Starvation and population density effects on the feeding rates of fairy shrimp (Branchinecta) - R. E. Collins (1987)

Using Paired Soil Pedons to Assess Visitor Impacts on Trails at Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Monument - J. L. Richardson; Harold Goetz; Kirk Koepsel (Soil Survey Horizons, 1987)
Comparing soil pedons from a trail and a nearby equivalent undisturbed pedon allows for a field comparison of changes in soil morphology due to visitor use. The paired pedons technique applied to trails from the canyon rim to the river at the Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Monument successfully documented specific soil changes, notably the following: (i) consolidation or truncation of the soil profile was observed in the trail, (ii) soil structure was observed to become coarser in class and stronger in grade or platy in structure, (iii) lag deposits accumulate on the backcountry trails, and (iv) changes in dry consistence and color were also noted possibly as a result of above impacts.

Research in plant evolution at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory - Nickolas M. Waser (Evolutionary Trends in Plants, 1987)

Do female yellow-bellied marmots adjust the sex ratios of their offspring? - Kenneth B. Armitage (American Naturalist, 1987)
The overall sex ratio of weaned yellow-bellied marmots does not differ significantly from one. Litter size has no effect on the sex ratio of young. Stress, measured by eosinophil concentration and mirror-image stimulation, is not associated with biased sex ratios. Three-year-old females and females living in matrilines of two produce more daughters than expected. Females whose age is below the mean produce female-biased litters. Young females that are members of matrilineal social groups produce significantly more daughters than sons. By contrast, the lifetime sex ratios of young produced by subordinate females is malebiased. These results are contrary to those predicted from the model of Trivers and Willard and the model of local resource competition. The patterns of sex-ratio variation in marmots, primates, red deer, Antechinus, and white-tailed deer suggest that females produce the sex that has a higher probability of future reproductive success, regardless of the costs of producing

Macroinvertebrate drift in a Rocky Mountain stream - J. D. Allan (Hydrobiologia, 1987)

The carbonatite complex at Iron Hill, Powderhorn district, Gunnison County, Colorado - Theodore J. Armbrustmacher; S.S. Jr. Shannon (Geological Society of America eBooks, 1987)
Abstract The carbonatite complex at Iron Hill is located southeast of the town of Powderhorn along Cebolla Creek, Deldorado Creek, and Beaver Creek in Gunnison County, Colorado. To reach the complex, travel 9 mi (14.5 km)west of Gunnison on U.S. 50 to the intersection with Colorado 149, turn south on Colorado 149 and travel 15 mi (24 km) to the intersection with Cebolla Creekroad; turn southeast on Cebolla Creek road; after about 2.5 mi (4km), the outcrops on the left are in the carbonatite stock of the Present address: Department of Geology, Adams State College, Alamosa, Colorado 81102 complex. Roads to the east off Cebolla Creek road along Deldorado Creek and Beaver Creek connect with a variety of dirt ranch roads that provide excellent access to the rocks of the complex.These roads are periodically maintained by Humphreys Mineral Industries, Inc., of Denver, Colorado, the property managers.Therefore, most of the complex is easily accessible by short hikes from roads navigable by mos

Observations on light and temperature orientation in Ambystoma tigrinum - S. Donovan (1987)

Within population variation in the demography of Speyeria mormonia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) - Carol L. Boggs (Holarctic Ecology, 1987)
The adult demography of a population of Speyeria mormonia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) near Gothic, Colorado USA was studied for four years. Values of demographic parameters, including survival, dispersal and sex ratio, varied yearly, without major changes in density. Shift in sex ratio with constant population numbers entails variation in effective population size among years. Flight period, catchability, relationship between body size and eclosion date, and significance of correlation between weather and daily survival rates differed between the sexes. Sexual dimorphism in correlation of wheather with survival rate may partially explain the lack of yearly variation in total population size. There was no significant sexual dimorphism in large scale habitat use, or in dispersal, except in 1982. The demography of this insect is compared to that of related species of Argynn

Size and species selective predation by a benthic zygopteran predator, Calopteryx - J. D. Evans (1987)

An ecological survey of the zygote stage of Chlamydomonas nivalis - B. Dillard (1987)

Leaf Miner/Bittercress Interaction: Experimental Evaluation of a Spatial Pattern of Resource Use - S. K. Collinge (1987)

A note comparing the primary structure of the arctic ground squirrel and the yellow-bellied marmot hemoglobin B chains - M. Romero; M. M. Ehrhardt; L. K. Duffy; G. L. Florant (Canadian Journal of Zoology, 1987)
Hemoglobin β chains were isolated from both the arctic ground squirrel (Citellus parryii undulatus) and the yellow-bellied marmot (Marmota flaviventris). After various enzymatic and chemical cleavages, the primary structures of these β chains were determined. Only one sequence difference was found between the yellow-bellied marmot β chain and that of the European marmot (Marmota marmota). Ground squirrels (C. p. undulatus, Citellus townsendii, and Citellus citellus) showed more species-related differences than the marmots, with the β chain of the arctic ground squirrel differing from that of the townsend ground squirrel by four amino acid substitutions. In the amino terminal region of the β chain, a partial sequence analysis showed that Citellus tridecemlineatus was more similar to C. p. undulatus than to C. townsendii. These biochemical differences could reflect either an increased evolutionary rate of speciation in ground squirrels over that in the genus Marmota or a more recent orig

Changes in broad-tailed hummingbird (Selasphorus platycercus) behavior after rufous hummingbird (S. rufous) migration through the Gothic Area, Gunnison County, Colorado - H. Scharf (1987)

Female mate choice in a perennial herbaceous wildflower, Delphinium nelsonii - R. N. Gray; A. M. Montalvo; Mary V. Price; Nickolas M. Waser (Evolutionary Trends in Plants, 1987)

Factors in the recovery of a disturbed sub-alpine site - C. G. Curtin (1987)

The influence of pocket gophers Thomomys talpoides on erosion - J. L. Bremner (1987)

Estimated flow rate and mapping of Gothic Creek area - P. Sharp; K. Saul; K. Gale; W. Balmer (1987)

The effects of Gothic's hydroelectric plant on water flow through Benthette Brook - R. Podolsky; M. E. Arnegard (1987)

The Cassandra Conference: Resources and the Human Predicament, Proceedings of a Symposium in Honor of Earl Cook - John Harte (1987)

Two new trichomycete species from Zapada spp. (Stonefly) nymphs with an unusual distribution - Michael L. Williams; R. W. Lichtwardt (Mycologica, 1987)

Oxford Surveys in Evolutionary Biology - N. E. Pierce (1987)

Classification of the forest vegetation of Colorado by habitat type and community type (1987)
orest vegetation classified by habitat types and community types in Colorado are tabulated. Fifteen series and 161 habitat and community types are identified. However, the habitat and com- munity types have been grouped into fewer categories, having similar characteristics or synonymous names.

Temporal separation between philopatric juvenile pikas and their parents limits behavioural conflict - B. L. Ivins; Arthur E. Smith (Animal Behaviour, 1987)
The temporal separation between parents and juveniles appears doubly advantageous in that it allows juveniles to avoid adult aggression and may facilitate their settlement nearby.

Flight direction in some Rocky Mountain mayflies, with observations of parasitism - A. S. Flecker; J. D. Allan (Aquatic Insects, 1987)

Social dynamics of mammals: reproductive success, kinship, and individual fitness - Kenneth B. Armitage (Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 1987)
Although kin selection has been suggested as the mechanism underlying the formation of mammalian societies, many species act as if they attempt to maximize the direct fitness component of their inclusive fitness.

