaas; Peter B. Reich; Ian J. Wright (other, 2015)
Studies of size-related plant traits have established a suite of mathematical functions describing whole plant investment and allocation. In parallel, studies of plant “economic spectra” have measured the scaling and variance composition of traits related to the major dimensions of both structure and function. Here we explore the intersection of these two broad areas by exploring the notion that many leaf economic traits are invariant with species differences in adult plant size. Invariant traits are those that do not change with plant size and are invoked as a key simplifying assumption of prominent models that purport to explain the scaling of plant size and metabolism. Unfortunately, leaf trait invariance is neither well defined nor understood, and has never been critically evaluated. Using a global plant trait dataset, we evaluated whether nine key traits can be considered as effectively invariant as a function of the maximum height of plant species, within and across plant growth forms, and within and across broad taxonomic groups. We also examine the influence of habitat, biome and global spatial scales on the size-relative variance in plant functional traits. We suggest that while invariance is an intuitive concept, an objective statistical definition is elusive. Expanding on ideas drawn from the study of life history invariants, we propose five criteria to identify traits that are effectively invariant, depending on the research question. We show that all studied “leaf economic spectrum” (LES) traits approach invariance within and between herbaceous and woody plant groups; angiosperms and gymnosperms; and within most biome and habitat types. Individual leaf area, however, shows a modest increase with plant size, and there are significant shifts in the average LES trait values at a given plant maximum height, among the plant growth forms and taxonomic groups. Our results demonstrate that generally, LES traits show little interspecific variation with maximum plant height, which provides some support for attempts to model plants with “average” leaf properties. Our work also highlights the need for a better understanding of the drivers of leaf size variation within and across individuals, functional groups, clades, biomes and habitats.

MOD13Q1 MODIS/Terra Vegetation Indices 16-Day L3 Global 250m SIN Grid V006 - Kamel Didan (other, 2015)

Data from: Microgeographic patterns of genetic divergence and adaptation across environmental gradients in Boechera stricta (Brassicaceae) - Nadeesha Perera; Bashira Chowdhury (other, 2015)
Abiotic and biotic conditions often vary continuously across the landscape, imposing divergent selection on local populations. We used a provenance trial approach to examine microgeographic variation in local adaptation in Boechera stricta (Brassicaceae), a perennial forb native to the Rocky Mountains. In montane ecosystems, environmental conditions change considerably over short spatial scales, such that neighboring populations can be subject to different selective pressures. Using accessions from southern (Colorado) and northern (Idaho) populations, we characterized spatial variation in genetic similarity via microsatellite markers. We then transplanted genotypes from multiple local populations into common gardens in both regions. Continuous variation in local adaptation emerged for several components of fitness. In Idaho, genotypes from warmer environments (low elevation or south facing sites) were poorly adapted to the north-facing garden. In high and low elevation Colorado gardens, susceptibility to insect herbivory increased with source elevation. In the high elevation Colorado garden, germination success peaked for genotypes that evolved at similar elevations as the garden, and declined for genotypes from higher and lower elevations. We also found evidence for local maladaptation in survival and fecundity components of fitness in the low elevation Colorado garden. This approach is a necessary first step in predicting how global change could affect evolutionary dynamics.

data for functional group analyses - John S. Ascher; Eli S. Wyman; Zachariah J. Gezon; Rebecca E. Irwin; David William Inouye (other, 2015)
data of vouchered bees to test for differences between repeatedly sampled sites and single sample sites regarding abundance functional group composition. The four functional groups tested were diet (lecty), sociality, body size (size), and nesting substrate (nesting). Note that sociality was tested twice, once with only Bombus considered social, and again with Bombus, Lasioglossum and Halictus as social.

Experimental frost damage data for eight subalpine plant species - Justin A. Bain; Paul J. CaraDonna (other, 2015)
This file contains data on the frost damage of eight subalpine plant species from the Rocky Mountains of Colorado (USA). These frost damage data can be used to calculate frost sensitivity for each species. Frost damage of plant tissue was determined after specimen were exposed to experimental temperature treatments. In the file, there is a column "temp_treatment_C" which is the target temperature for each treatment (in Celsius); there is another column "temp_observed_C", which is the actual temperature reached during the temperature treatment. Frost damage was scored as binary: damage = 1; no damage = 0. Frost trial number and frost trial start date refer to the specific series of temperature treatments. Collection of plant specimen and experimental procedures were conducted at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Gothic, Colorado, USA.

Data from: Genome-wide scans reveal cryptic population structure in a dry-adapted eucalypt - Suzanne M. Prober; William D. Stock; René E. Vaillancourt; Dorothy A. Steane; Elizabeth McLean; Brad M. Potts; Margaret Byrne; Lesley Collins (other, 2015)
Genome-wide DArTseq scans of 268 individuals of Eucalyptus salubris, distributed along an aridity gradient in southwestern Australia, revealed cryptic population structure that appears to signal hitherto unappreciated ecotypic differentiation and barriers to gene flow. Genome-wide scans were undertaken on 30 wild-sampled individuals from each of nine populations; 10 individuals per population were measured for habit and functional traits. DArTseq generated 16,122 high-quality markers, of which 56.3 % located to E. grandis chromosomes. Genetic affinities of the nine populations were only weakly correlated with geographic distances. Rather, populations appeared to form two distinct molecular lineages that maintained their distinctiveness in an area of geographic overlap. Twenty-four outlier markers signalled divergent selection and differentiation of the two putative lineages. Populations from the two lineages were phenotypically differentiated in leaf thickness, specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf nitrogen per unit mass (Nmass). The more northerly lineage (with thinner leaves) occurred in hotter, drier conditions with higher radiation. Populations of the more southerly lineage occurred on soils that were relatively low in phosphorus; the trees had thicker leaves, lower SLA and lower leaf Nmass, consistent with general responses to low nutrient levels. While historic isolation and drift may have contributed to the cryptic population structure observed, there is evidence of ecotypic adaptation, which may provide an exogenous barrier to gene flow. This study highlights the power of new molecular technologies to provide novel insights into the genetic architecture of wild populations.

Data from: Spatiotemporal fire dynamics in mixed-conifer and aspen forests in the San Juan Mountains of southwestern Colorado, USA (other, 2015)
Mixed-severity fire regimes may be the most extensive yet poorly understood fire regimes of western North America. Understanding their long-term spatiotemporal dynamics is central to debates regarding altered fire regimes and the need for restoration in the context of changing climate and nearly a century of active fire suppression. However, the complexity of fire patterns and forest stand and landscape structures characteristic of mixed-severity regimes poses a substantial challenge to understanding their long-term dynamics. In this study, we develop analysis methods aimed at understanding the fire-driven forest dynamics of mixed-severity systems and apply them in the San Juan Mountains of southwestern Colorado. We sampled fire scars, stand structure, and 4,300 tree ages across two 1,340-ha landscapes (Williams Creek and Squaretop Mountain) that span the environmental gradient of montane mixed-conifer and aspen forests. New approaches were applied to identify pulses of tree recruitment, evaluate climate and fire as potential drivers of synchronous recruitment pulses, and combine fire scar and recruitment data to reconstruct fires. The reconstructions provided detailed fire history for each stand, which in turn was used to develop a fire-severity metric, compare fire frequency and severity by forest type, and develop a simulation procedure to evaluate the degree to which tree regeneration depended on fire by species within each forest type. Twenty fires were reconstructed since 1685 at Williams Creek and 13 fires since 1748 at Squaretop Mountain. Patterns of fire severity varied within each fire and over successive events, including high-severity patches of 100s of ha in both study areas. Dry mixed-conifer forests experienced relatively short fire intervals (mean 21 years) and low fire severity, and regeneration of the main conifer species was largely dependent on open conditions sustained over successive fires. Moist mixed-conifer forests experienced longer fire intervals (mean 32 years) and a broader range of severities, and fire-caused canopy openings were important for initiating pulses of tree recruitment. Most (83%) aspen stands included two or more post-fire cohorts. The methods presented here can be adapted to other mixed-severity systems to better understand their long-term spatial and temporal dynamics and develop restoration priorities.

Data from: Determinants of flammability in savanna grass species - Colin P. Osborne; Pascal-Antione Christin; Gavin H. Thomas; Claire M. Belcher; Kimberley J. Simpson; Brad S. Ripley; Caroline E. R. Lehmann (other, 2015)
1. Tropical grasses fuel the majority of fires on Earth. In fire-prone landscapes, enhanced flammability may be adaptive for grasses via the maintenance of an open canopy and an increase in spatiotemporal opportunities for recruitment and regeneration. In addition, by burning intensely but briefly, high flammability may protect resprouting buds from lethal temperatures. Despite these potential benefits of high flammability to fire-prone grasses, variation in flammability among grass species, and how trait differences underpin this variation, remains unknown. 2. By burning leaves and plant parts, we experimentally determined how five plant traits (biomass quantity, biomass density, biomass moisture content, leaf surface-area-to-volume ratio and leaf effective heat of combustion) combined to determine the three components of flammability (ignitability, sustainability and combustibility) at the leaf and plant scales in 25 grass species of fire-prone South African grasslands at a time of peak fire occurrence. The influence of evolutionary history on flammability was assessed based on a phylogeny built here for the study species. 3. Grass species differed significantly in all components of flammability. Accounting for evolutionary history helped to explain patterns in leaf-scale combustibility and sustainability. The five measured plant traits predicted components of flammability, particularly leaf ignitability and plant combustibility in which 70% and 58% of variation, respectively, could be explained by a combination of the traits. Total above-ground biomass was a key driver of combustibility and sustainability with high biomass species burning more intensely and for longer, and producing the highest predicted fire spread rates. Moisture content was the main influence on ignitability, where species with higher moisture contents took longer to ignite and once alight burnt at a slower rate. Biomass density, leaf surface-area-to-volume ratio and leaf effective heat of combustion were weaker predictors of flammability components. 4. Synthesis. We demonstrate that grass flammability is predicted from easily measurable plant functional traits and is influenced by evolutionary history with some components showing phylogenetic signal. Grasses are not homogenous fuels to fire. Rather, species differ in functional traits that in turn demonstrably influence flammability. This diversity is consistent with the idea that flammability may be an adaptive trait for grasses of fire-prone ecosystems.

Abundance richness and evenness data VOUCHERED BEES - John S. Ascher; Eli S. Wyman; Zachariah J. Gezon; Rebecca E. Irwin; David William Inouye (other, 2015)
data of vouchered bees to test for differences between repeatedly sampled sites and single sample sites regarding abundance (as catch rate), rarefied richness, and evenness (as Evar).

Data from: Interspecific functional convergence and divergence and intraspecific negative density dependence underlie the seed-to-seedling transition in tropical trees - Maria Natalia Umana; Nathan G. Swenson (other, 2015)
The seed-to-seedling transition constitutes a critical bottleneck in the life history of plants and represents a major determinant of species composition and abundance. However, we have surprisingly little knowledge regarding the forces driving this ontogenetic transition. Here we utilize information regarding organismal function to investigate the strength of intra- and interspecific negative density dependence during the seed-to-seedling transition in Puerto Rican tree species. Our analyses were implemented at individual sites and across an entire 16-ha forest plot, spanning 6 years. The functional richness of seedling assemblages was significantly lower than expected given the seed assemblages, but the functional evenness was significantly higher than expected, indicating the simultaneous importance of constraints on the overall phenotypic space and trait differences for successful transitions from seed to seedling. The results were consistent across years. Within species, we also found evidence for strong intraspecific negative density dependence, where the probability of transition was proportionally lower when in a site with high conspecific density. These results suggest that filtering of similar phenotypes across species and strong negative density dependence within and among species are simultaneously driving the structure and dynamics of tropical tree assemblages during this critical life-history transition.