Reactivation of a Cretaceous Thrust Surface by Basin-and-Range Extension, Southwestern Gunnison Plateau, Central Utah - S.R. Mattox; M.P. Weiss (Mountain Geologist, 1987)
Recent work in central Utah has outlined the broader features of the area's thrust geometry. Although individual interpretations differ, most models indicate the region is similar to better understood segments of the Cordilleran thrust belt. Poor and limited seismic data and the paucity of drill-hole information has hindered the investigation of the south- west quadrant of the Gunnison Plateau. Detailed surface mapping of a centrally located quadrangle has provided strati- graphic evidence for a previously unrecognized Cretaceous-Paleocene thrust fault. The present expression of the thrust surface requires reactivation with a reverse sense of motion during Tertiary extension. Drastic facies changes in the Late Cretaceous-Early Paleocene North Horn Formation occur over a short distance - essentially across a fault. The gray, eastern lithofacies is dominated by massive conglomerate, sandstone, and oncolitic limestone. Maximum thickness is 253 m (830 ft). Clast composition indicates a loc

Documentation of the morning behavior of marmots - B. Stoner; P. Zweidler (1987)

Sensory mechanisms underlying the predator-prey interaction between perlodid stonefly nymphs and their mayfly prey - L. Martinez (1987)

Wintertime Supercooled Liquid Water Flux over the Grand Mesa, Colorado - Arlin B. Super; Jonathan R. Thompson (The Journal of Weather Modification, 1987)
Supercooled liquid water (SLW) and wind measurements were made over the Grand Mesa of western Colorado during the period late January through March, 1986. Observations were obtained with an instrumented aircraft, a tower-mounted icing rate meter, and an acoustical sounder. These data were used to estimate the flux of SLW over the Mesa top, just upwind of the lee subsidence zone, during nine aircraft flights. The SLW flux calculations for a one meter width perpendicular to the wind ranged from 124 to 2707 g s\^-1 with a median value of 600 g s\^-1. These values compared favorably with previous flux calculations over the Mesa from microwave radiometer and tower wind measurements. Maximum possible precipitation rates were calculated from the flux estimates by assuming all available SLW was uniformly precipitated over 10 km. These precipitation rates varied from a low of 0.04 mm h\^-1 to a high of 0.97 mm h\^-1. Observed precipitation rates during the aircraft missions were in the same general

Temperature and light intensity effects on the feeding rates of fairy shrimp (Branchinecta) - J. L. Bremner (1987)

A sedimentological and structural analysis of the Proterozoic Uncompahgre Group, Needle Mountains, Colorado - Charles William Harris (VTechWorks (Virginia Tech), 1987)
Siliciclastic sediments of the Proterozoic Uncompahgre Group can be subdivided into stratigraphic units of quartzite (Q) and pelite (P); these units include a basal, fining- and thinning-upward retrogradational sequence (Q1-P1) that records the transition from an alluvial to a shallow-marine setting. Overlying the basal sequence are three thickening- and coarsening-upward progradational sequences (P2-Q2, P3-Q3 and P4-Q4) that were influenced by tide-, storm- and wave-processes. The progradational units are subdivided into the following facies associations in a vertical sequence. Outer-to inner-shelf mudstones, Bouma sequence beds and storm beds of association A are succeeded by inner-shelf to shoreface cross-stratified sandstones of association B. Conglomerates and cross-bedded sandstones of upper association B represent alluvial braid-delta deposits. Tidal cross-bedded facies of the inner shelf/shoreface (association C) gradationally overlie association B. Interbedded within the tidal

Comparing different diets for Peromyscus maniculatus - E. Zuck (1987)

Prey preference of stoneflies: sedentary vs. mobile prey - N. L. McClintock; A. S. Flecker; J. D. Allan (Oikos, 1987)
We investigated the effects of prey size and type (sedentary vs mobile) on prey preference in a predaceous stonefly, based on choice experiments and observations of the predator-prey interaction. We presented three size classes of black fly larvae (Prosimulium) to various sizes of the perlid stonefly Hesperoperla pacifica in laboratory experiments. Analysis by preference indices (a, e) indicated that small predators preferred small prey, large predators preferred large prey, and H. pacifica of intermediate size exhibited a weak, non-significant trend toward preferring prey of intermediate size. These results using sedentary prey, black fly larvae, are compared to previous results using a mobile prey, the mayfly Baetis. Encounter, attack, capture rates and handling times differ as a function of predator size, prey size, and prey type. The results of preference trials generally can be predicted from differential encounter, attack and capture rates, and similar preference curves may have

Mammalian Dispersal Patterns: The Effects of Social Structure on Population Genetics (1987)

Hibernation in the Gunnison's prairie dog - C. Gilbert; L. S. Rayor; Alison K. Brody (Journal of Mammalogy, 1987)
Journal Article Hibernation in the Gunnison's Prairie Dog Get access Linda S. Rayor, Linda S. Rayor University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Alison K. Brody, Alison K. Brody University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Cole Gilbert Cole Gilbert Department of Systematics and Ecology and Department of EntomologyUniversity of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Mammalogy, Volume 68, Issue 1, 27 February 1987, Pages 147–150, https://doi.org/10.2307/1381061 Published: 27 February 1987 Article history Received: 03 April 1985 Accepted: 20 January 1986 Published: 27 February 1987

The response of aspen to invasion by a spruce-fir community - D. Ciszek (1987)

The Grizzly Bear Mine Ouray County, Colorado - Tom Rosemeyer (Rocks & Minerals, 1987)
Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsTom RosemeyerTom Rosemeyer is the owner of Red Mountain Exploration and has mined and collected minerals in the San Juan Mountains for the last twenty years.

The relationship between Delphinium barbeyi and a fly larvae - F. Laden (1987)

Spatial genetic heterogeneity in a population of the montane perennial plant Delphinium nelsonii - Nickolas M. Waser (Heredity, 1987)
Apparent random spatial heterogeneity is expected if gene flow is extensive enough to prevent a rapid decline in genetic correlation with distance; it also might be promoted by a leapfrog pattern of gene flow.

1987 fertilization window experiment of Delphinium nelsonii - N. O'Connor (1987)

Influence of refuging consumers (pikas: Ochotona princeps) on subalpine meadow vegetation - N. J. Huntly (Ecology, 1987)

The Black Canyon of the Gunnison, Colorado - Wallace R. Hansen (Geological Society of America eBooks, 1987)
Abstract The Black Canyon in southwestern Colorado is easily reached by passenger car from U.S. 50 (Fig. 1). Turn north 8 mi (13 km) east of Montrose, Colorado, to reach Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Monument in the most impressive part of the canyon. The National Monument boundary is 5 mi (8 km)from the turnoff, and the approach is very scenic. A key visitation point in the monument is Chasm View overlook. Most visitors will want to see several other points also. Some parts of thecanyon are accessible only by 4-wheel-drive trails or footpaths.

Long-term recovery of an irrigation ditch at high altitude - U. Bosse (1987)

The primary structure of the hemoglobin chain of the arctic ground squirrel - L. K. Duffy; C. T. Genaux; M. M. Ehrhardt; G. L. Florant (Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 1987)
Comparison of arctic ground squirrel hemoglobin α-chain with the amino-terminal 25 residues of the marmot shows one amino acid difference at position 13, which is similar to that of other rodent α-chains.

Federal-State Conflicts over the Colorado River - David Kaplan (UCLA Journal of Environmental Law and Policy, 1987)

Progress report for the Snyder Memorial Fund Committee - J. Brunet (1987)

Analysis of primary productivity and biomass of phytoplanktonic, benthic and periphytic algae in kettle pond #K2 of of Gothic, Colorado - S. Berner (1987)

Succession, scale and hypothesis-testing in streams: a reply to Fisher - B. L. Peckarsky (Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 1987)

Conservation Lessons from long-term studies of Checkerspot Butterflies - Dennis D. Murphy; P. R. Ehrlich (Conservation Biology, 1987)
Abstract: Long‐term studies of checkerspot butterflies (Euphydryas spp.) are used to draw conservation lessons with implications for the design and management of reserves for invertebrates We discuss; The importance of determining the structure of and patterns of mating within demographic units The lack of congruence between migration and gene flow. The crucial role of habitat diversity in the protection of species which otherwise require only small areas of habitat The importance of identaDing and preserving “reservoir” populations within metapopulations The necessity of identifying sub

Epidote phenocrysts in dacitic dikes, Boulder County, Colorado - Bernard W. Evans; Joseph A. Vance (Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 1987)

Water chemistry of a stream in Paradise Basin - K. Cleary (1987)

The evolution of plant mating systems: multilocus simulations of pollen dispersal - Diane R. Campbell; Nickolas M. Waser (American Naturalist, 1987)
We simulated pollination in a plant population and explored how pollen dispersal distance and allocation among recipient individuals evolved in response to direct selection on three loci coding for dispersal phenotype and in response to indirect selection on two unlinked "genetic congruence" loci. Fitnesses at congruence loci were chosen to model "genetic" and "ecological" mechanisms that have been proposed to explain the observation that an intermediate outcrossing distance maximizes fitness in some plants. Simulations show (1) that dispersal genotype evolves rapidly in response to direct selection, apparently mediated mainly through competition for access to ovules; (2) that selection for intermediate genetic congruence affects final dispersal genotype in largely predictable ways and does not appear to provoke runaway evolution; and (3) that evolution of dispersal type influences the genetic structure of the population, which in turn influences the evolution of dispersal.

What is the basis for food preference in Spermophilus lateralis? - A. Sadaty (1987)

LC50 screening and predictive tests on rainbow trout - K. Gale; W. Balmer; R. Podolsky (1987)

Three new species of smittium (trichomycetes) with notes on range extensions - Michael L. Williams; R. W. Lichtwardt (Mycologica, 1987)

The Evolution of Sex and Its Consequences (1987)

Foraging and predator avoidance in the golden-mantled ground squirrel (Spermophilus lateralis) - D. Heisler (1987)

Evolutionary genetics of Adh in tiger salamanders: a report to the Snyder Memorial Fund Committee - P. A. Carter (1987)

Mammalian Dispersal Patterns: The Effects of Social Structure on Population Genetics - B. D. Chepko-Sade; Z. T. Halpin; B. D. Chepko-Sade; Arthur E. Smith (1987)

Mayfly cerci as defense against stonefly predation: deflection and detection - B. L. Peckarsky (Oikos, 1987)
In situ behavioral experiments were conducted in flow-through observation boxes in a Colorado and a New York stream to compare and contrast the cercal responses of Ephemerellidae and Baetidae mayflies to predaceous stoneflies. Ephemerella infrequens (Colorado) exhibited primarily a posture when touched by stoneflies. This posture was stimulated by the touch of any body part of an intact stonefly (antenna, mouthpart, leg, cercus), with some variation in frequency depending on the stonefly, and occurred more often when a mayfly was touched dorsally than on anterior, posterior or lateral body aspects. Scorpion posturing sometimes occurred without physical contact between predators and prey, usually when predators approached Ephemerella from upstream. With increasing size, both E. infrequens (Colorado) and E. invaria (New York) increased the frequency of scorpion posture responses to stoneflies. Very few Ephemerella were consumed by stoneflies during the experiments. Alternatively, the bae

Protandry and habitat quality in Speyeria mormonia - C. L. Ross (1987)

Insect herbivory across a sun/shade gradient: response to experimentally-induced in situ plant stress. Acta Oecologica - P. M. Dixon; N. J. Huntly; S. M. Louda (Acta Oecologia. Oecologia Generalis, 1987)

A study of nutrient limitation in a kettle hole pond, conducted by examining the effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on phytoplankton growth - D. H. Brown (1987)

Prey size selection by carnivorous stoneflies - N. L. McClintock; A. S. Flecker; J. D. Allan (Limnology and Oceanography, 1987)

The social and genetic organization of populations of Weidemeyer's admiral butterfly - R. H. Rosenberg (1987)

The influence of thermal energy exchange on the activity and energetics of yellow-bellied marmots - J. C. Melcher (1987)

Coprophagy in Microtus montanus - K. Saul (1987)

Foraging niches of four species of swallows - B. Normark (1987)

Restoration Ecology - J. Cairns (1987)

Demography of the unsilvered morph of Speyeria mormonia (Nymphalidae) in Colorado - Carol L. Boggs (Journal of the Lepidopterist Society, 1987)

Sex differences in the play behavior of yearling yellow-bellied marmots - S. H. Jamieson; S. H. Jamieson; Kenneth B. Armitage (Ethology, 1987)
AbstractPlay in yearling yellow‐bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) was studied under non‐manipulative field conditions in the Upper East River Valley of Colorado. The behavior patterns constituting play were described and illustrated and 12 specific hypotheses related to sex differences were tested. The results of these tests were used to evaluate the adaptive significance of play by comparing two major functional hypotheses: motor training and social cohesion.

Southbound through Colorado: migration of rufous hummingbirds - W. A. Calder (National Geographic Research, 1987)

Mechanisms of competition for pollination between two Colorado wildflowers - Richard S. Mitchell (1987)

: Heavy Metals in the Environment - T. E. Colborn (1987)

Ecology of snow alga Chlomydomonas nivalis - A. Longenecker (1987)

Pancreatic hormones in the nonhibernating and hibernating golden-mantled ground squirrel - W. A. Bauman; A. S. Meryn; G. L. Florant (Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 1987)

Allelic isozymes as probes of the evolution of metabolic organization - W. B. Watt; Carol L. Boggs (Isozymes, 1987)

Environmental impact statement on dust control at RMBL - Karen D. Holl; U. Bosse; L. A. Jackson; S. Berner (1987)

The Evolution of Sex and Its Consequences - P. Bierzychudek; P. Bierzychudek (1987)

Evolutionary Biology of Orthopteroid Insects - R. L. Willey (1987)

Comparison of pollinators on Castilleja miniata and Castilleja sulphurea - J. Altobell (1986)

Non-adaptive" hilltopping behavior in male checkerspot butterflies (Euphydryas editha) - D. R. Wheye; P. R. Ehrlich (American Naturalist, 1986)
A fluorescent-dye technique permitted the mating success of male checkerspot butterflies aggregating on a ridge to be compared with that of males on the slope below. Unexpectedly, the males on the ridge had about one-half the mating success of those on the slope. We suggest that formation of this and some other hilltopping aggregations is a "nonadaptive" consequence of otherwise adaptive behavior.