Chemical and biotic characteristics of prairie lakes and large wetlands in south-central North Dakota—Effects of a changing climate (2015)

Repeated measures data accompanying the paper: Effects of Increased Flight on the Energetics and Life History of the Butterfly Speyeria mormonia - Kristjan Niitepõld; Carol L. Boggs (other, 2015)
Data are in microsoft excel .xlsx format. Descriptions of each data type, including units, are in "comments" associated with the headers on each data column on each page. Data were collected on the butterfly Speyeria mormonia, derived from a population in Gunnison County, Colorado, USA and raised in captivity at Stanford University.

Z.3pops.4.arlequin - Kenneth L. Jones; Jennifer A. Fike (other, 2015)
This is a text file in Arlequin input format and represents Z chromosome data for three groups (2 C. urophasianus - one (GRSG) is the southern part of the range and the other (BiState) is the diverged population on the border between California and Nevada). The third group is Gunnison Sage-grouse.

Data from: Radial changes in wood specific gravity of tropical trees: inter- and intra-specific variation during secondary succession - Vanessa K. Boukili; Benjamin T. Plourde; Robin L. Chazdon (other, 2015)
Variation in wood specific gravity (WSG) within and across species of tropical trees is poorly studied in relation to vegetation change during tropical forest succession. We investigated WSG of 91 species in eight long-term plots along a successional chronosequence in northeastern Costa Rica. Radial changes in WSG were described by the rate of change (slope) along the stem radius. Significant radial changes were found in 42 of 74 species, with 37 species exhibiting increases from inner to outer wood, and 5 exhibiting decreases. Radial increases were commonly observed in species with inner WSG below 0.5, whereas radial decreases were observed in species with inner WSG above 0.7. Wood specific gravity weighted by cross-sectional area (wWSG) varied four-fold among species. Species classified as second-growth specialists had lower wWSG, lower inner and outer WSG, and higher slopes than old-growth specialists; successional generalists showed intermediate trait values. Among 18 species sampled in both second- and old-growth forests, 4 species (22%) showed significant variation in wWSG between forest types. Of 33 widely sampled species, seven species (21%) showed a significant effect of stem diameter on wWSG. Second-growth plots had lower stand-level wWSG and more pronounced radial increases than old-growth plots. Individual tree biomass for species with radial increases and low WSG was substantially underestimated when based on unweighted WSG compared to wWSG. Wood specific gravity varied with successional stage at multiple levels: within species, among successional specialist groups, and across plots of varying ages. Radial increases in WSG are common among trees in early and intermediate stages of tropical forest succession. This trait may confer growth advantages early in succession and increased resistance to physical or biotic damage during later successional stages.

Data from: Pinus ponderosa alters nitrogen dynamics and diminishes the climate footprint in natural ecosystems of Patagonia - Amy T. Austin; Lloyd William Hess (other, 2015)
1. Evaluating climate effects on plant-soil interactions in terrestrial ecosystems remains challenging due to the fact that floristic composition co-varies with climate, particularly along rainfall gradients. It is difficult to separate effects of precipitation per se from those mediated indirectly through changes in species composition. As such, afforestation (the intentional planting of woody species) in terrestrial ecosystems provides an ecological opportunity to assess the relative importance of climate and vegetation controls on ecosystem processes. 2. We investigated the impacts of 35 years of afforestation on ecosystem N dynamics, in ecosystems ranging from arid shrub-steppe to closed-canopy forest in Patagonia, Argentina. Site of natural vegetation and adjacent sites planted with a single exotic species, Pinus ponderosa, were identified in five precipitation regimes along a continuous gradient of 250 to 2200 mm mean annual precipitation (MAP). We evaluated C and N parameters of vegetation and soil, as well as natural abundance of 13C and 15N, in leaves, roots, ectomycorrhizae (EcM), and soils. 3. In natural vegetation, most leaf traits (%N, C:N ratios, leaf mass per area, δ15N values) demonstrated strong significant relationships with MAP, while these relationships were nearly absent in afforested sites. In addition, the EcM of native southern beech and pine trees were significantly enriched in 15N relative to leaves at all sites where they were present. While soil C and N pools in both vegetation types increased with MAP, overall pool sizes were significantly reduced in afforested sites. 4. Synthesis Observed relationships between leaf traits and precipitation in natural vegetation may be driven largely by shifts in species composition and plant-soil interactions, rather than direct effects of precipitation. Our results suggest that a change in species composition of the dominant vegetation is sufficient to alter C and N cycling independently of climate constraints: pine afforestation homogenized N dynamics across sites spanning an order of magnitude of MAP. These results highlight the important control of ectomycorrhizal associations in affecting C and N dynamics. Additionally, it serves to demonstrate that altering natural species composition alone is sufficient to cause large, detectable impacts on N turnover independently of direct climate effects.

Data from: Globally, functional traits are weak predictors of juvenile tree growth, and we do not know why - Christian Messier; Roland C. de Gouvenain; Kasso Daïnou; Nils Bourland; Martin Baruffol; Christopher Baraloto; Paul V. A. Fine; Harald Auge; Lucy Amissah; Claire Fortunel; Campbell O. Webb; Jean-Louis Doucet; et al. (other, 2015)
1. Plant functional traits, in particular specific leaf area (SLA), wood density and seed mass, are often good predictors of individual tree growth rates within communities. Individuals and species with high SLA, low wood density and small seeds tend to have faster growth rates. 2. If community-level relationships between traits and growth have general predictive value, then similar relationships should also be observed in analyses that integrate across taxa, biogeographic regions and environments. Such global consistency would imply that traits could serve as valuable proxies for the complex suite of factors that determine growth rate, and, therefore, could underpin a new generation of robust dynamic vegetation models. Alternatively, growth rates may depend more strongly on the local environment or growth–trait relationships may vary along environmental gradients. 3. We tested these alternative hypotheses using data on 27 352 juvenile trees, representing 278 species from 27 sites on all forested continents, and extensive functional trait data, 38% of which were obtained at the same sites at which growth was assessed. Data on potential evapotranspiration (PET), which summarizes the joint ecological effects of temperature and precipitation, were obtained from a global data base. 4. We estimated size-standardized relative height growth rates (SGR) for all species, then related them to functional traits and PET using mixed-effect models for the fastest growing species and for all species together. 5. Both the mean and 95th percentile SGR were more strongly associated with functional traits than with PET. PET was unrelated to SGR at the global scale. SGR increased with increasing SLA and decreased with increasing wood density and seed mass, but these traits explained only 3.1% of the variation in SGR. SGR–trait relationships were consistently weak across families and biogeographic zones, and over a range of tree statures. Thus, the most widely studied functional traits in plant ecology were poor predictors of tree growth over large scales. 6. Synthesis. We conclude that these functional traits alone may be unsuitable for predicting growth of trees over broad scales. Determining the functional traits that predict vital rates under specific environmental conditions may generate more insight than a monolithic global relationship can offer.

Yearly bee catch data - John S. Ascher; Eli S. Wyman; Zachariah J. Gezon; David William Inouye; Rebecca E. Irwin (other, 2015)
data used to calculate mean catch rates per sampling period per year by each sampling method.

Ready for NMDS VOUCHERED BEES ONLY - Eli S. Wyman; John S. Ascher; Zachariah J. Gezon; Rebecca E. Irwin; David William Inouye (other, 2015)
sample day by species matrix ready for NMDS analysis.

Data from: Z chromosome divergence, polymorphism, and relative effective population size in a genus of lekking birds - Jennifer A. Fike; Kenneth L. Jones (other, 2015)
Sex chromosomes contribute disproportionately to species boundaries as they diverge faster than autosomes and often have reduced diversity. Their hemizygous nature contributes to faster divergence and reduced diversity, as do some types of selection. In birds, other factors (mating system and bottlenecks) can further decrease the effective population size of Z-linked loci and accelerate divergence (Fast-Z). We assessed Z-linked divergence and effective population sizes for two polygynous sage-grouse species and compared them to estimates from birds with various mating systems. We found lower diversity and higher FST for Z-linked loci than for autosomes, as expected. The πZ/πA ratio was 0.38 in Centrocercus minimus, 0.48 in Centrocercus urophasianus and 0.59 in a diverged, parapatric population of C. urophasianus, a broad range given the mating system among these groups is presumably equivalent. The full data set had unequal males and females across groups, so we compared an equally balanced reduced set of C. minimus and individuals pooled from both C. urophasianus subgroups recovering similar estimates: 0.54 for C. urophasianus and 0.38 for C. minimus. We provide further evidence that NeZ/NeA in birds is often lower than expected under random mating or monogamy. The lower ratio in C. minimus could be a consequence of stronger selection or drift acting on Z loci during speciation, as this species differs strongly from C. urophasianus in sexually selected characters with minimal mitochondrial divergence. As C. minimus also exhibited lower genomic diversity, it is possible that a more severe demographic history may contribute to its lower ratio.

Data from: Disentangling the relative importance of species occurrence, abundance and intraspecific variability in community assembly: a trait-based approach at the whole-plant level in Mediterranean forests - Rafael Villar; Carmen M. Navarro-Fernández; Teodoro Marañón; Ignacio M. Pérez-Ramos; Enrique G. De La Riva; Manuel Olmo; Ambra Tosto (other, 2015)

Data from: Anthropogenic changes in sodium affect neural and muscle development in butterflies - William A. White; Anne Espeset; Christopher J. Boser; Emilie C. Snell-Rood; Rhea Smykalski (other, 2014)
The development of organisms is changing drastically because of anthropogenic changes in once-limited nutrients. Although the importance of changing macronutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, is well-established, it is less clear how anthropogenic changes in micronutrients will affect organismal development, potentially changing dynamics of selection. We use butterflies as a study system to test whether changes in sodium availability due to road salt runoff have significant effects on the development of sodium-limited traits, such as neural and muscle tissue. We first document how road salt runoff can elevate sodium concentrations in the tissue of some plant groups by 1.5–30 times. Using monarch butterflies reared on roadside- and prairie-collected milkweed, we then show that road salt runoff can result in increased muscle mass (in males) and neural investment (in females). Finally, we use an artificial diet manipulation in cabbage white butterflies to show that variation in sodium chloride per se positively affects male flight muscle and female brain size. Variation in sodium not only has different effects depending on sex, but also can have opposing effects on the same tissue: across both species, males increase investment in flight muscle with increasing sodium, whereas females show the opposite pattern. Taken together, our results show that anthropogenic changes in sodium availability can affect the development of traits in roadside-feeding herbivores. This research suggests that changing micronutrient availability could alter selection on foraging behavior for some roadside-developing invertebrates.