Insect herbivory in response to root-cutting and flooding stress on a native crucifer under field conditions - S. M. Louda (Acta Oecologia. Oecologia Generalis, 1986)

Heavy metals in soils from old mine area: a biological field station site versus a disturbance comparison - M. Cohen (1986)

Pancreatic A and B cell stimulation in euthermic and hibernating marmots (Marmota flaviventris): effects of glucose and arginine administration - C. Casteaux; B. C. Sutter; R. Hoo-Paris; W. A. Bauman; G. L. Florant (Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 1986)

Lycaenid butterflies and ants: two species stable equilibria in mutualistic, commensal, and parasitic interactions - W. R. Young; N. E. Pierce (American Naturalist, 1986)

Undergraduate research 495 final report - M. Jacobs (1986)

Recommendations concerning the water system of Gothic, Colorado, and the proposed sprinkler system - C. Manhart; D. Hull; B. Bear; D. Wallander (1986)

Pollen precedence and stigma closure: a mechanism of competition for pollination between Delphinium nelsonii and Ipomopsis aggregata - M. L. Fugate; Nickolas M. Waser (Oecologia, 1986)
Foreign pollen precedence decreased mean seed set by almost 50%, which is consistent with effects observed in previous experiments and can be explained by the fact that foreign pollen often caused stigma lobes to close together within 1.5–6 h, reducing subsequent receptivity.

Ants tending Artemisaphis artemiscola on sagebrush reduce herbivory on the host plant - D. A. McInnes (1986)

The use of the stonefly, Pteronarcys californica Newport, as a measure of biologically available cadmium in a high altitude river system, Colorado, USA (World Health Organization, Water Quality Bulletin, 1986)

OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN ISOTOPE VARIATIONS IN MID-TERTIARY INTRUSIONS, GUNNISON COUNTY, COLORADO (OLIGOCENE, COLORADO MINERAL BELT, WEST ELK MOUNTAINS) - Donna Elizabeth Weidemann (Rice Digital Scholarship Archive (Rice University), 1986)

Females' choice of "good genotypes" as mates is promoted by an insect mating system - K. Donohue; P. A. Carter; W. B. Watt (Science, 1986)
Can animal mating systems result in the choice of mates carrying genotypes that are otherwise favored by natural selection? This question is addressed by studying, in natural populations of Colias butterflies, how the phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) enzyme genotype of males mating Colias females varies with degree of female mate discrimination. Certain PGI genotypes (as predicted from their biochemical properties) have been found previously to have an advantage in diverse fitness-related properties: flight capacity, survivorship, and overall mating success. It is shown here that males of these same genotypes have even greater advantage in remating older, more discriminating females than they do in mating previously unmated, less discriminating females. Assortative mating is not found and thus cannot explain this effect. The mating system of these insects does, at least in this case, result in active female choice of generally favorable mal

Tolerance of Variation in Eggshell Conductance, Water Loss, and Water Content by Red-Winged Blackbird Embryos - C. Carey (Physiological Zoology, 1986)
This study evaluated the relations between eggshell conductance to water vapor ($$G_{H_{2}O}$$), daily water loss ($$ dot{M}_{H_{2}O}$$), embryonic water content near pipping, and hatching success in red-winged blackbird eggs under conditions of natural incubation. All embryos hatched successfully over a 4.3-fold range in $$ dot{M}_{H_{2}O}$$ O. Eggs losing water within this range would be expected to lose between 7.4% and 33.0% of initial mass as water vapor during incubation. Some embryos hatched successfully from eggs losing as much as 43.5% of initial mass during incubation. All embryos would be expected to hatch from eggs with a $$G_{H_{2}O}$$ varying over a 5-to 11.1-fold range, depending on altitude, and with water contents varying between 80% and 88%. The tolerance limits of red-winged blackbird embryos to variation in $$G_{H_{2}O}$$, $$ dot{M}_{H_{2}O}$$, and water content substantially exceed the range of variation in these features found in untreated eggs under natural condi

Foraging behavior of the pika (Ochotona princeps), with comparisons of grazing versus haying - B. L. Ivins; N. J. Huntly; Arthur E. Smith (Journal of Mammalogy, 1986)

Living in the Cold: Physiological and Biochemical Adaptations - M. R. C. Greenwood; G. L. Florant (1986)

Long-term preformation of leaves and inflorescences by a long-lived perennial monocarp, Frasera speciosa (Gentianaceae) - David W. Inouye (American Journal of Botany, 1986)
In Frasera speciosa , a long‐lived monocarpic gentian from the Colorado Rocky Mountains, leaves are preformed two to three yr in advance of their appearance above ground. Initiation of a flower stalk may begin as long as three yr before it becomes fully developed during a plant's final year. Whorls of preformed leaves are initiated continuously during the growing season, but they are enlarged only once a yr, when the basal rosette emerges above ground. This pattern of development allows plants to make maximal use of the growing season. The prolonged development may be necessary for the production of an elaborate and massive flower stalk by a slow‐growing plant in a habitat with a short growing season.

Managing Water Resources - R. Patrick; J. Cairns (1986)

The influences on daily torpor during the summer - S. Bulova (1986)

Individual differences in the behavior of juvenile yellow-bellied marmots - Kenneth B. Armitage (Behavioral Ecology, 1986)
Yellow-bellied marmots express considerable individuality as measured by behavior in a maze, mirror-image stimulation (MIS), and social behavior in the field, suggesting that marmot have individual behavioral phenotypes that are expressed in their social interactions with their conspecifics.

Colonization of natural substrates by stream benthos - B. L. Peckarsky (Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 1986)
Natural substrates in mesh cages in a Tompkins County, New York, woodland stream were colonized by benthic invertebrates for periods of 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 42 d during autumn 1980. An experiment was designed for the purpose of distinguishing seasonal phenology from site-specific temporal (nonseasonal) succession of colonizers. Subsequent to initial colonization, patterns of species dominance were analyzed to develop hypotheses on the potential for biological interactions as explanations for observed patterns of species succession. Total benthos and species richness increased significantly with duration of exposure of experimental substrates indicating the occurrence of nonseasonal succession. However, seasonal fluctuations in abiotic variables (water temperature, current, and water depth) were also shown to have significant effects on colonization. Colonization patterns were species specific; although most species showed gradual increases in numbers given longer exposure of su

Effects of flower color change on visitors of three composites - T. Claude (1986)

Individuality, social behavior, and reproductive success in yellow-bellied marmots - Kenneth B. Armitage (Ecology, 1986)
This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/1938674

Territorial intrusions by pikas (Ochotona princeps) as a function of occupant activity - B. L. Ivins; Arthur E. Smith (Animal Behaviour, 1986)

Resource allocation to oocytes: heritable variation with altitude in Colias philodice eriphyle (Lepidoptera) - P. Springer; Carol L. Boggs (American Naturalist, 1986)
This study tests the hypothesis that selection should result in a positive correlation between numbers of oocytes produced and available oviposition time, in order to avoid wasting nutrients through the formation of unused oocytes in Colias philodice eriphyle Edwards.

Dispersion in Sympetrum (Family: Libellulidae) - A. Morales (1986)

The selective advantage of attendant ants for the larvae of a lycanaenid butterfly, Glaucopsyche lygdamus - S. Easteal; N. E. Pierce (Journal of Animal Ecology, 1986)

Wintertime Characteristics of Supercooled Liquid Water over the Grand Mesa of Western Colorado - Bruce A. Boe; Arlin B. Super (The Journal of Weather Modification, 1986)
Wintertime supercooled liquid water (SLW) observations have been made over the Grand Mesa of Colorado from early 1983 through March 1985. Measurements were made with aircraft, microwave radiometers, and tower-mounted icing meters. Results of analyses of this large data set are summarized. It was found that SLW was produced largely when 70 kPa winds measured by Grand Junction rawinsondes were southwesterly and in excess of 10 m s\^-1, and when the air approaching the Mesa at the same level was near saturation. Aircraft measurements indicated that SLW was primarily limited to above, and just upwind of the Mesa, except during some periods of prolonged synoptic-scale cloudiness. Highest SLW contents were generally recorded at the lowest levels sanpled. Over a five month period, micrcowave radiometers recorded SLW over the Mesa 29% of the time, in a total of 115 episodes. Hourly averages of vertically integrated SLW were as high as 1.07 mm, but the median was 0.08 mm. Half of all episodes la

Dual function of the eliasome of Corydalis aurea (Fumariaceae): attraction of dispersal agents and repulsion of Peromyscus maniculatus, a seed predator - A. J. Beattie; F. M. Hanzawa; A. Holmes (American Journal of Botany, 1986)
It has been suggested that one of the selective advantages of ant dispersal is the burial of seeds in ant nests where predators such as small rodents cannot find them. The elaiosomes of Corydalis aurea (Fumariaceae) are extremely attractive to ants, which assiduously gather the seeds and take them to nests. However, seed production commonly exceeds the gathering capacity of ants so that seeds accumulate beneath the parent plants. In spite of this, no signs of rodent predation are evident. Experiments with a major seed predator, the deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus, show that when given the choice of seeds with and without elaiosomes, the mice consume significantly more seeds without elaiosomes. This remains true whether or not the intact seeds bear fresh, moist elaiosomes or dry, withered ones. Our experiments strongly suggest that the elaiosome has a dual function, the attraction of the ant seed disperser

Skarn formation adjacent to the Whitehorn Stock, Chaffee County, Colorado - Melissa K Young Wofford (ThinkTech (Texas Tech University), 1986)
Paleozoic sediments in the Calumet Mining District were metamorphosed by emplacement of the Whltehorn Granodiorite and related sills during Late Cretaceous time producing metamorphic zonations. Carbonates in the Manitou Dolostone were metamorphosed to dolomite, tremolite and calcite assemblages. The Fremont Dolostone and Leadville Limestone were metamorphosed to dolomite, calcite, muscovite, tremolite, chlorite and minor diopside assemblages. The greatest effects of metamorphism and hydrothermal activity occur in the Pennsylvanian Kerber Sandstone that lie between the stock and a sill that intruded subjacent Leadville Limestone. Numerous vein-like sills intruded the Kerber Sandstone, producing mixtures of hypidiomorphic-granular igneous rocks and calc-silicate assemblages of diopside, plagioclase, scapolite and spinel. These rocks are hosts for large veins of massive epidote, garnet, calcite and wollastonite formed as a result of mass transfer by fluid infiltration in the sediments. Or

Foraging behavior in S. lateralis and E. minimus - E. Wolfson (1986)

Control of Potato Insects with Foliar Insecticides, Larimer County, Colorado, 1985 - Whitney S. Cranshaw; Robert Wawryznski; Martha Lordier; Jarra Jagne (Insecticide and Acaricide Tests, 1986)
Abstract ‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes were planted 9 May, ’85 at the Colorado State University Horticulture Research Center, Larimer County, CO. Plots were 3 row (30 inch spacing), 25 ft in length randomized in a complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied 12 Aug using a CO2 compressed air sprayer delivering 61 gal/acre. Evaluation of potato psyllid and green peach aphid were made 16 Aug and 26 Aug by counting 35 leaves per plot. CPB larvae were collected from nearby vegetation and confined with treated foliage picked after sprays had dried. Mortality of CPB larvae was assessed 24 and 96 h after exposure to treated foliage.

Diel epibenthic activity of mayfly nymphs, and its non-concordance with behavioral drift - N. L. McClintock; A. S. Flecker; J. D. Allan (Limnology and Oceanography, 1986)

The Colorado River: Instability and basin management - Simon Ince (Journal of Hydrology, 1986)

A river no more — the Colorado River and the west - M. Clawson (Landscape Planning, 1986)

Pollen transport and deposition by bumble bees in Erythronium: influences of floral nectar and bee grooming - James D. Thomson (Journal of Ecology, 1986)
(1) The transport of pollen from donor flowers by bumble bees was measured by examining deposition on stigmata of sequences of recipient flowers. The rate of decay of grain deposition was estimated as a measure of pollen carryover. (2) Bombus bifarius was a much less effective pollinator of Erythronium grandiflorum than was the larger Bombus occidentalis. (3) The numbers of pollen grains deposited by bumble bees on the stigmata of Erythronium americanum vary greatly from flower to flower. (4) The time spent by a bee on a flower is positively related to the nectar concentration and volume. (5) Flowers with large volumes of nectar receive more pollen grains per visit than those with small volumes, presumably because the visits are longer. The results are insufficient to show a parallel increase in deposition with nectar concentration. (6) Measures of pollen carryover are presented. Most deposition of grains from a particular donor flower occurs on the first several recipient flowers subs

Studying the spatial dispersion of populations of high elevation benthic stream invertebrates - R. Ullberg (1986)

Microbial Processes in Reservoirs. Developments in Hydrobiology, Volume 27.Douglas Gunnison , H. J. Dumont - Hakumat Rai (The Quarterly Review of Biology, 1986)

Comparative studies of pollen and fluorescent dye transport by bumble bees visiting Erythronium grandiflorum - D. A. Stratton; Mary V. Price; James D. Thomson; Nickolas M. Waser (Oecologia, 1986)

The use of the stonefly, Pteronarcys californica Newport, as a measure of biologically available cadmium in a high altitude river system, Colorado, USA - T. Colburn; T. E. Colborn (Water Quality Bulletin, World Health Organization, 1986)

Color preference of biting flies, Symphoromyia - K. Chamberlain (1986)

Summary: the effect of the proposed sprinkler system on the domestic water supply in Gothic, CO - D. Hull; C. Manhart; B. Bear; D. Wallander (1986)

The influence of flower color alteration on pollinator visitations to Linaria vulgaris, Epilobium augustifolium, and Ipomopsis aggregata - S. P. Norris (1986)

River discontinuity caused by lentic, inactive beaver ponds - L. D. Voelm (1986)

COMPARISON OF SOLAR LOAD RATIO PREDICTIONS WITH PERFORMANCE OF FIVE PASSIVE SOLAR BUILDINGS - Kenneth R. Olson (Elsevier eBooks, 1986)

Niche differentiation in golden-mantled ground squirrels and the least chipmunk - E. Wolfson (1986)

Plant distributions along alpine moisture gradients: the roles of competition and physiological tolerances - P. M. Dixon (1986)

Conjugate crenulation cleavages in the Uncompahgre Formation, Needle Mountains, Colorado - Barbara J. Tewksbury (Journal of Structural Geology, 1986)

The osmoregulatory consequences of nectarivory and frugivory in hummingbirds and other species. - S. M. Hiebert; W. A. Calder (Proceedings of the XIX International Ornithology Congresss., Ottawa, Canada, 1986)

Functional feeding group composition of invertebrate fauna: comparing a pond with four streams - K. M. DeCamp (1986)

Dinosaur Valley: Colorado's New Paleontological Museum - Walter R. Averett (Rocks & Minerals, 1986)
(1986). Dinosaur Valley: Colorado's New Paleontological Museum. Rocks & Minerals: Vol. 61, No. 2, pp. 79-83.

Thermal physiological ecology of Colias butterflies in flight - J. S. Tsuji; J. G. Kingsolver; W. B. Watt (Oecologia, 1986)
The balance of heat gain from sunlight versus heat loss from convection and radiation does not appear to change by more than a few percent between the wings-closed basking posture and the variable opening of wings in flight, although several aspects require further study.