Data from: Effects of tree architecture on pollen dispersal and mating patterns in Abies pinsapo Boiss. (Pinaceae) - Karin Tremetsberger; Francisco Balao; Anass Terrab; Jose M. Sánchez-Robles; Juan L. García Castaño; Laura Navarro Sampedro; Salvador Talavera (other, 2014)
Plant architecture is crucial to pollination and mating in wind pollinated species. We investigate the effect of crown architecture on pollen dispersal, mating system and offspring quality, combining phenotypic and genotypic analyses in a low-density population of the endangered species Abies pinsapo. A total of 598 embryos from three relative crown height levels (bottom, middle, top) in five mother plants were genotyped using eleven nuclear microsatellite markers (nSSRs). Paternity analysis and mating system models were used to infer mating and pollen dispersal parameters. In addition, seeds were weighed (N = 16,110) and germinated (N = 736), and seedling vigour was measured to assess inbreeding depression. Overall, A. pinsapo shows a fat-tailed dispersal kernel, with an average pollen dispersal distance of 113–227 m, an immigration rate of 0.84–26.92%, and a number of effective pollen donors ranging between 3.5 and 11.9. We found an effect of tree height and relative crown height levels on mating parameters. A higher proportion of seeds with embryo (about 50%) and a higher rate of self-fertilization (about 60%) were found at the bottom level in comparison to the top level. Seed weight and seedling vigour are positively related. Nevertheless, no differences were found in seed weight or in seedling-related variables such as weight and length of aerial and subterranean parts among the different relative crown height levels, suggesting that seeds from the more strongly inbred bottom level are not affected by inbreeding depression. The different relative crown height levels also present a similar effective pollen dispersal distance and number of effective pollen donors, indicating vertical isotropy for outcross pollen. Our results thus suggest that self-pollen may compensate for the shortage of outcross pollen in low density populations.

Sage-Grouse 2x reference-guided genome - Diana F. Tomback; Matthew K. Fujita; Todd A. Castoe; Drew R. Schield; Daren C. Card; Jacobo Reyes-Velasco; Robert P. Ruggiero; Audra L. Andrew; Jennifer A. Fike (other, 2014)
2x consensus Sage-Grouse genome from reference-guided assembly using the Chicken genome as reference. Assembly statistics report is included.

Sage-Grouse 1x reference-guided genome - Robert P. Ruggiero; Todd A. Castoe; Matthew K. Fujita; Jacobo Reyes-Velasco; Audra L. Andrew; Drew R. Schield; Diana F. Tomback; Daren C. Card; Jennifer A. Fike (other, 2014)
1x consensus Sage-Grouse genome from reference-guided assembly using the Chicken genome as reference. Assembly statistics report is included.

Data from: Species-specific responses of foliar nutrients to long-term nitrogen and phosphorus additions in a lowland tropical forest - Jordan R. Mayor; Benjamin L. Turner; S. Joseph Wright (other, 2014)
1) The concentration, stoichiometry, and resorption of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in plant leaves are often used as proxies of the availability of these growth-limiting nutrients, but the responses of these metrics to changes in nutrient availability remains largely untested for tropical forest trees. 2) We evaluated changes in N and P concentrations, N:P ratios, and resorption for 4 common tree species after 13 years of factorial N and P additions in a lowland tropical forest in Panama. 3) Chronic P addition increased foliar P concentrations, decreased P resorption proficiency, and decreased N:P ratios in three locally common eudicot tree species (Alseis blackiana, Heisteria concinna, Tetragastris panamensis). The increase in foliar P involved similar proportional increases in organic and inorganic P in two species and a disproportionately large increase in inorganic P in A. blackiana. 4) Nitrogen addition did not alter foliar N concentrations in any species, but did decrease N resorption proficiency in H. concinna. 5) A fourth species, the palm Oenocarpus mapora, demonstrated remarkably static foliar nutrient concentrations, responding only with a marginal decrease in P resorption proficiency under N plus P co-addition. 6) Synthesis: Collectively, these results suggest that adjustment of N:P ratios can be expected in eudicots exposed to elevated P, but foliar N appears to already be at optimal levels in these lowland rainforest tree species. The complexity of species-specific responses to altered nutrient availability highlights the difficulty in predicting future responses of tropical forest trees to a changing world.

Data from: Shifts and disruptions in resource-use trait syndromes during the evolution of herbaceous crops - J. Morente-Lopez; F. Stuart Chapin; Rubén Milla; Nieves Martín-Robles; N. Martin-Robles; Jose Miguel Alonso-Rodrigo; Javier Morente-López; Francis Stuart Chapin III (other, 2014)
Trait-based ecology predicts that evolution in high-resource agricultural environments should select for suites of traits that enable fast resource acquisition and rapid canopy closure. However, crop breeding targets specific agronomic attributes rather than broad trait syndromes. Breeding for specific traits, together with evolution in high-resource environments, might lead to reduced phenotypic integration, according to predictions from the ecological literature. We provide the first comprehensive test of these hypotheses, based on a trait-screening programme of 30 herbaceous crops and their wild progenitors. During crop evolution plants became larger, which enabled them to compete more effectively for light, but they had poorly integrated phenotypes. In a subset of six herbaceous crop species investigated in greater depth, competitiveness for light increased during early plant domestication, whereas diminished phenotypic integration occurred later during crop improvement. Mass-specific leaf and root traits relevant to resource-use strategies (e.g. specific leaf area or tissue density of fine roots) changed during crop evolution, but in diverse and contrasting directions and magnitudes, depending on the crop species. Reductions in phenotypic integration and overinvestment in traits involved in competition for light may affect the chances of upgrading modern herbaceous crops to face current climatic and food security challenges.

Data from: Community assembly and functional diversity along succession post-management - Patricia Balvanera; Radika Bhaskar; Todd E. Dawson (other, 2014)
1. Despite extensive development of successional theory, few empirical studies have evaluated whether existing models are applicable to human-modified landscapes. Seasonally dry tropical forests are experiencing widespread transformation, and represent a critical system to assess in a successional framework to infer the mechanisms that shape assembly of secondary forests post-management. 2. We used a functional trait-based approach to assess changes in community assembly mechanisms along succession in secondary dry forests of varying stages following abandonment of cattle activity, as well as nearby old-growth forests. We evaluated whether re-assembly proceeded consistent with existing theory, in early successional stages via habitat filtering, leading to reduced trait range, and via competitive exclusion in later stages, leading to increased trait evenness. Using three orthogonal traits and two functional diversity indices we tested for evidence of assembly mechanisms along resource axes that may be particularly important to dry forest systems, dynamic changes in habitat filtering and competitive exclusion, and potential legacy effects of management. 3. We found little support of a progression from habitat filtering to competitive exclusion, with the exception of dispersion patterns for specific leaf area and multi-variate functional richness. Water may underlie species sorting in most stages, as evidenced by range reduction in wood density, and might be a resource particularly important to dry forest assembly. Early successional stages displayed an unexpected pattern of low evenness, which may be due to initial stand composition including remnants and resprouts, a regeneration strategy typical to dry forest species. Beyond influencing initial conditions, management legacy was apparent in late secondary forests, which differed in range, even dispersion, and functional richness from old-growth forests, suggesting the operation of different assembly mechanisms. 4. The departures from expectations suggest the need to re-assess successional models to include effects of management legacies on the operation of community assembly mechanisms in human-modified landscapes, as well as characteristics that distinguish wet and dry forest dynamics.

Sage-Grouse 5x reference-guided genome - Jacobo Reyes-Velasco; Audra L. Andrew; Daren C. Card; Diana F. Tomback; Todd A. Castoe; Drew R. Schield; Matthew K. Fujita; Robert P. Ruggiero; Jennifer A. Fike (other, 2014)
5x consensus Sage-Grouse genome from reference-guided assembly using the Chicken genome as reference. Assembly statistics report is included.

ld (b1) (2014)
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Data from: Accuracy of genomic selection models in a large population of open-pollinated families in white spruce - Trevor Doerksen; Jean Bousquet; Sébastien Clément; Jeremy M. Beaulieu; John MacKay (other, 2014)
Genomic selection (GS) is of interest in breeding because of its potential for predicting the genetic value of individuals and increasing genetic gains per unit of time. To date, very few studies have reported empirical results of GS potential in the context of large population sizes and long breeding cycles such as for boreal trees. In this study, we assessed the effectiveness of marker-aided selection in an undomesticated white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) population of large effective size using a GS approach. A discovery population of 1694 trees representative of 214 open-pollinated families from 43 natural populations was phenotyped for 12 wood and growth traits and genotyped for 6385 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) mined in 2660 gene sequences. GS models were built to predict estimated breeding values using all the available SNPs or SNP subsets of the largest absolute effects, and they were validated using various cross-validation schemes. The accuracy of genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) varied from 0.327 to 0.435 when the training and the validation data sets shared half-sibs that were on average 90% of the accuracies achieved through traditionally estimated breeding values. The trend was also the same for validation across sites. As expected, the accuracy of GEBVs obtained after cross-validation with individuals of unknown relatedness was lower with about half of the accuracy achieved when half-sibs were present. We showed that with the marker densities used in the current study, predictions with low to moderate accuracy could be obtained within a large undomesticated population of related individuals, potentially resulting in larger gains per unit of time with GS than with the traditional approach.

Sage-Grouse to Chicken chromosome annotation - Jacobo Reyes-Velasco; Todd A. Castoe; Daren C. Card; Matthew K. Fujita; Drew R. Schield; Audra L. Andrew; Robert P. Ruggiero; Diana F. Tomback; Jennifer A. Fike (other, 2014)
Chromsome annotation of the Sage-Grouse using the Chicken genome. Used 1x reference-guided assembly and blast, and assumed high synteny between species.

Sage-Grouse mitochondrial assembly and MITOS annotation - Robert P. Ruggiero; Jacobo Reyes-Velasco; Matthew K. Fujita; Drew R. Schield; Todd A. Castoe; Daren C. Card; Diana F. Tomback; Audra L. Andrew; Jennifer A. Fike (other, 2014)
Reference-guided assembly of the Sage-Grouse mitochondrion using consensus Galliformes mitochondrial sequence as guide. Includes MITOS annotation.

Sage-Grouse de novo assembly - Todd A. Castoe; Diana F. Tomback; Drew R. Schield; Robert P. Ruggiero; Jacobo Reyes-Velasco; Matthew K. Fujita; Daren C. Card; Audra L. Andrew; Jennifer A. Fike (other, 2014)
De novo assembly of the Gunnison Sage-Grouse using CLC Genomics Workbench. Includes CLC assembly report.