Reproductive strategies of female butterflies - Carol L. Boggs (Ecological Entomology, 1986)

Ecological aspects of social evolution - Kenneth B. Armitage (1986)

Acute toxicity tests: range-finding and predictive tests of the effects of copper on immature rainbow trout - B. Bear; D. Hull; D. Wallander; M. Cohen (1986)

Forest vegetation of the Arapaho and Roosevelt National Forests in central Colorado : a habitat type classification / - Karl Hess; Rocky Mountain Forest; Range Experiment Station (Fort Collins, Colo.) (1986)
This study is

Behavior of Ambystoma tigrinum larvae under field and laboratory conditions - M. A. Cotner (1986)

Late Pleistocene vertebrates from Gunnison County, Colorado - Steven D. Emslie (Journal of Paleontology, 1986)
Haystack Cave, Gunnison County, Colorado, has provided the first collection of vertebrate remains from the Pleistocene (Rancholabrean) of western Colorado. Two carbon 14 analyses of bone apatite have produced dates of 14,935 ± 610 and 12,154 ± 1,700 years B.P. for this assemblage. This fauna, in conjunction with pollen studies, indicates the Gunnison Basin was largely unforested grassland/sagebrush shrubland in the lower basin, with open coniferous forests extending to the edges of the basin, during the late Pleistocene. The fauna also extends the known Pleistocene range of Lagurus curtatus, Phenacomys intermedius, Spilogale putorius, and Acinonyx trumani.

A study of wing venations of the Diptera in the Gothic Area - J. Doubl (1985)

Consider a Spherical Cow - John Harte (1985)

of low levels of molybdenum in the environment using aquatic insects - T. E. Colborn (Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1985)

Patch dynamics of a foraging assemblage of bees - D. H. Wright (Oecologia, 1985)
The arrival-departure process of bees on flowers and the immigration-extinction process of species on islands are contrasted, and the value of the stochastic, species-level approach to community composition is briefly discussed.

Bumblebee foraging: the threshold departure rule - C. M. Hodges (Ecology, 1985)

Foraging and habitat selection in Eutamias minimus and Spermophilus lateralis) - L. Heisen; C. M. Salsbury (1985)

The effect of aspen stand size on avian diversity - C. Pistole (1985)

Observations on the emergence and habits of adults of Agnetina capitata and Acroneuria carolinensis (Plecoptera: Perlidae) - R. T. Bukantis; B. L. Peckarsky (American Midland Naturalist, 1985)

Reciprocal transplant experiments with Delphinium nelsonii (Ranunculaceae): evidence for local adaptation - Mary V. Price; Nickolas M. Waser (American Journal of Botany, 1985)
Reciprocal seed transplants suggest that there is fine‐scale adaptation in Colorado populations of the perennial herb Delphinium nelsonii. In four experimental plots, seeds planted within 1 m of the maternal parent produced seedlings that began flowering at a younger age and produced more flowers over their lifespan than those derived from maternal parents growing 50 m away. These “resident” seedlings also survived as well or better than the “nonresidents.” Resulting selection coefficients against nonresidents averaged 34%. Species composition of the herbaceous flora was found to vary substantially over short distances in subalpine meadows where D. nelsonii grows, indicating that the biotic environment varies and that physical factors probably do as well. Thus, spatial heterogeneity in selective forces may be substantial, which should foster the sort of local adaptation documented for D. nelsonii.

Patterns in plant parthenogenesis - P. Bierzychudek (Experientia, 1985)
Evidence is presented for plants, and by extension for animals as well, that high ploidy levels alone could (independent of breeding system) endow individuals with the ability to tolerate these ‘extreme’ environments.

Low levels of genetic variability in pikas from Colorado - D. K. Tolliver; P. E. Johns; Melvin T. Smith (Canadian Journal of Zoology, 1985)
Genetic variability at 27 loci was analyzed in four populations of pikas (Ochotona princeps) from Colorado. Estimates of mean heterozygosity [Formula: see text] ranged from 0.5 to 1.4%. These results are among the lowest estimates of [Formula: see text] reported for a mammal having a broad distribution, and are the lowest reported for a lagomorph. Data from this study and others estimate [Formula: see text] as 0.71% for pikas from Colorado. Founder effect, followed by drift occurring in small isolated populations during postglacial shifts in the range of the pika, is the most likely explanation for low estimates of genetic variability in pikas from Colorado.

Ectoparasitic insects of small mammals in the Gothic, Colorado area - M. Ward (1985)

Is predaceous stonefly behavior affected by competition? - M. A. Penton; B. L. Peckarsky (Ecology, 1985)
Behavioral experiments were carried out in flow-through observation boxes in New York and Colorado streams to determine whether interactions between pairs of predaceous stoneflies were characterized by exploitative or interference competition and to determine the effect of prey density on such interactions. The presence of a competitor generally reduced the number of attacks and the time that predaceous stoneflies spent eating mayflies (Baetidae). Coexisting perlids (Acroneuria carolinensis and Agnetina capitata) in the New York stream and perlodids (Megarcys signata and Kogotus modestus) in the Colorado stream had mutual negative effects on each other's foraging behavior despite significant size differences between species (first larger than second). A large omnivorous stonefly (Pteronarcella badia, Pteronarcydae) also suppressed the feeding behavior of Megarcys, but a reciprocal effect was not observed. Most competitive encounters resulted in submissive or evasive behavior by one or

Thermoregulatory significance of wing melanization in Pieris butterflies (Lepidoptera; Pieridae): physics, posture, and pattern - J. G. Kingsolver (Oecologia, 1985)
Model and experimental results suggest that, in certain wing regions, increased melanization can reduce body temperature in Pieris; this effect of melanization is exactly the opposite of that found in other Pierid butterflies that use their wings as solar absorbers.

The reservoir cytoskeleton and a possible cytostomal homologue in Colacium (Euglenophyceae) - R. G. Wibel; R. L. Willey (Journal of Phycology, 1985)
ABSTRACTThe reservoir cytoskeleton of Colacium Ehrenberg is formed of three bands of microtubules. The microtubules of the dorsal band (DMT) become doublets and are continuous with the longitudinal microtubules of the canal and, therefore, of the pellicle. A band of para‐reservoir microtubules (PMT) acts as a linkage between the edges of the dorsal band at the formation of the canal. The third band of microtubules (MTR), more ventral, branches away from the reservoir‐canal transition region and forms a supportive band for a pocket formed from the reservoir membrane. The outer part of the pocket membrane is closely invested with a fibrillar mesh. The pocket of Colacium, a green euglenoid, resembles structurally the cytopharynx of the colorless phagotrophic euglenoids, Isonema papillatum and the bodonid flagellates. The homologies support the hypothesis of euglenoid derivation from the kinetoplastid flagellates.

Revised interpretation of the age of allochthonous rocks of the Uncompahgre Formation, Needle Mountains, Colorado - Barbara J. Tewksbury (Geological Society of America Bulletin, 1985)
Research Article| February 01, 1985 Revised interpretation of the age of allochthonous rocks of the Uncompahgre Formation, Needle Mountains, Colorado B. J. TEWKSBURY B. J. TEWKSBURY 1Department of Geology, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York 13323 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar GSA Bulletin (1985) 96 (2): 224–232. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<224:RIOTAO>2.0.CO;2 Article history first online: 01 Jun 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation B. J. TEWKSBURY; Revised interpretation of the age of allochthonous rocks of the Uncompahgre Formation, Needle Mountains, Colorado. GSA Bulletin 1985;; 96 (2): 224–232. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<224:RIOTAO>2.0.CO;2 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search

Herbivory in sun versus shade: patterns at the aspen-grassland interface - P. M. Dixon; N. J. Huntly; S. M. Louda (American Journal of Botany, 1985)

The comparative biology of longevity and lifetime energetics - W. A. Calder (Experimental Gerontology, 1985)
The first evidence of age-dependent mortality in a population of hummingbirds is shown, and Hummingbirds are seen to be model subjects for the study of longevity in nature.

The effect of Delphinium nelsonii pollen on seed set in Ipomopsis aggregata, a competitor for hummingbird pollination - J. R. Kohn; Nickolas M. Waser (American Journal of Botany, 1985)
Sympatric plant species can compete for pollination services in several ways. For example, pollinators may move between species and deposit heterospecific pollen on stigmas, which in turn may reduce the efficacy of conspecific pollen. We explored this possibility by determining the effect of Delphinium nelsonii pollen on seed set in Ipomopsis aggregata. These montane herbs are pollinated by hummingbirds, experience heterospecific pollen deposition in nature, and suffer reduced seed set in each other's presence. We hand‐pollinated flowers of I . aggregata with either pure conspecific pollen or a mixture of pollen of the two species. Resulting pollen loads on stigmas ranged from 0–865 D. nelsonii grains and from 10–336 I . aggregata

Seasonal flux of isothiocyanate-yielding glucosinolates in roots, stems and leaves of Cardamine cordifolia (Cruciferae) - J. E. Rodman; S. M. Louda (Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 1985)

The production ecology of Ephemoptera in a Rocky Mountain stream - J. D. Allan (Verhandlungen International Verein Limnologie, 1985)

Adaptations at specific loci. IV. Differential mating success among glycolytic allozyme genotypes of Colias butterflies - S. M. Blower; P. A. Carter; W. B. Watt (Genetics, 1985)
ABSTRACT Male mating success as a function of genotype is an important fitness component. It can be studied in wild populations, in species for which a given group of progeny has exactly one father, by determining genotypes of wild-caught mothers and of sufficient numbers of their progeny. Here, we study male mating success as a function of allozyme genotype at two glycolytic loci in Colias butterflies, in which sperm precedence is complete, so that the most recent male to mate fathers all of a female's subsequent progeny.—For the phosphoglucose isomerase, PGI, polymorphism, we predict mating advantage and disadvantage of male genotypes based on evaluation of their biochemical functional differences in the context of thermal-physiological-ecological constraints on the insects' flight activity. As predicted, we find major, significant advantage in mating success for kinetically favored genotypes, compared to the genotype distribution of males active with the sampled femal

Description and Origin of the Lower Part of the Mesaverde Group in Rifle Gap, Garfield County, Colorado - Dawn Madden (Mountain Geologist, 1985)

The predator-prey interaction of the mite Balaustium sp. and the pierid butterfly Colias alexandra - J. L. Hayes (Ecology, 1985)

Diurnal activity patterns in suborder Zygoptera - L. Gilson (1985)

Dipper territory - C. Konrad (1985)

A cytostome/cytopharynx in green euglenoid flagellates (Euglenales) and its phylogenetic implications - R. G. Wibel; R. L. Willey (BioSystems, 1985)
The observations support the hypothesis that the phagotrophic euglenoids arose from a bondonid ancestor and gave rise to the phototrophs by chloroplast acquisition.

Do predaceous stoneflies and siltation affect the structure of stream insect communities colonizing enclosures? - B. L. Peckarsky (Canadian Journal of Zoology, 1985)
Experiments in Colorado and New York streams assessed the effects of predaceous stoneflies on benthic invertebrate community establishment in enclosures providing uncolonized habitat. Aspects of prey community structure measured were density, species richness, relative species abundance, and body size. Unexpected inorganic sediment deposition allowed evaluation of direct effects on Colorado stream benthos and indirect effects on predation. Predaceous perlids and perlodids consistently reduced the density and, therefore, rate of prey community establishment in enclosures. Although New York perlids disproportionately reduced densities of some prey species, Colorado stoneflies caused nonsignificant declines in individual prey species densities, the composite effect of which was a significant whole-community response. Predators did not affect prey species richness nor change the taxonomic composition (species additions or deletions) of communities colonizing enclosures. However, the relati

THE USE OF THE STONEFLY, PTERONARCYS CALIFORNICA NEWPORT, AS A MEASURE OF BIOLOGICALLY AVAILABLE CADMIUM IN A HIGH-ALTITUDE RIVER SYSTEM, GUNNISON COUNTY, COLORADO (SOFT WATER, ACID PRECIPITATION, UPTAKE, CONCENTRATE, RISK). - T. E. Colborn (1985)

Response to predatory bird activity: a three-case study - L. Gilson (1985)

Diurnal patterns of insects on four different plant species - C. Specht (1985)

A Key to the Chironomid Larve of Gunnison County, Colorado Streams ans Ponds Above 3000m Elevation - S. I. Dodson (1985)

Allelic isozymes and the mechanistic study of evolution - W. B. Watt (Isozymes: Current Topics in Biological and Medical Research, 1985)

Bumblebee foraging at a "hummingbird" flower: reward economics and floral choice - J. L. Pleasants; Nickolas M. Waser (American Midland Naturalist, 1985)
For a brief period in 1981 Bombus appositus queens visited Ipomopsis aggregata, a hummingbird-pollinated species with floral characteristics typical of that pollination syndrome. This behavior was not observed in other years. Despite the fact that Ipomopsis lacks floral features associated with bee visitation, bumblebees foraged on Ipomopsis at a rate only somewhat slower than that for a typical bee flower. Because of the deep corolla, bumblebees are able to probe only a limited distance into Ipomopsis flowers but in 1981 nectar was more accessible due to a higher standing crop than in other years. While foraging on Ipomopsis, bees were able to obtain a net energetic profit which was similar to that obtained from their primary forage species. These observations indicate that floral choice is governed primarily by profitability-which can overcome innate preferences for bee flowers-and that the features of hummingbird flowers pose no absolute barrier to bee visitation. Bees apparently sa

Genetic distances and taxonomy of checkerspot butterflies (Nymphalidae: Nymphalinae) - Julia M. Wright; B. A. Wilcox; Peter F. Brussard; Dennis D. Murphy; P. R. Ehrlich (Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 1985)

Bumblebee foraging: energetic consequences of using a threshold departure rule - C. M. Hodges (Ecology, 1985)

Seasonal changes in pancreatic B cell function in the euthermic yellow-bellied marmot (Marmota flaviventris) - A. K. Lawrence; W. A. Bauman; G. L. Florant; Kenneth Hurst Williams (American Journal of Physiology, 1985)

Bioenergetics and evolutionary genetics: opportunities for new synthesis - W. B. Watt (American Naturalist, 1985)
Bioenergetics, the study of energy flow through living systems, may be helpful in the study of evolutionary genetics, at least for those loci concerned with resource processing in metabolism. Energy flow through organisms is sensitive to resource supply and demand, to parameters of metabolic organization which are the kinetic constants and concentrations of the enzymes implementing metabolic pathways, and to state variables such as temperature, ionic strength, etc., on whose values metabolic parameters depend. Selection can therefore modify energy flow patterns, either by action on genetic variation in metabolic parameters, or by action on genetic variation in trait syndromes which "filter" environmental inputs into more or less regulated internal values of state variables. To understand the impact of such genetic variation on fitness-related aspects of organisms' phenotypes, it is essential to analyze correctly the effects on metabolic organization of single-locus changes in metabolic

Handbook of Insect Rearing - R. L. Willey (1985)

The effects of plant quality on bumblebee visitation and seed production in Frasera speciosa (Gentianaceae) - A. Sheck (1985)

Density measurements of bird populations - B. Lynch (1985)