Data from: A test for a cost of opportunism in invasive species in the Commelinaceae - Alice A. Winn; Stacey L. Halpern; Jean H. Burns (other, 2014)
Many invasive species can respond opportunistically to favorable growing conditions. In a previous work, we found that invasive species in the family Commelinaceae were more opportunistic than their noninvasive congeners and could therefore outperform noninvasive relatives in an environment with abundant resources and no competition. Contrary to the expectation that superior performance under favorable conditions comes at the cost of reduced performance under stressful conditions, invasive species did not perform more poorly relative to noninvasive congeners under any conditions we examined. Here we expand our search for potential costs of opportunism in invasive species to additional environmental conditions in which invasive taxa have been shown or predicted to perform poorly. We grew four invasive and four noninvasive species in environments consisting of all possible combinations of high and low soil resources and presence and absence of clipping (removal of aboveground biomass). We also fed leaves of each species to a generalist herbivore to assess resistance to herbivory. We found that the advantage of invasive species is reduced but not eliminated by low soil resources and clipping. At low soil resources, invasive species produced softer leaves than noninvasive species and might therefore be less resistant to generalist herbivory than noninvasive species, although a direct comparison of resistance in a no-choice bioassay revealed no difference. The invasive species outperformed noninvasive species only under the most favorable conditions, and the noninvasive species did not outperform the invasive species in any environment.

Data from: Context-dependent reproductive isolation mediated by floral scent and color - Andreas Jürgens; Mascha Bischoff; Robert A. Raguso; Diane R. Campbell (other, 2014)
Reproductive isolation due to pollinator behavior is considered a key mode of speciation in flowering plants. Although floral scent is thought to mediate pollinator behavior, little is known about its effects on pollinator attraction and floral visitation in the wild. We used field experiments with wild hawkmoths and laboratory experiments with naïve hawkmoths to investigate attraction to and probing of flowers in response to indole, a volatile emitted by Ipomopsis tenuituba but not its close relative I. aggregata, both alone and in combination with floral color differences. We demonstrated that indole attracts wild hawkmoths to flowers, but has little effect on the rate at which those attracted moths probe flowers. In contrast, white flower color did not influence hawkmoth attraction in the field, but caused more attracted moths to probe flowers. Thus the moths require both scent and high visual contrast, in that order, to feed at flowers at dusk. Their preference for indole-scented flowers is innate, but species-specific preference is mitigated by previous experience and plant spatial patterning. This context-dependent behavior helps explain why these Ipomopsis species show geographical variation in the extent of hybridization and may potentially explain formation of hybrid bridges in other systems of hawkmoth-pollinated plants.

Data from: Functional traits in parallel evolutionary radiations and trait-environment associations in the Cape Floristic region of South Africa - Christopher Adams; Cynthia S. Jones; Jane E. Carlson; Hayley Kilroy Mollmann; Hugo Martinez-Cabrera; Carl D. Schlichting; Kerri Mocko; John A. Silander Jr.; Timothy E. Moore; Nora Mitchell; Kenneth W. Holsinger (other, 2014)

Data from: Three keys to the radiation of angiosperms into freezing environments - Brian C. O'Meara; David C. Tank; Peter F. Stevens; Pamela S. Soltis; Douglas E. Soltis; Michelle R. Leishman; Mark Westoby; Andre Calaminus; Jacek Oleksyn; Amy E. Zanne; Robert I. Bertin; Alejandro Ordonez; et al. (other, 2014)

21 MHC Class II DRB alleles from Microtus montanus - John P. Wares; Jamie C. Winternitz (other, 2013)
FASTA file of 21 MHC Class II Mimo-DRB alleles recovered from a wild population of montane vole (Microtus montanus). Samples were obtained between 2008-2010 near the Rocky Mountain biological Laboratory, located in the Upper East River Valley, CO (39N, 107W).

Genetic variation within the North American Sage-grouse genus Centrocercus (class Aves) - BGI (other, 2013)
Evaluation of genetic differentiation within the Sage-grouse genus Centrocercus. Three geographically distinct samples of North American Sage-grouse, genus Centrocercus (class Aves). Two samples are taxonomically considered Greater Sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) and the third is considered Gunnison Sage-grouse (Centrocercus minimus). Ten individual monoisolates were obtained for each group.

Data from: Strong selection genome-wide enhances fitness trade-offs across environments and episodes of selection (other, 2013)
Fitness trade-offs across episodes of selection and environments influence life-history evolution and adaptive population divergence. Documenting these trade-offs remains challenging as selection can vary in magnitude and direction through time and space. Here, we evaluate fitness trade-offs at the levels of the whole organism and the quantitative trait locus (QTL) in a multiyear field study of Boechera stricta (Brassicaceae), a genetically tractable mustard native to the Rocky Mountains. Reciprocal local adaptation was pronounced for viability, but not for reproductive components of fitness. Instead, local genomes had a fecundity advantage only in the high latitude garden. By estimating realized selection coefficients from individual-level data on viability and reproductive success and permuting the data to infer significance, we examined the genetic basis of fitness trade-offs. This analytical approach (Conditional Neutrality-Antagonistic Pleiotropy, CNAP) identified genetic trade-offs at a flowering phenology QTL (costs of adaptation) and revealed genetic trade-offs across fitness components (costs of reproduction). These patterns would not have emerged from traditional ANOVA-based QTL mapping. Our analytical framework can be applied to other systems to investigate fitness trade-offs. This task is becoming increasingly important as climate change may alter fitness landscapes, potentially disrupting fitness trade-offs that took many generations to evolve.

Data from: A gain-of-function polymorphism controlling complex traits and fitness in nature - Bao-Hua Song; Aaron J. Windsor; Carrie Olson-Manning; Mary A. Schuler; M. Eric Schranz; Sanjeewa G. Rupasinghe; Maria J. Clauss; Kasavajhala V. S. K. Prasad; Ibtehaj Naqvi; Antonio J. Manzaneda (other, 2013)
Identification of the causal genes that control complex trait variation remains challenging, limiting our appreciation of the evolutionary processes that influence polymorphisms in nature. We cloned a quantitative trait locus that controls plant defensive chemistry, damage by insect herbivores, survival, and reproduction in the natural environments where this polymorphism evolved. These ecological effects are driven by duplications in the BCMA (branched-chain methionine allocation) loci controlling this variation and by two selectively favored amino acid changes in the glucosinolate-biosynthetic cytochrome P450 proteins that they encode. These changes cause a gain of novel enzyme function, modulated by allelic differences in catalytic rate and gene copy number. Ecological interactions in diverse environments likely contribute to the widespread polymorphism of this biochemical function.

Data from: Duplication and population dynamics shape historic patterns of selection and genetic variation at the major histocompatibility complex in rodents - John P. Wares; Jamie C. Winternitz (other, 2013)
Genetic variation at the MHC is vitally important for wildlife populations to respond to pathogen threats. Because natural populations can fluctuate greatly in size, a key issue concerns how population cycles and bottlenecks that could reduce genetic diversity will influence MHC genes. Using 454 sequencing, we characterized genetic diversity at the DRB Class II locus in montane voles (Microtus montanus), a North American rodent that regularly undergoes high amplitude fluctuations in population size. We tested for evidence of historic balancing selection, recombination, and gene duplication to identify mechanisms maintaining allelic diversity. Counter to our expectations, we found strong evidence of purifying selection acting on the DRB locus in montane voles. We speculate that the interplay between population fluctuations and gene duplication might be responsible for the weak evidence of historic balancing selection and strong evidence of purifying selection detected. To further explore this idea, we conducted a phylogenetically controlled comparative analysis across 16 rodent species with varying demographic histories and MHC duplication events (based on the maximum number of alleles detected per individual). Based on phylogenetic generalized linear model-averaging, we found evidence that the estimated number of duplicated loci was positively related to allelic diversity and, surprisingly, to the strength of purifying selection at the DRB locus. Our analyses also revealed that species that had undergone population bottlenecks had lower allelic richness than stable species. This study highlights the need to consider demographic history and genetic structure alongside patterns of natural selection to understand resulting patterns of genetic variation at the MHC.

Individual level data for RILs (Recombinant Inbred Lines) - Robert I. Colautti; Amy M. McKinney; David William Inouye (other, 2012)
This file contains the individual level data for selection analyses and estimates of response to selection in the recombinant inbred lines (RILs) planted in the Montana and Colorado parental environments. Included are data on planting site, family identification, timing of first flowering, plant size at flowering, absolute and relative fitness, and covariates. These data were collected by Jill Anderson and Tom Mitchell-Olds in the field. Text Wrangler was used to create the data file.

ND2 haplotype table for 53 modern populations - Jeremy J. Austin; Alan Cooper; Janet Epp; Kyle Keepers; Christopher M. Kennedy; Sierra L. Love Stowell; Daniel McDonald; Karel L. Rogers; Jessica L. Metcalf; Andrew P. Martin (other, 2012)
We sequenced a 648 or 889 base pair region of the ND2 gene for at least 10 individuals from 53 contemporary populations. This table shows ND2 haplotypes present in each population sampled, number of fish sampled per population, and the number of fish belonging to each haplotype. Haplotypes are either defined by a genbank number and an abbreviated short name that is used by Parks and Wildlife (KBRkey). Major mtDNA lineage designations include (GCR = Gunnison/Colorado, YMP = Yampa, SP = South Platte, RG = Rio Grande, YS= Yellowstone cutthroat trout and RB = Rainbow trout.

Data from: Historical stocking data and 19th century DNA reveal human-induced changes to native diversity and distribution of cutthroat trout - Andrew P. Martin; Karel L. Rogers; Kyle Keepers; Daniel McDonald; Janet Epp; Christopher M. Kennedy; Sierra L. Love Stowell; Alan Cooper; Jeremy J. Austin; Jessica L. Metcalf (other, 2012)
Many species are threatened with extinction and efforts are underway worldwide to restore imperiled species to their native ranges. Restoration requires knowledge of species' historic diversity and distribution, which may not be available. For some species, many populations were extirpated and humans moved individuals beyond their native range before native diversity and distribution were documented. Moreover, traditional taxonomic assessments often failed to accurately capture phylogenetic diversity. We illustrate a general approach for estimating regional native diversity and distribution by assembling a large archive of historical records documenting human-mediated change in the distribution of cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii) coupled with a phylogenetic analysis of 19th century (before intensive fish stocking) and contemporary DNA samples. Our study of the trout in the southern Rocky Mountains uncovered six divergent lineages, two of which went extinct, probably in the early 20th century. A third lineage, previously declared extinct, was discovered surviving in a single stream outside of its native range. Comparison of the historic and modern distributions with stocking records revealed that the current distribution of trout largely reflects intensive stocking early in the late 19th and early 20th century from two phylogenetically and geographically distinct sources. Our documentation of recent extinctions, undescribed lineages, errors in taxonomy, and dramatic range changes induced by human movement of fish underscores the importance of the historical record when developing and implementing conservation plans for threatened and endangered species.

Surface Temperature Anomalies Derived from Night Time ASTER Data Corrected for Solar and Topographic Effects, Alamosa and Saguache Counties, Colorado (other, 2012)
This map shows areas of anomalous surface temperature in Alamosa and Saguache Counties identified from ASTER thermal data and spatial based insolation model. The temperature is calculated using the Emissivity Normalization Algorithm that separate temperature from emissivity. The incoming solar radiation was calculated using spatial based insolation model developed by Fu and Rich (1999). Then the temperature due to solar radiation was calculated using emissivity derived from ASTER data. The residual temperature, i.e. temperature due to solar radiation subtracted from ASTER temperature was used to identify thermally anomalous areas. Areas that had temperature greater than 2o were considered ASTER modeled "very warm modeled surface temperature" are shown in red on the map. Areas that had temperatures between 1o and 2o were considered ASTER modeled "warm modeled surface temperature" are shown in yellow on the map. This map also includes the locations of shallow temperature survey points, locations of springs or wells with favorable geochemistry, faults, transmission lines, and areas of modeled basement weakness "fairways." Note: 'o' is used in this description to represent lowercase sigma.

Areas with Surface Thermal Anomalies as Detected by ASTER and LANDSAT Data in Northwest Delta, Colorado (other, 2012)
This map shows areas of anomalous surface temperature in northern Saguache Counties identified from ASTER and LANDSAT thermal data and spatial based insolation model. The temperature for the ASTER data was calculated using the Emissivity Normalization Algorithm that separate temperature from emissivity. The incoming solar radiation was calculated using spatial based insolation model developed by Fu and Rich (1999). Then the temperature due to solar radiation was calculated using emissivity derived from ASTER data. The residual temperature, i.e. temperature due to solar radiation subtracted from ASTER temperature was used to identify thermally anomalous areas. Areas having anomalous temperature in the ASTER data are shown in blue diagonal hatch, while areas having anomalous temperature in the LANDSAT data are shown in magenta on the map. Thermal springs and areas with favorable geochemistry are also shown. Springs or wells having non-favorable geochemistry are shown as blue dots.

Areas of Weakly Anomalous to Anomalous Surface Temperature in Alamosa and Saguache Counties, Colorado, as Identified from ASTER Thermal Data (other, 2012)
This "Weakly Anomalous to Anomalous Surface Temperature" dataset differs from the "Anomalous Surface Temperature" dataset for this county (another remotely sensed CIRES product) by showing areas of modeled temperatures between 1o and 2o above the mean, as opposed to the greater than 2o temperatures contained in the "Anomalous Surface Temperature" dataset. Note: 'o' is used in this description to represent lowercase sigma

Surface Temperature Anomalies Derived from Night Time ASTER Data Corrected for Solar and Topographic Effects, Dolores County (other, 2012)
This map shows areas of anomalous surface temperature in Alamosa and Saguache Counties identified from ASTER thermal data and spatial based insolation model. The temperature is calculated using the Emissivity Normalization Algorithm that separate temperature from emissivity. The incoming solar radiation was calculated using spatial based insolation model developed by Fu and Rich (1999). Then the temperature due to solar radiation was calculated using emissivity derived from ASTER data. The residual temperature, i.e. temperature due to solar radiation subtracted from ASTER temperature was used to identify thermally anomalous areas. Areas that had temperature greater than 2o were considered ASTER modeled "very warm modeled surface temperature" are shown in red on the map. Areas that had temperatures between 1o and 2o were considered ASTER modeled "warm modeled surface temperature" are shown in yellow on the map. This map also includes the locations of shallow temperature survey points, locations of springs or wells with favorable geochemistry, faults, transmission lines, and areas of modeled basement weakness "fairways." Note: 'o' is used in this description to represent lowercase sigma.

Surface Temperature Anomalies Derived from Night Time ASTER Data Corrected for Solar and Topographic Effects, Archuleta County (other, 2012)
This map shows areas of anomalous surface temperature in Alamosa and Saguache Counties identified from ASTER thermal data and spatial based insolation model. The temperature is calculated using the Emissivity Normalization Algorithm that separate temperature from emissivity. The incoming solar radiation was calculated using spatial based insolation model developed by Fu and Rich (1999). Then the temperature due to solar radiation was calculated using emissivity derived from ASTER data. The residual temperature, i.e. temperature due to solar radiation subtracted from ASTER temperature was used to identify thermally anomalous areas. Areas that had temperature greater than 2o were considered ASTER modeled "very warm modeled surface temperature" are shown in red on the map. Areas that had temperatures between 1o and 2o were considered ASTER modeled "warm modeled surface temperature" are shown in yellow on the map. This map also includes the locations of shallow temperature survey points, locations of springs or wells with favorable geochemistry, faults, transmission lines, and areas of modeled basement weakness "fairways." Note: 'o' is used in this description to represent lowercase sigma.

Carpenter_Meadow_transect_2010 - Robert I. Colautti; Amy M. McKinney; David William Inouye (other, 2012)
This file contains phenotypic and fitness data on naturally-recruiting Boechera stricta plants in 5 transects. Jill Anderson collected these data at the Carpenter Meadow site in 2010. The data file was created in Text Wrangler.

Family level averages for the Recombinant Inbred Lines (Colorado) - Robert I. Colautti; Amy M. McKinney; David William Inouye (other, 2012)
This file contains family-level average trait values for the recombinant inbred lines (RILs) in the Colorado garden. Columns include: family, leaf number at flowering (standardized to a mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1), height at flowering (standardized to a mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1), relative fitness (=absolute fitness/maximum fitness of individuals), and flowering time (both standardized to a mean of 0 and SD of 1, and unstandardized). Standardizations were made on the individual level data prior to calculating the average values. Jill Anderson collected these data at the Colorado field garden. The data file was created in Text Wrangler.

Long-term flowering_year - Robert I. Colautti; Amy M. McKinney; David William Inouye (other, 2012)
This file contains data on flowering time (first flowering and peak flowering) from 1973-2011 averaged across all plots, as well as snowmelt data and average April-May temperature data for these years. Timing of flowering was collected by David Inouye and collaborators. Snowmelt data was collected by billy Barr. Temperature data come from the Crested Butte (CO) NOAA station. The data file was created in Text Wrangler.

Long-term flowering time at the plot level - Robert I. Colautti; Amy M. McKinney; David William Inouye (other, 2012)
These are data on flowering time (first flowering time and peak flowering time) for all plots from 1973-2011. Data were collected by David Inouye and collaborators. Temperature data are from the Crested Butte, CO NOAA station, and snowmelt data were collected by billy barr. The data file was created in Text Wrangler.

Climate - Robert I. Colautti; Amy M. McKinney; David William Inouye (other, 2012)
This file contains data on the timing of snowmelt from 1935-2012, average April-May temperatures from 1973-2011, and minimum April-May temperatures from 1973-2011. The timing of snowmelt was observed from 1975-2012, and estimated from 1935-1974 based on correlations with river runoff. Temperature data come from the NOAA station in Crested Butte, Colorado. The data file was created in Text Wrangler.

Surface Temperature Anomalies Derived from Night Time ASTER Data Corrected for Solar and Topographic Effects, Dolores County (other, 2012)
This map shows areas of anomalous surface temperature in Alamosa and Saguache Counties identified from ASTER thermal data and spatial based insolation model. The temperature is calculated using the Emissivity Normalization Algorithm that separate temperature from emissivity. The incoming solar radiation was calculated using spatial based insolation model developed by Fu and Rich (1999). Then the temperature due to solar radiation was calculated using emissivity derived from ASTER data. The residual temperature, i.e. temperature due to solar radiation subtracted from ASTER temperature was used to identify thermally anomalous areas. Areas that had temperature greater than 2o were considered ASTER modeled "very warm modeled surface temperature" are shown in red on the map. Areas that had temperatures between 1o and 2o were considered ASTER modeled "warm modeled surface temperature" are shown in yellow on the map. This map also includes the locations of shallow temperature survey points, locations of springs or wells with favorable geochemistry, faults, transmission lines, and areas of modeled basement weakness "fairways." Note: 'o' is used in this description to represent lowercase sigma.

Areas with Surface Thermal Anomalies as Detected by ASTER and LANDSAT Data in Northern Saguache County, Colorado (other, 2012)
This map shows areas of anomalous surface temperature in northern Saguache Counties identified from ASTER and LANDSAT thermal data and spatial based insolation model. The temperature for the ASTER data was calculated using the Emissivity Normalization Algorithm that separate temperature from emissivity. The incoming solar radiation was calculated using spatial based insolation model developed by Fu and Rich (1999). Then the temperature due to solar radiation was calculated using emissivity derived from ASTER data. The residual temperature, i.e. temperature due to solar radiation subtracted from ASTER temperature was used to identify thermally anomalous areas. Areas having anomalous temperature in the ASTER data are shown in blue diagonal hatch, while areas having anomalous temperature in the LANDSAT data are shown in magenta on the map. Thermal springs and areas with favorable geochemistry are also shown. Springs or wells having non-favorable geochemistry are shown as blue dots.

Surface Temperature Anomalies Derived from Night Time ASTER Data Corrected for Solar and Topographic Effects, Archuleta County (other, 2012)
This map shows areas of anomalous surface temperature in Alamosa and Saguache Counties identified from ASTER thermal data and spatial based insolation model. The temperature is calculated using the Emissivity Normalization Algorithm that separate temperature from emissivity. The incoming solar radiation was calculated using spatial based insolation model developed by Fu and Rich (1999). Then the temperature due to solar radiation was calculated using emissivity derived from ASTER data. The residual temperature, i.e. temperature due to solar radiation subtracted from ASTER temperature was used to identify thermally anomalous areas. Areas that had temperature greater than 2o were considered ASTER modeled "very warm modeled surface temperature" are shown in red on the map. Areas that had temperatures between 1o and 2o were considered ASTER modeled "warm modeled surface temperature" are shown in yellow on the map. This map also includes the locations of shallow temperature survey points, locations of springs or wells with favorable geochemistry, faults, transmission lines, and areas of modeled basement weakness "fairways." Note: 'o' is used in this description to represent lowercase sigma.

Airborne geophysical survey: West Elk Extension, Colorado (other, 2012)
Aeromagnetic data were collected along flight lines by instruments in an aircraft that recorded magnetic-field values and locations. In the earlier days of surveying, the only way to represent this data was to generate an analog map with contour lines. This dataset is a representation of the digitized contour lines either by following the lines or by choosing the intersection of the contour and flight-line to create a value of the magnetic field. The values presented are latitude, longitude, and map magnetic-field values.

Areas with Surface Thermal Anomalies as Detected by ASTER and LANDSAT Data in Northwest Delta, Colorado (other, 2012)
This map shows areas of anomalous surface temperature in northern Saguache Counties identified from ASTER and LANDSAT thermal data and spatial based insolation model. The temperature for the ASTER data was calculated using the Emissivity Normalization Algorithm that separate temperature from emissivity. The incoming solar radiation was calculated using spatial based insolation model developed by Fu and Rich (1999). Then the temperature due to solar radiation was calculated using emissivity derived from ASTER data. The residual temperature, i.e. temperature due to solar radiation subtracted from ASTER temperature was used to identify thermally anomalous areas. Areas having anomalous temperature in the ASTER data are shown in blue diagonal hatch, while areas having anomalous temperature in the LANDSAT data are shown in magenta on the map. Thermal springs and areas with favorable geochemistry are also shown. Springs or wells having non-favorable geochemistry are shown as blue dots.

Areas with Surface Thermal Anomalies as Detected by ASTER and LANDSAT Data in Northern Saguache County, Colorado (other, 2012)
This map shows areas of anomalous surface temperature in northern Saguache Counties identified from ASTER and LANDSAT thermal data and spatial based insolation model. The temperature for the ASTER data was calculated using the Emissivity Normalization Algorithm that separate temperature from emissivity. The incoming solar radiation was calculated using spatial based insolation model developed by Fu and Rich (1999). Then the temperature due to solar radiation was calculated using emissivity derived from ASTER data. The residual temperature, i.e. temperature due to solar radiation subtracted from ASTER temperature was used to identify thermally anomalous areas. Areas having anomalous temperature in the ASTER data are shown in blue diagonal hatch, while areas having anomalous temperature in the LANDSAT data are shown in magenta on the map. Thermal springs and areas with favorable geochemistry are also shown. Springs or wells having non-favorable geochemistry are shown as blue dots.