When Coal Was King: A History of Crested Butte, Colorado, 1880-1951 - Liston E. Leyendecker; Duane A. Smith (The Western Historical Quarterly, 1985)
Journal Article When Coal Was King: A History of Crested Butte, Colorado, 1880–1951 Get access When Coal Was King: A History of Crested Butte, Colorado, 1880–1951. By Smith Duane A.. (Golden: Colorado School of Mines Press, 1984. xiii + 144 pp. Illustrations, map, essay on sources, index. $9.95, paper.) Liston E. Leyendecker Liston E. Leyendecker Colorado State University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Western Historical Quarterly, Volume 16, Issue 2, April 1985, Pages 216–217, https://doi.org/10.2307/969692 Published: 01 April 1985

Contaminants in Aquatic Ecosystems - J. Rees; E. Saegebarth; J. Oldfather; D. Levy; E. C. Schneider; G. P. Lockett; John Harte (1985)

The effects of adult removal on dispersal of yearling yellow-bellied marmots - Alison K. Brody; Kenneth B. Armitage (Canadian Journal of Zoology, 1985)
The relative importance of adult–yearling interaction and individual behavioral phenotypes on dispersal of yearling yellow-bellied marmots was investigated. Two marmot colonies near Gothic, Colorado, were studied; one was treated as an experimental colony from which all adults were removed, while the second was left undisturbed. Analysis of dispersal patterns and behavioral observations indicated that agonistic behavior between adults and yearlings is not necessary for dispersal to occur. Dispersal of male yearlings appears to be independent of adult–yearling interactions, although dispersal of female yearlings probably is mediated by social interactions. Individual behavioral phenotypes could not be used to predict which animals dispersed nor the relative timing of their departure. Dispersal can be viewed as an important mating strategy; for yearling males it is likely to be the only option available for reproductive success.

Uncertainty in Phosphorus Retention, Williams Fork Reservoir, Colorado - James W. LaBaugh (Water Resources Research, 1985)
Uncertainties in the calculation of water and phosphorus budgets for a bottom‐withdrawal reservoir were determined for 1979–1982. Ungaged components of the water budget were estimated from the residual of measured terms. This residual accounted for less than 30% of total water input and for more than 45% of total phosphorus input in each year of the study. Uncertainty in phosphorus retention data was large because of uncertainty in the total phosphorus input, due to use of a residual term.

Floral morphology and cross-pollination in Erythronium grandiflorum (Liliaceae) - D. A. Stratton; James D. Thomson (American Journal of Botany, 1985)
In bumblebee visits to flowers of Erythronium grandiflorum (Liliaceae), the ratio of self‐ to nonself‐ (“outcross”) pollen grains deposited on the stigma is positively correlated with the degree of stylar exsertion beyond the anthers. Natural populations show substantial, continuous variation in stylar exsertion.

Egg distribution and survivorship in the pierid butterfly, Colias alexandra - J. L. Hayes (Oecologia, 1985)
Patterns of egg distribution and survivorship were examined for six generations of a univoltine population of the pierid butterfly Colias alexandra, finding that among clumped individuals, survivorship is two times greater for the first or previously-laid individual than the second or subsequently- laid individual, suggesting that if there is a genetic basis for the common contagious pattern, selection is acting against it.

Cavity-nesting birds: observations, preferences, measurements - J. Vickers (1985)

The population genetics of somatic mutation in plants - C. Strobeck; M. F. Antolin (American Naturalist, 1985)
We hypothesize that somatic mutations may be the cause of variability among branches within individual trees, and that this variation is sufficient to deter herbivores. We discuss two single-locus genetic models of somatic mutation and consider how the organization of meristems affects somatic mutation rates. The models reveal that somatic mutation may be an important source of variation not only within trees but also within tree populations. If mutated buds have a selective advantage, the process may be even more important. Conditions under which somatic mutations may deter herbivores are restrictive, however, and finding variation at a single locus on an individual tree is highly improbable.

Effect of Thysanoptera on the reproductive success of Tragopogon dubius - R. McCabe (1985)

Report to the RMBL: Water Quality of the East River and Copper Creek, Gunnison County, Colorado - B. L. Peckarsky (1985)

Butterfly engineering - J. G. Kingsolver (Scientific American, 1985)

Facultative Metamorphosis in a Series of High Altitude Fossil Populations of Ambystoma tigrinum (Irvingtonian: Alamosa County, Colorado) - Karel L. Rogers (Copeia, 1985)
CHESSON, P. 1978. Predator-prey theory and variability. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 9:323-347. CURIO, E. 1976. The ethology of predation. Springer-Verlag, New York. DILL, L. M. 1983. Adaptive flexibility in the foraging behavior of fishes. Can. J. Fish. Aq. Sci. 40:398408. DUNBRACK, R. L., AND L. M. DILL. 1983. A model of size dependent surface feeding in a stream-dwelling salmonid, p. 41-54. In: Predators and prey in fishes. David L. G. Noakes et al. (eds.). Dr. W.Junk, Publishers, The Hague. HUGHES, R. N. 1979. Optimal diets under the energy maximization premise: the effects of recognition time and learning. Amer. Natur. 113:209-221. MORSE, D. H. 1980. Behavioral mechanisms in ecology. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

An Artificial Key to the Aquatic Insects of Gunnison County, Colorado Streams above 2750 Elevation including chrironomid larvae from streams and ponds - D. J. Conklin; S. I. Dodson; B. L. Peckarsky (1985)

The petrology and geochemistry of the Handkerchief Mesa mixed magma complex, San Juan Mountains, Colorado - Michael A. Dungan; Ren A. Thompson (Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 1985)

The effect of nectar guides on pollinator preference: experimental studies with a montane herb - Mary V. Price; Nickolas M. Waser (Oecologia, 1985)
In all of 16 experimental replicates discrimination against albinos was reduced or eliminated after painting, and albino handling times declined toward values for blue-flowered inflorescences, indicating that an inferior nectar guide increases the energetic cost of foraging at albino.

Synchrony and periodicity of flowering in Frasera speciosa (Gentianaceae) - O. R. Taylor; David W. Inouye (Ecology, 1985)

Herbivory in response to experimentally-induced in situ plant stress: sun versus shade species - P. M. Dixon; N. J. Huntly; S. M. Louda (Oikos, 1985)

Survey of gall-forming insects in the Gothic Area - C. DiFonzo (1985)

The use of fluorescent pigments to study insect behaviour: investigating mating patterns in a butterfly population - D. R. Wheye; P. R. Ehrlich (Ecological Entomology, 1985)
Abstract. 1. Mating patterns in a natural population of checkerspot butterflies, Euphydryas editha Boisduval, were investigated by dusting male external genitalia with fluorescent dyes and examining mated females under UV light. 2. These dyes may have diverse applications in studies of insect populations.

Pollen and gene dispersal: the influences of competition for pollination - Diane R. Campbell (Evolution, 1985)
Pollinators that forage indiscriminately can transfer pollen from one species to another, reducing the amount that reaches conspecific flowers. I present evidence that the presence of another plant species visited by the same pollinators can also reduce pollen dispersal distances and outcrossing. This has the potential to influence gene flow and reproductive success. Pollen carryover and movement patterns were measured for the shared insect pollinators of Stellaria pubera and Claytonia virginica in North Carolina. Bee flies deposited similar amounts of Stellaria pollen on a series of pistillate Claytonia flowers as on a series of pistillate Stellaria flowers. In arrays of potted plants, flies and solitary bees visited most flowers on a plant before leaving and then flew to a nearby plant chosen independently of species; 95% of moves were to one of 12 nearest neighbors. These measures of pollen carryover and movement patterns were used in a set of computer simulations to predict pollen