Areas of Weakly Anomalous to Anomalous Surface Temperature in Alamosa and Saguache Counties, Colorado, as Identified from ASTER Thermal Data (other, 2012)
This "Weakly Anomalous to Anomalous Surface Temperature" dataset differs from the "Anomalous Surface Temperature" dataset for this county (another remotely sensed CIRES product) by showing areas of modeled temperatures between 1o and 2o above the mean, as opposed to the greater than 2o temperatures contained in the "Anomalous Surface Temperature" dataset. Note: 'o' is used in this description to represent lowercase sigma

Airborne geophysical survey: West Elk Extension, Colorado (other, 2012)
Aeromagnetic data were collected along flight lines by instruments in an aircraft that recorded magnetic-field values and locations. In the earlier days of surveying, the only way to represent this data was to generate an analog map with contour lines. This dataset is a representation of the digitized contour lines either by following the lines or by choosing the intersection of the contour and flight-line to create a value of the magnetic field. The values presented are latitude, longitude, and map magnetic-field values.

Surface Temperature Anomalies Derived from Night Time ASTER Data Corrected for Solar and Topographic Effects, Alamosa and Saguache Counties, Colorado (other, 2012)
This map shows areas of anomalous surface temperature in Alamosa and Saguache Counties identified from ASTER thermal data and spatial based insolation model. The temperature is calculated using the Emissivity Normalization Algorithm that separate temperature from emissivity. The incoming solar radiation was calculated using spatial based insolation model developed by Fu and Rich (1999). Then the temperature due to solar radiation was calculated using emissivity derived from ASTER data. The residual temperature, i.e. temperature due to solar radiation subtracted from ASTER temperature was used to identify thermally anomalous areas. Areas that had temperature greater than 2o were considered ASTER modeled "very warm modeled surface temperature" are shown in red on the map. Areas that had temperatures between 1o and 2o were considered ASTER modeled "warm modeled surface temperature" are shown in yellow on the map. This map also includes the locations of shallow temperature survey points, locations of springs or wells with favorable geochemistry, faults, transmission lines, and areas of modeled basement weakness "fairways." Note: 'o' is used in this description to represent lowercase sigma.

Data from: Carbon content of tree tissues: a synthesis - Sean C. Thomas; Andrew P. Martin (other, 2012)
Assessing the potential for forest carbon (C) capture and storage requires accurate assessments of C in live tree tissues. In the vast majority of local, regional, and global assessments, C content has been assumed to be 50% of tree biomass; however, recent studies indicate that this assumption is not accurate, with substantial variation in C content among tree species as well as among tissue types. Here we conduct a comprehensive literature review to present a global synthesis of C content in tissues of live trees. We found a total of 253 species-specific stem wood C content records owing to 31 studies, and an additional 34 records of species with C content values of other tissues in addition to stem wood. Stem wood C content varied significantly as a function of biome (tropical, subtropical/ Mediterranean, temperate/ boreal) and species type (conifer, angiosperm). Conifer species exhibited greater wood C content than angiosperm species (50.8 ± 0.7% (95% C.I.) vs. 47.7 ± 0.3%, respectively), a trend that was consistent among all biomes. Although studies have documented differences in C content among plant tissues, interspecific differences in stem wood appear to be of greater importance overall: among species, stem wood C content explained 37, 76, 48, 81, and 63% respectively of the variation in bark, branch, twig, coarse root, and fine root C content values, respectively. In each case, these intraspecific patterns approximated 1:1 linear relationships. Most published stem wood C content values (and all values for other tree tissues) are based on dried wood samples, and so neglect volatile C constituents that constitute on average 1.3 – 2.5% of total C in live wood. Capturing this volatile C fraction is an important methodological consideration for future studies. Our review, and associated data compilation, provides empirically supported wood C fractions that can be easily incorporated into forest C accounting, and may correct systematic errors of ~1.6 – 5.8% in forest C assessments.

Data from: Genomic and phenotypic architecture of a spruce hybrid zone (Picea sitchensis x P. glauca) - Jill A. Hamilton; Sally N. Aitken; Christian Lexer (other, 2012)
Interspecific hybridization may enhance the capacity of populations to adapt to changing environments, and has practical implications for reforestation. We use genomewide estimates of admixture and phenotypic traits for trees in a common garden to examine the extent and direction of gene flow across a Picea hybrid zone, testing assumptions of the bounded hybrid superiority and tension zone models of hybrid zone maintenance. Seeds were collected from the ecological transition zone spanning from maritime to continental climates across the Picea sitchensis-P. glauca contact zone, and 721 trees were planted in a common garden experiment within the hybrid zone. Individuals were genotyped using a panel of 384 candidate-gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) putatively associated with adaptive traits in Picea, and phenotyped at age ten for height and autumn cold hardiness. Low interspecific heterozygosity in hybrids indicated intrinsic reproductive barriers were too weak to prevent widespread recombination, although introgression appeared asymmetric with P. sitchensis dominating the zone. While marker-based hybrid index was strongly correlated with climate and geography, phenotypic traits exhibited weak or no significant clines. Our results indicated that exogenous selection appeared to play a strong role in the distribution and structure of this hybrid zone, indicative of an environmentally determined bounded hybrid superiority model of hybrid zone maintenance, although endogenous mechanisms could not be ruled out. This study provides insight into the mechanisms underlying adaptation across ecologically transitional hybrid zones that will ultimately provide an additional tool in managing these economically important tree species.

Carpenter_Meadow_experiment - Robert I. Colautti; Amy M. McKinney; David William Inouye (other, 2012)
This file contains data from the experiment at Carpenter Meadow to assess natural selection on flowering in local genotypes. Jill Anderson collected data in the field in 2010. Analyses included size at planting (number of leaves) and cohort as fixed effects, and row nested within block as random effects. The data file was created in Text Wrangler.

Carpenter_Meadow_transect_2011 - Robert I. Colautti; Amy M. McKinney; David William Inouye (other, 2012)
This file contains phenotypic and fitness data on naturally-recruiting Boechera stricta plants in 5 transects. Jill Anderson collected these data at the Carpenter Meadow site in 2011. The data file was created in Text Wrangler.

Data from: Modeling intraspecific adaptation of Abies sachalinensis to local altitude and responses to global warming, based on a 36-year reciprocal transplant experiment - Susumu Goto; Wataru Ishizuka (other, 2011)
Intraspecific adaptation in Abies sachalinensis was examined using models based on long-term monitoring data gathered during a reciprocal transplant experiment with eight seed source populations and six transplantation sites along an altitudinal gradient. The consequence of local adaptation was evaluated by testing the home-site advantage for upslope and downslope transplants at five ages. The populations’ fitness-linked trait was set as their productivity (tree height ×survival rate) at each age. The effects of global warming were evaluated on the basis of the 36-year performance of downslope transplants. Evidence was found for adaptive genetic variation affecting both height and survival from an early age. Increasing the distance between seed source and planting site significantly reduced productivity for both upslope and downslope transplantation, demonstrating the existence of a significant home-site advantage. The decrease in productivity was most distinct for upslope transplantations, indicating strong local adaptation to high altitudes. Global warming is predicted to increase the productivity of high-altitude populations. However, due to their existing local adaptation, all tested populations exhibited lower productivity under warming than demes that were optimal for the new climate. These negative predictions should be considered when planning the management of locally-adapted plant species such as A. sachalinensis.

KAZRARSCL-All-inclusive data stream (2011)
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Data from: Evolution of specialization: a phylogenetic study of host range in the red milkweed beetle (Tetraopes tetraophthalmus) - Anurag A Agrawal; Sergio Rasmann (other, 2011)
Specialization is common in most lineages of insect herbivores, one of the most diverse groups of organisms on earth. To address how and why specialization is maintained over evolutionary time, we hypothesized that plant defense and other ecological attributes of potential host plants would predict the performance of a specialist root feeding herbivore (the red milkweed beetle, Tetraopes tetraophthalmus). Using a comparative phylogenetic and functional trait approach, we assessed the determinants of insect host range across 18 species of Asclepias. Larval survivorship decreased with increasing phylogenetic distance from the true host, A. syriaca, suggesting that adaptation to plant traits drives specialization. Among several root traits measured, only cardenolides (toxic defense chemicals) correlated with larval survival, and cardenolides also explained the phylogenetic distance effect in phylogenetically controlled multiple regression analyses. Additionally, milkweed species having a known association with other Tetraopes beetles were better hosts than species lacking Tetraopes herbivores, and milkweeds with similar specific leaf area values (a trait related to leaf function and habitat affiliation) to A. syriaca were better hosts than species having divergent values. We thus conclude that phylogenetic distance is an integrated measure of phenotypic and ecological attributes of Asclepias species, especially defensive cardenolides, which can be used to explain specialization and constraints on host shifts over evolutionary time.

Data from: Medical-device recalls in the UK and the device-regulation process: retrospective review of safety notices and alerts - M. Billingsley; D. Cohen; C. Heneghan; Michael L. Thompson (other, 2011)
Background: Medical devices are used widely for virtually every disease and condition. Although devices are subject to regulation, the number of recalls, the clinical data requirements for regulation and the impact on patient safety are poorly understood. Methods: The authors defined a device using European directives and used publicly available information on the Medicines and Health Regulatory Authority website to determine the number of devices recalled from January 2006 to December 2010. Two reviewers independently assessed Field Safety Notices and Medical Device Alerts. The authors wrote to manufacturers to obtain further information and clinical data, and summarised data by year, Conformité Européenne classification, indication, and Food and Drug Administration recall system of severity. Results: In total, 2124 field safety notices were issued over the 5-year period, an increase of 1220% (62 in 2006 to 757 in 2010). 447 Medical Device Alerts were issued in the same period, and 44% were assessed as a reasonable probability of causing serious adverse health consequences or death. The authors wrote to 192 manufacturers of withdrawn devices and received 101 (53%) replies; only four (2.1%) provided the clinical data the authors requested. A lack of available transparent data prevented full analyses of the safety impact. Of the highest-risk recalled devices, more than half were related to the cardiovascular system (25%) or musculoskeletal system (33%), and 88% (95% CI 80% to 97%) were assessed as a reasonable probability of causing serious adverse health consequences or death. For low-risk devices, the figure was 34% (95% CI 26% to 42%). Conclusion: The number of medical devices subject to recalls or warnings in the UK has risen dramatically. A substantial number of these devices may have caused serious adverse effects in patients and contributed to healthcare costs. Significant problems exist in the UK with a lack of access to transparent data and a registry of the highest-risk devices.

Population matrix models for Frasera speciosa from 1974 to 2008 (other, 2011)
This dataset contains the matrix population models for a population of Frasera speciosa in the Elk Mountains of southwestern Colorado, for the years 1974-2007. Each matrix contains the probability of transitioning from a stage (the column headings) to another stage (the rows) from the starting year (given as the heading of the matrix) to the following year for individuals in the Frasera speciosa population. There are two dormant seed categories, a recruit or seedling category, and twelve leaf-number stages: 2 (1-2 leaves), 4 (3-4 leaves), 6 (5-6 leaves), 9 (7-10 leaves), 12 (11-14 leaves), 16 (15-17 leaves), 20 (18-22 leaves), 25 (23-27 leaves), 30 (28-32 leaves), 36 (33-38 leaves), 42 (39-45 leaves), or 49 (46-64 leaves).

Data from: Transgenes for insect resistance reduce herbivory and enhance fecundity in advanced generations of crop-weed hybrids of rice - Xiao Yang; Wei Wang; Feng Wang; Jun Su; Allison A Snow; Hui Xia; Bao-Rong Lu (other, 2011)
Gene flow from transgenic crops allows novel traits to spread to sexually compatible weeds. Traits such as resistance to insects may enhance the fitness of weeds, but few studies have tested for these effects under natural field conditions. We created F2 and F3 crop-weed hybrid lineages of genetically engineered rice (Oryza sativa) using lines with two transgene constructs, cowpea trypsin inhibitor (CpTI) and a Bt transgene linked to CpTI (Bt/CpTI). Experiments conducted in Fuzhou, China, demonstrated that CpTI alone did not significantly affect fecundity, although it reduced herbivory. In contrast, under certain conditions Bt/CpTI conferred up to 79% less insect damage and 47% greater fecundity relative to non-transgenic controls, and a 44% increase in fecundity relative to the weedy parent. A small fitness cost was detected in F3 progeny with Bt/CpTI when grown under low insect pressure and direct competition with transgene-negative controls. We conclude that Bt/CpTI transgenes may introgress into co-occurring weedy rice populations and contribute to greater seed production when target insects are abundant. However, the net fitness benefits that are associated with Bt/CpTI could be ephemeral if insect pressure is lacking, for example, due to widespread planting of Bt cultivars that suppress target insect populations.

Population matrix models for Frasera speciosa from 1974 to 2008 (other, 2011)
This dataset contains the matrix population models for a population of Frasera speciosa in the Elk Mountains of southwestern Colorado, for the years 1974-2007. Each matrix contains the probability of transitioning from a stage (the column headings) to another stage (the rows) from the starting year (given as the heading of the matrix) to the following year for individuals in the Frasera speciosa population. There are two dormant seed categories, a recruit or seedling category, and twelve leaf-number stages: 2 (1-2 leaves), 4 (3-4 leaves), 6 (5-6 leaves), 9 (7-10 leaves), 12 (11-14 leaves), 16 (15-17 leaves), 20 (18-22 leaves), 25 (23-27 leaves), 30 (28-32 leaves), 36 (33-38 leaves), 42 (39-45 leaves), or 49 (46-64 leaves).

Data from: No evidence of inbreeding avoidance despite demonstrated survival costs in a polygynous rodent (2011)
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High Spectral Resolution Lidar Data, a1 Data Level (2011)
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Ceilometer (Vaisala CL31) 10 meter resolution backscatter data (2010)
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Data from: Networks, trees, and treeshrews: assessing support and identifying conflict with multiple loci and a problematic root - Link E. Olson; Eric J. Sargis; Trina E. Roberts (other, 2009)
Multiple unlinked genetic loci often provide a more comprehensive picture of evolutionary history than any single gene can, but analyzing multigene data presents particular challenges. Differing rates and patterns of nucleotide substitution, combined with the limited information available in any data set, can make it difficult to specify a model of evolution. In addition, conflict among loci can be the result of real differences in evolutionary process or of stochastic variance and errors in reconstruction. We used 6 presumably unlinked nuclear loci to investigate relationships within the mammalian family Tupaiidae (Scandentia), containing all but one of the extant tupaiid genera. We used a phylogenetic mixture model to analyze the concatenated data and compared this with results using partitioned models. We found that more complex models were not necessarily preferred under tests using Bayes factors and that model complexity affected both tree length and parameter variance. We also compared the results of single-gene and multigene analyses and used splits networks to analyze the source and degree of conflict among genes. Networks can show specific relationships that are inconsistent with each other; these conflicting and minority relationships, which are implicitly ignored or collapsed by traditional consensus methods, can be useful in identifying the underlying causes of topological uncertainty. In our data, conflict is concentrated around particular relationships, not widespread throughout the tree. This pattern is further clarified by considering conflict surrounding the root separately from conflict within the ingroup. Uncertainty in rooting may be because of the apparent evolutionary distance separating these genera and our outgroup, the tupaiid genus Dendrogale. Unlike a previous mitochondrial study, these nuclear data strongly suggest that the genus Tupaia is not monophyletic with respect to the monotypic Urogale, even when uncertainty about rooting is taken into account. These data concur with mitochondrial DNA on other relationships, including the close affinity of Tupaia tana with the enigmatic Tupaia splendidula and of Tupaia belangeri with Tupaia glis. We also discuss the taxonomic and biogeographic implications of these results.

Data from: Systematics of the lizard family Pygopodidae with implications for the diversification of Australian temperate biotas - Stephen Donnellan; Eric R. Pianka; W. Bryan Jennings (other, 2009)
We conducted a phylogenetic study of pygopodid lizards, a group of 38 species endemic to Australia and New Guinea, with two major goals:to reconstruct a taxonomically complete and robustly supported phylogeny for the group and to use this information to gain insights into the tempo, mode, and timing of the pygopodid radiation. Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), nuclear DNA (nDNA), and previously published morphological data using parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian methods on the independent and combined three data sets yielded trees with similar and largely stable ingroup topologies. However, relationships among the six most inclusive and unambiguously supported clades (Aprasia, Delma, Lialis, Ophidiocephalus, Pletholax, and Pygopus) varied depending on data set analyzed. We used parametric bootstrapping to help us understand which of the three-branch schemes linking these six taxa was most plausible given our data. We conclude based on our results that the arrangement ((((Delma, Lialis)Pygopus)Pletholax)(Aprasia, Ophidiocephalus)) represents the best hypothesis of intergeneric relationships. A second major problem to arise in our study concerned the inability of our two outgroup taxa (Diplodactylus) to root trees properly; three different rooting locations were suggested depending upon analysis. This long-branch attraction problem was so severe that the outgroup branch also interfered with estimation of ingroup relationships. We therefore used the molecular clock method to root the pygopodid tree. Results of two independent molecular clock analyses (mtDNA and nDNA) converged upon the same root location (branch leading to Delma). We are confident that we have found the correct root because the possibility of our clock estimates agreeing by chance alone is remote given that there are 65 possible root locations (branches) on the pygopodid tree (~1 in 65 odds). Our analysis also indicated that Delma fraseri is not monophyletic, a result supported by a parametric bootstrapping test. We elevated the Western Australian race, Delma f. petersoni, to species status (i.e., Delma petersoni) because hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting could be ruled out as potential causes of this paraphyletic gene tree and because D. grayii is broadly sympatric with its sister species D. fraseri. Climate changes over the past 23 million years, which transformed Australia from a wet, green continent to one that is largely dry and brown, have been suspected as playing a major role in the diversification of Australia's temperate biotas. Our phylogenetic analyses of pygopodid speciation and biogeography revealed four important findings consistent with this climate change diversification model:(1) our fossil-calibrated phylogeny shows that although some extant pygopodid lineages predate the onset of aridification, 28 of 33 pygopodid species included in our study seem to have originated in the last 23 million years; (2) relative cladogenesis tests suggest that several major clades underwent higher than expected rates of speciation; (3) our findings support earlier studies showing that speciation of mesic-adapted biotas in the southeastern and southwestern corners of Australia largely occurred within each of these regions between 12 and 23 million years ago as opposed to repeated dispersal between these regions; and (4) we have identified for the first time the existence of several pairs of sympatric sister species of lizards living in arid and semiarid ecosystems. These sympatric sister species seem to be younger than allopatric or parapatric sister-species pairs, which is not consistent with previous beliefs.

Airborne geophysical survey: Montrose 1Â° x 2Â° Quadrangle (other, 2009)
Aeromagnetic and aeroradiometric data were collected along flight lines by instruments in an aircraft that recorded magnetic-field and radiometric values and locations. The magnetic data set presents latitude, longitude, altitude, and magnetic-field values. Geologic symbols or codes are also included. The geologic symbols were picked from surficial geologic maps. The radiometric data set presents latitude, longitude, altitude, geologic symbols or codes, apparent Uranium (Bismuth 214), Thorium (Thallium 208), and Potassium (K 40), the element ratios, and ancillary information.

Airborne geophysical survey: Montrose 1Â° x 2Â° Quadrangle (other, 2009)
Aeromagnetic and aeroradiometric data were collected along flight lines by instruments in an aircraft that recorded magnetic-field and radiometric values and locations. The magnetic data set presents latitude, longitude, altitude, and magnetic-field values. Geologic symbols or codes are also included. The geologic symbols were picked from surficial geologic maps. The radiometric data set presents latitude, longitude, altitude, geologic symbols or codes, apparent Uranium (Bismuth 214), Thorium (Thallium 208), and Potassium (K 40), the element ratios, and ancillary information.

PEaCE Lab description - NCEAS 12001: Martinez: Synthesizing And Analyzing Complex Ecological Networks With Ecoinformatics; N. D. Martinez; National Center For Ecological Analysis And Synthesis (other, 2007)
The Pacific Ecoinformatics and Computational Ecology Lab (PEaCE Lab) is a Berkeley, California-based non-profit research institute founded in January 2004 to promote awareness of ecological interdependence through research, development and education related to ecoinformatics and computational ecology. Ecoinformatics refers to technologies and practices for gathering, analyzing, visualizing, storing, retrieving and otherwise managing ecological knowledge and information. Computational Ecology refers to scientific research focused on the quantitative description and analysis of ecological systems using empirical data, mathematical and statistical models, and information technology. The Lab investigates the structure, function and dynamics of complex networks of organisms interacting with each other and their environment. The study, conservation and management of ecosystems demands an interdisciplinary, collaborative approach as well as the development of new information technology and computational tools, all of which are hallmarks of our research. The PEaCE Lab's mission is to conduct scientific research, spearhead informatics tool development, and generate, compile and disseminate ecological information in partnership with researchers, universities, research institutes and centers, foundations, NGOs and governmental organizations. Our research activities are supported primarily by grants from the National Science Foundation, with additional institution, foundation and corporate support noted within particular research projects. Current NSF grants are administered by the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory in Gothic, Colorado, whose purpose is to facilitate research and education in field biology. The online portal for the PEaCE Lab is www.foodwebs.org. This website provides access to information on the people, publications and projects associated with our research. Current Lab projects involve developing information technologies and research applications for analyzing, modeling and visualizing ecological networks with a focus on food webs, or who eats whom among species in ecosystems. Come back frequently to see what's new.

Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Marmots (other, 2006)
This table contains 37 years of demographic data for 12 sites. The trap record for each animal for each year the animal was present includes age, sex, locality, and reproductive status. Also included, when known, are changes in location, fate (predation death, dispersed), and genetic information (allozymes).

Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Marmots (other, 2006)
This table contains 37 years of demographic data for 12 sites. The trap record for each animal for each year the animal was present includes age, sex, locality, and reproductive status. Also included, when known, are changes in location, fate (predation death, dispersed), and genetic information (allozymes).

Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Marmots (other, 2006)
This table contains 37 years of demographic data for 12 sites. The trap record for each animal for each year the animal was present includes age, sex, locality, and reproductive status. Also included, when known, are changes in location, fate (predation death, dispersed), and genetic information (allozymes).

Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Marmots (other, 2006)
This table contains 37 years of demographic data for 12 sites. The trap record for each animal for each year the animal was present includes age, sex, locality, and reproductive status. Also included, when known, are changes in location, fate (predation death, dispersed), and genetic information (allozymes).

Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Marmots (other, 2006)
This table contains 37 years of demographic data for 12 sites. The trap record for each animal for each year the animal was present includes age, sex, locality, and reproductive status. Also included, when known, are changes in location, fate (predation death, dispersed), and genetic information (allozymes).

Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Yellow-bellied Marmots (other, 2006)
This table contains 36 years of trapping data. Up to 12 sites were studied annually within the vicinity of Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Colorado; not all sites were monitored annually. A record includes the location where the subject was trapped, along with its body mass, age, sex, and reproductive status when trapped.

Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Marmots (other, 2006)
This table contains 37 years of demographic data for 12 sites. The trap record for each animal for each year the animal was present includes age, sex, locality, and reproductive status. Also included, when known, are changes in location, fate (predation death, dispersed), and genetic information (allozymes).

Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Marmots (other, 2006)
This table contains 37 years of demographic data for 12 sites. The trap record for each animal for each year the animal was present includes age, sex, locality, and reproductive status. Also included, when known, are changes in location, fate (predation death, dispersed), and genetic information (allozymes).

Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Marmots - Kenneth B. Armitage; Kenneth B. Armitage; Kenneth B. Armitage; Kenneth B. Armitage; Kenneth B. Armitage; Kenneth B. Armitage; Kenneth B. Armitage; Kenneth B. Armitage; Kenneth B. Armitage; Kenneth B. Armitage; Kenneth B. Armitage; Kenneth B. Armitage; et al. (other, 2006)
This table contains 37 years of demographic data for 12 sites. The trap record for each animal for each year the animal was present includes age, sex, locality, and reproductive status. Also included, when known, are changes in location, fate (predation death, dispersed), and genetic information (allozymes).

Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Marmots (other, 2006)
This table contains 36 years of demographic data for 12 sites. The trap record for each animal for each year the animal was present includes age, sex, locality, and reproductive status. Also included, when known, are changes in location, fate (predation death, dispersed), and genetic information (allozymes).

Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Marmots (other, 2006)
This table contains 37 years of demographic data for 12 sites. The trap record for each animal for each year the animal was present includes age, sex, locality, and reproductive status. Also included, when known, are changes in location, fate (predation death, dispersed), and genetic information (allozymes).

NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology - Woodhouse - Cochetopa Dome - PIPO - ITRDB CO594 (other, 2006)
Tree ring data from the International Tree Ring Data Bank and World Data Center for Paleoclimatology archives. Most data sets include raw treering measurements (most are annual ring width, with some collections of earlywood or latewood width or wood density), plus chronologies (standardized growth indices for a site compiled from multiple treering samples). Reconstructions of climate variables are included with some of these data sets. Each data type is stored in a separate data file; the data type is coded into the file name. For details please see: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/treeinfo.htmll

Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Marmots (other, 2006)
This table contains 37 years of demographic data for 12 sites. The trap record for each animal for each year the animal was present includes age, sex, locality, and reproductive status. Also included, when known, are changes in location, fate (predation death, dispersed), and genetic information (allozymes).

Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Yellow-bellied Marmots (other, 2006)
This table contains 36 years of trapping data. Up to 12 sites were studied annually within the vicinity of Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Colorado; not all sites were monitored annually. A record includes the location where the subject was trapped, along with its body mass, age, sex, and reproductive status when trapped.

NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology - Woodhouse - Cochetopa Dome - PIPO - ITRDB CO594 (other, 2006)
Tree ring data from the International Tree Ring Data Bank and World Data Center for Paleoclimatology archives. Most data sets include raw treering measurements (most are annual ring width, with some collections of earlywood or latewood width or wood density), plus chronologies (standardized growth indices for a site compiled from multiple treering samples). Reconstructions of climate variables are included with some of these data sets. Each data type is stored in a separate data file; the data type is coded into the file name. For details please see: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/treeinfo.htmll

Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory flowering phenology (Inouye plots) - David William Inouye; David William Inouye (other, 2006)
These data have been collected by David Inouye almost every year since 1973 at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Gothic, Colorado, altitude about 2890.4 meters (9483 feet).

Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Marmots (other, 2006)
This table contains 37 years of demographic data for 12 sites. The trap record for each animal for each year the animal was present includes age, sex, locality, and reproductive status. Also included, when known, are changes in location, fate (predation death, dispersed), and genetic information (allozymes).

Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Marmots (other, 2006)
This table contains 36 years of demographic data for 12 sites. The trap record for each animal for each year the animal was present includes age, sex, locality, and reproductive status. Also included, when known, are changes in location, fate (predation death, dispersed), and genetic information (allozymes).

Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Yellow-bellied Marmots (other, 2006)
This table contains 36 years of trapping data. Up to 12 sites were studied annually within the vicinity of Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Colorado; not all sites were monitored annually. A record includes the location where the subject was trapped, along with its body mass, age, sex, and reproductive status when trapped.

MODIS/Terra Snow Cover 5-Min L2 Swath 500m, Version 5 - Vince Salomonson; George A. Riggs; Dorothy K. Hall (other, 2006)

Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Yellow-bellied Marmots - Kenneth B. Armitage; Kenneth B. Armitage; Kenneth B. Armitage; Kenneth B. Armitage; Kenneth B. Armitage (other, 2006)
This table contains 36 years of trapping data. Up to 12 sites were studied annually within the vicinity of Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Colorado; not all sites were monitored annually. A record includes the location where the subject was trapped, along with its body mass, age, sex, and reproductive status when trapped.

Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Marmots (other, 2006)
This table contains 36 years of demographic data for 12 sites. The trap record for each animal for each year the animal was present includes age, sex, locality, and reproductive status. Also included, when known, are changes in location, fate (predation death, dispersed), and genetic information (allozymes).

Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory flowering phenology (Inouye plots) (other, 2006)
These data have been collected by David Inouye almost every year since 1973 at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Gothic, Colorado, altitude about 2890.4 meters (9483 feet).

Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Marmots (other, 2006)
This table contains 37 years of demographic data for 12 sites. The trap record for each animal for each year the animal was present includes age, sex, locality, and reproductive status. Also included, when known, are changes in location, fate (predation death, dispersed), and genetic information (allozymes).

Rocky Mountain Biological Laboraory flowering phenology (Inouye plots) - David William Inouye (other, 2006)
These data have been collected by David Inouye almost every year since 1973 at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory.

Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Yellow-bellied Marmots (other, 2006)
This table contains 36 years of trapping data. Up to 12 sites were studied annually within the vicinity of Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Colorado; not all sites were monitored annually. A record includes the location where the subject was trapped, along with its body mass, age, sex, and reproductive status when trapped.

Geologic and aeromagnetic maps of the Fossil Ridge area and vicinity, Gunnison County, Colorado (other, 2002)
This data set includes a GIS geologic map database of an Early Proterozoic metavolcanic and metasedimentary terrane extensively intruded by Early and Middle Proterozoic granitic plutons. Laramide to Tertiary deformation and intrusion of felsic plutons have created numerous small mineral deposits that are described in the tables and are shown on the figures in the accompanying text pamphlet. Also included in the pamphlet are numerous chemical analyses of igneous and meta- igneous bodies of all ages in tables and in summary geochemical diagrams. The text pamphlet also contains a detailed description of map units and discussions of the aeromagnetic survey, igneous and metmorphic rocks, and mineral deposits. The printed map sheet and browse graphic pdf file include the aeromagnetic map of the study area, as well as figures and photographs.

Geologic and aeromagnetic maps of the Fossil Ridge area and vicinity, Gunnison County, Colorado (other, 2002)
This data set includes a GIS geologic map database of an Early Proterozoic metavolcanic and metasedimentary terrane extensively intruded by Early and Middle Proterozoic granitic plutons. Laramide to Tertiary deformation and intrusion of felsic plutons have created numerous small mineral deposits that are described in the tables and are shown on the figures in the accompanying text pamphlet. Also included in the pamphlet are numerous chemical analyses of igneous and meta- igneous bodies of all ages in tables and in summary geochemical diagrams. The text pamphlet also contains a detailed description of map units and discussions of the aeromagnetic survey, igneous and metmorphic rocks, and mineral deposits. The printed map sheet and browse graphic pdf file include the aeromagnetic map of the study area, as well as figures and photographs.

Airborne geophysical survey: Bonanza, Area 3, Colorado (other, 2001)
Aeromagnetic data were collected along flight lines by instruments in an aircraft that recorded magnetic-field values and locations. This dataset presents latitude, longitude, altitude, and magnetic-field values.

Airborne geophysical survey: Fairview, Area 2, Colorado (other, 2001)
Aeromagnetic data were collected along flight lines by instruments in an aircraft that recorded magnetic-field values and locations. This dataset presents latitude, longitude, altitude, and magnetic-field values.

Airborne geophysical survey: Mt. Harvard, Area 4, Colorado (other, 2001)
Aeromagnetic data were collected along flight lines by instruments in an aircraft that recorded magnetic-field values and locations. This dataset presents latitude, longitude, altitude, and magnetic-field values.

Airborne geophysical survey: Powderhorn, Colorado (other, 2001)
Aeromagnetic data were collected along flight lines by instruments in an aircraft that recorded magnetic-field values and locations. This dataset presents latitude, longitude, altitude, and magnetic-field values.

Airborne geophysical survey: Fossil Ridge, Colorado (other, 2001)
Aeromagnetic data were collected along flight lines by instruments in an aircraft that recorded magnetic-field values and locations. This dataset presents latitude, longitude, altitude, and magnetic-field values.

Airborne geophysical survey: Powderhorn, Colorado (other, 2001)
Aeromagnetic data were collected along flight lines by instruments in an aircraft that recorded magnetic-field values and locations. This dataset presents latitude, longitude, altitude, and magnetic-field values.

Airborne geophysical survey: Fairview, Area 2, Colorado (other, 2001)
Aeromagnetic data were collected along flight lines by instruments in an aircraft that recorded magnetic-field values and locations. This dataset presents latitude, longitude, altitude, and magnetic-field values.

Airborne geophysical survey: Mt. Harvard, Area 4, Colorado (other, 2001)
Aeromagnetic data were collected along flight lines by instruments in an aircraft that recorded magnetic-field values and locations. This dataset presents latitude, longitude, altitude, and magnetic-field values.

Airborne geophysical survey: Maroon Bells, Colorado (other, 2001)
Aeromagnetic data were collected along flight lines by instruments in an aircraft that recorded magnetic-field values and locations. This dataset presents latitude, longitude, altitude, and magnetic-field values.